Operations and Project Management

This report discusses the implementation of operations management principles in the context of Toyota Motor Corporation. It includes a review and critique of the principles, as well as the development of a continuous improvement plan. The plan focuses on strategies to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the company's operations. The report also analyzes the effectiveness of the continuous improvement plan and recent developments in practice by Toyota. Additionally, it applies the stages of the project life cycle to a given project and analyzes the rationale for the project methodologies, tools, and leadership within the PLC. Finally, it analyzes methods of performance measurement.

Operations and Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Conduct a review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles
within an organisational context.............................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................2
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations
management principles within an organisational context......................................................2
M2) Analyse the Effectiveness of Continuous Improvement Plan By Using Theories and
Concepts/Models....................................................................................................................7
D1) Recent Developments in Practise Done by Toyota.........................................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
P3 Apply stages of project life cycle to given project by producing necessary documents for
project completion................................................................................................................10
M3 Analyse the rationale for the project methodologies, tools and leadership within the PLC
for the given project..............................................................................................................19
M4 Analysis of methods of Performance measurement ......................................................22
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................24

INTRODUCTION
Operation management can be consider as an important function of an organisational as it
helps in effective and efficient management of business activities. It plays a vital role in
successful running of a business as well as achieving organisational goals and objectives (Pemsel
and Wiewiora, 2013). Operation management includes a process of planning, organizing,
managing, controlling as well as supervising activities of operation management. Through this a
company can effectively manage its resources as utilize it in efficient manner. It is essential for
manufacturing of raw material into finished good as well as selling it to targeted customers. This
help in developing and producing product which is able to satisfy needs and wants of customers.
For this report chosen company is Toyota Motor Corporation. It is a Japanese multinational
company which is dealing in a automotive industry. Toyota Motor company was established in
August 1937 and founder of this organisation was Kiichiro Toyoda. This is one of the most
largest automotive company and it is manufacturing millions of vehicles over a year (Binder,
2016). Product range of Toyota Motor includes automotive, luxury vehicles, commercial
vehicles and engines. This company is providing its products and services to different parts of
the world and its headquarter is located in Toyota City, Japan. Respective report includes
detailed information about operations as well as operation management. It consist of critiques of
implementing principle of operation management. In this concept of continuous improvement
plan is explained as well as proper continuous improvement plan is developed. This plan
includes various various theories as well as models. In this strategies are developed in order to
achieve continuous improvement in effectiveness and efficiency of respective company. It
consist of product life cycle as well as supporting documentations. Effectiveness of PLC of
respective organisation while using appropriate theories and concepts has been evaluated.
TASK 1
P1 Conduct a review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles
within an organisational context.
(Covered in PPT)
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TASK 2
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations
management principles within an organisational context.
Concept of continuous improvement
Continuous improvement can be define as a process which helps in enhancing activities
and task of organisation. This is a very important concept of organisation as it helps in growth
and development of company as well as achieving desired results. Continuous improvement is
refers to a business process that will leads to maximize efficiency of operations. In order to
achieve continuous improvement in organisation, they should focus on growth as well as
incrementally improvement in process of organisation. This is very helpful in creating as well as
enhancing organisational culture. Continuous improvement process is very helpful in enhancing
productivity as well as profitability. This is also beneficial in improving morale and
accountability of employees. Organisation has to change as well as improve its business process
in order to keep up with he competitions. Continuous improvement will help help in gaining
competitive advantages over other rival companies (Harrison and Lock, 2017).
Continuous improvement plan
Continuous improvement plan includes a set of activities and tasks that is designed to
improve the efficiency of organisation. This process consist of ongoing improvement of the
products as well as services. In this company will plan to enhance its business process in order to
achieve desired goals and objective of organisation. This plan is very important to improve
organisational efficiency, productivity as well as profitability. In this context, there are two
frameworks i.e. PDCA cycle and Kaizen which supports the concept of continuous improvement
plan. This plan is a critical dimension that involves quality frameworks and methods like
Baldrige, Six sigma etc. By implementing this plan, manager in Toyota will be able to improvise
the quality of their services and products so that high customer satisfaction can be attained. This
will allow the concerned company to gain maximised benefits and profits against the rival firms.
In relation with continuous improvement of Toyota, a plan is formulated below:
Basis Current Approach Proposed approach
Quality In order to manage the quality of
their services and products,
To ensure best quality of products
or services, it is essential for the
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concerned company Toyota has
implemented the principle of
organisation. But under this
operation management principle,
company was needed to use
innovative and hybrid machines.
These machines were expensive
and if they were not used then
quality of products offered by
Toyota will be suffer in a
considerable manner (Kundu and
et. al., 2015).
manager in Toyota to organise
each activity of supply chain
management under a systematic
process. To overcome the quality
issues, company can implement
Just-in-time approach. In this
approach, inventory and other raw
material will be ordered at the time
of production due to which only
required and good quality material
as per the situation will be ordered
by the manager.
Cost Manager in Toyota is using
variance principle to increase their
product line without increasing
their production and other costs.
But this principle is not effective in
this situation. This is because
variance principle helps in reducing
only operational costs but not
production or some other costs.
To overcome the increased
expenses due to high production
cost, concerned company can adopt
Automation technology in which
manufacturing and production of
products will take place with the
help of machines. This technique
will require less manual efforts due
to which labour costs will be less.
Also, principle of variance will
helps Toyota in reducing their
operational costs so that overall
costs of company will be reduced
and more profits can be earned.
Delivery In order to perform their
distribution and delivery work in a
proper manner, company has
adopted the principle of change.
In order to resolve this issue and
carry out improvements in their
delivery and distribution logistics,
manager in Toyota can opt for
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Earlier company uses railways and
airways for their distribution
logistics. This method was not
much efficient as railways system
takes high time and transportation
via Airways require high capital.
maritime transport. By using this
way to deliver their products,
distribution cost and time can be
minimised in a considerable
manner.
Continuous Improvement Plan
Objectives Resources Required Timescale for Review Results/ Follow Up
To increase the
production of Cars by
7%.
Employees,
Technology,
Supervision, Raw
Materials,
Around 10 months Improvement in
production noticed.
To minimise defects in
goods produced by
20%
Technology,
Supervision, Raw
Materials,
Around 18 months The improvement is
not much effective.
To make reduction in
per unit cost of
production by 2%
Research and
Development,
Technology, Skilled
Employees,
Supervision,
Around 24 months Improvements has
been made in this
aspect as well but the
requirement of further
improvement is also
present.
Along with this, there are also some other plans that could be used in order to make
improvement in the overall performance of their organisation. As such Six Sigma is also an
important approach with the help of which improvement could be made in the overall processes
of the organisation in order to achieve efficiency in their work. The explanation of which is also
provided as under:
Six Sigma refers to the statistical data based driven approach which is used in order to
make continuous improvements in the defects in the products and services of an organisation.
The following tool has been developed by Motorola and Bill Smith which is based on the quality
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fundamentals approach developed by Jack Welch. The following tool presents standard
deviation, which makes the measurement of variation in the data collected about the process. So
that variations are now collected as they are known with the help of this tool so now strategies
are formulated in order to remove the issues, deviations and errors occurred in the production
processes of the company. This also provides the company with better buffer between the
process and natural variation and the specification limits.
The following tool is based on five key principles and which have a simple and clear goal
to deliver near perfect goods and services for business transformation for optimal customers
satisfaction. The description of some of the important key principles of Six Sigma are been
provided as under:
Focus on Customers: It is the foremost principles of this approach to make the focus of the
organisation on the needs and demands of their customers. Firstly it is important for the
organisations to know about the needs and demands of their customers so that the product or
service could be developed according to the tastes and preferences of their customers for
satisfying their needs and demands.
Measure the Value Stream and Find Your Problem: Along with this, the second principles
includes about the importance to considering the steps given in the process so as to know about
the areas of waste. With the help of having clear defined goals it will be possible for the
company to make improvement in their waste management as the structure will be clearly
defined, roles and responsibilities of employees will be clearly defined so this will provide the
employees and the company to know about clarity in their work and tasks with which they are
provided with.
Get Rid of Junk: As the problem has been identified by the organisation, so not only remove the
problem is enough for the company but it is also important for the organisation to make sure
about the ways with the help of which these deviations could not be repeated and does not
impact upon the working performance of the organisation.
Keep the Ball Rolling: It is not related to any single individual but there are also different
people who are interested in the working of that organisation. So the consideration related to the
importance of stakeholders view is also important to notice with the help of which their interest
could also be noticed and team effectiveness could be achieved in the work.
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Ensure Flexible and Responsive Ecosystem: As there are different processes in the company
and some of which prove to be faulty and inefficient, it is important for the company to make
changes in their working processes and also on the employees approaches as well so that it could
become possible for the to make the culture of their organisation to be flexible. It is important
because the business deals in rapid changing environment and to deal with this environment it is
important to make employees flexible to adopt changes in an easy way.
To analyse the efficiency of this plan in context with the requirements and of company,
PDCA cycle will be used. This cycle will help the manager in Toyota to understand whether the
concerned plan is able to meet the needs of company or not.
PDCA cycle
PDCA cycle is abbreviated as Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. This framework includes four
stages which will benefits the manager in Toyota to decide if the continuous improvement plan
formulated by them is effective or not. These stages are mentioned below:
 Plan: It is the planning phase in which project team of Toyota will measure and evaluate
the current standards and thought about new ideas for improvements. This step will help
in identifying which improvements must be implemented. In context with improvement
plan of Toyota, problem with current approaches like increased cost, more time,
inappropriate quality are identified so that alternate approaches can be adopted to
overcome the problems.
 Do: This is the second step in which alternate approaches i.e. adoption of Automation,
Maritime delivery or just in time approach are adopted so that identified issues can be
resolved without compromise with organisational efficiency (Maylo and Turner, 2017).
 Check: In this stage, manager in Toyota Plc will measure the changes that can be
obtained by replacing current methodologies with proposed methodologies. According to
our context, by implementation of proposed methodologies all the previous issues faced
by Toyota are resolved in a proper manner.
 Act: This stage will decide if the implemented changes will be adopted permanently or
not. In case of Toyota, company is going to implement those changes as they benefits in
resolving all the issues which were reducing the value of company.
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This denotes that the improvement plan made by manager of company is highly effective
and capable to solve all the issues which were faced due to previously used methodologies.
Justify strategies to achieve continuous improvement of improved efficiency at Toyota
 By adoption of Just in time approach, maintaining the quality of logistics and products
will became easier even if company is not updating their older machines with innovative
hybrid machines that are able to use existing resources in quality manner. This is because
in this approach, raw material will be order as per need due to which only required
material will be used for production. This will reduce wastage of resources so that good
quality of product can be prepared (Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo, 2016).
 With the help of Automation, production costs can be managed properly without
compromising with the quality and time taken to produce goods. In this technique, work
which require labour efforts and time will be performed with the help of machines due to
which less labour will be required and expenses on labour can be reduced. By this,
overall cost of company will be reduced and more profits can be achieved.
 Maritime transport will help the company to satisfy their customers by their timely and
efficient services. If delivery system of Toyota will be robust then people around globe
will not face problem to access the products of Toyota. This will allow the company to
earn maximum sales and revenues in advantageous manner (McArthur, 2015).
M2) Analyse the Effectiveness of Continuous Improvement Plan By Using Theories and
Concepts/Models
With the help of different models, tools, theories or concepts, it has been made possible
to make proper achievement of the objectives of the continuous improvement plan. There are
different theories and tools which are applied in the working of an organisation that helped in
making improvement in the overall working of the organisation (Binder, 2016). The company's
objectives were to make increment in production, reduction in defects in goods and reduction in
the per unit cost of production. So these objectives will be done with the help of approaches such
as Lean Production, Six Sigma, Total Quality Management Approach with the help of which it
has been made possible to make improvement in the overall performance of the company. The
focus of all these approaches is on making improvements in the overall performances of the
organisation.
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The targets have been much achieved to much extent. However, they are not fully
achieved. There were several deviations which were in the processes of the business due to
which the performance of organisation was not upto the level. But with the help of these tools,
models and concepts it has been made possible to know about the areas of deviation. So with the
help of knowing about these areas of deviations it could become possible to make improvement
in the overall performances such as by formulating policies and procedures with the help of
which the issues could be removed.
Along with this, the plan will be reformulated for the achievement of objectives which
were not full achieved. This time, the focus will be made on those areas where the deviations
were earlier occurred and this time the deviations will not be founded out as they have been
removed from the working processes of the organisation (Sterman, Oliva Linderman and
Bendoly, 2015).
It will also not led to any major changes in the working processes of the organisation or
in the customers tastes and preferences but it is important for an organisation to survive for long
term in the market. So the aspect of quality is most important for the companies in order to make
their relation good with the employees for a long period of time. Along with this, the
organisation will also be able to have competitive advantage over their competitors.
D1) Recent Developments in Practise Done by Toyota
There have been recent developments which are being made by the company in the
working of their own organisation. For example, Toyota is also working on providing their
customers with electric cars so in order to make their contribution towards and eco friendly
world. With the help of introduction of electric cars, it will be possible to make improvement in
their current status and brand image in the minds of customers. This initiative has been taken by
the company considering the environment, their customers and the society as well. Along with
this, the company is also working in order to remove the autonomous vehicles from the working
of that organisation as well.
The company has also made its partnership with Softbank organisation, an organisation
which is specialist in Artificial Intelligence so as to make improvement in the features and
services provided by the company to their customers. This step has been taken by the company
to drive innovation with the aim of advancing mobility. This partnership has also made its focus
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providing good delivery of services, medical treatment to customers and many more with the
help of which differentiated experiences could be provided to the customers of the company.
Along with this, there are also some other important practises with the help of which it
could become possible for the company to make improvement in their employee satisfaction
level and provide the customers with the best possible services from their working of Toyota
Organisation. There are different types of services that could be provided to the employees by
their organisation so as to motivate them and increase their dedication level towards the work as
well as to the company also for the achievement of their goals and objectives (Simpson and et.
al., 2015). To do this, it is important that Toyota is required to take into consideration the needs
and demands of their customers as well. For the fulfilment of their needs and demands, the first
thing to do is analysis. The analysis of the needs and demands of their customers. As the nature
of people differs so it is also true to say that their needs and demands will differ from one
another. So to improve the dedication and motivation level of employees to keep them engaged
with the organisation for a long period of time, it is important for the company to make proper
analysis of their needs and demands so that they could be provided with the same. This will
make them to feel motivated and dedicated towards the work of the organisation and the
achievement of their goals and objectives. There are different practises with the help of which it
could be made possible to retain them in the organisation for a long period of time such as
rewards and incentives, bonus, promotion and many more. Basically, the employees could have
interest in two types of motivational factors which also impacts upon their level of dedication in
the field of work as well which are financial and non financial. As the needs and demands of
employees differ from one another so it is important to know whether the employee will be
happy with monetary or non monetary type of incentives. By identifying these needs, they could
be fulfilled and improvement in the overall satisfaction level of the employees could be made
(Pheng and Meng, 2018).
The importance of doing proper market analysis is also important in order to remain in
sustainable position in the market. As the needs and demands of customers also do changes from
time to time. So it is important to consider their needs and demands so that sales of the products
or services of the company could be made possible and revenues could be generated. With the
help of doing proper market analysis, the needs and demands of customer could be known and
products could be developed according to their needs and demands. This will help in creating
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demands of the products and services of the company in the market and provide the organisation
with competitive edge over their competitors. The business environment changes on continuous
basis. Any mistake done by the organisation will make it out to the market or heavy loss
situation. So to prevent the organisation from negative situations, it is important to consider the
aspects of market that could provide the company with positive consequences. Innovation in the
processes or products and services of the company is also important. With the help of this, the
company could provide their customers with differentiated products and services which the
competitors are not providing. This will help Toyota to maintain long term relationships with
their customers and employees as well. So these are some of the main measures with the help of
which employees could be retained in the organisation for a long period of time and also to
maintain good and long term relationships with their customers (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013).
TASK 3
P3 Apply stages of project life cycle to given project by producing necessary documents for
project completion
Penny and Paul have a Leisure centre in Clapham and renovation activities are going on a
site at Crodyon so that business can be expanded successfully. Their business success is
dependent on enhanced public awareness of health, public health initiatives etc. In this context,
PLC is applied to identify the stages of project so that evaluation for their effectiveness can take
place. There are four stages of PLC which are stated below in context with the situation given in
case study:
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Project Initiation
It is the first phase of PLC in which manager of project is needed to identify the
importance and objectives of project along with appropriate target market and strategies so that
feasibility of overall project can be measured in a proper manner. The project has been carried
out in order to make improvement in the overall performance of employees so that improvement
in the productivity and profitability of organisation could be increased. In the purpose and scope
of this project is about to make sure about personal and professional development of employees
(Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo, 2016). The reason behind this is also to make improvement in the
overall process along with profitability of the company as well. In this stage innovative ideas and
brainstorming is required so that business objectives can be understood properly and effective
strategies can be formulated. In this context, a business case is prepared below:
Business case
Importance
This project is related with the business expansion of a Leisure
centre. At centre, different health related activities, sports and other
initiatives will takes place which will benefits the public is
maintaining a proper health so that they can live a happy, disease
free and prosperous life.
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Objectives
 To increase their customer base by 20% after business
expansion at Leisure centre.
 To popularise Leisure centre so that maximum sales can be
gained by opening it at new location.
Target market
Business owner has targeted people on the basis of age. People from
the age of 15 years to 60 years will be targeted as individuals from
these age group prefers to be healthy and active so that they can
spend disease free life (Pheng and Meng, 2018).
Strategies
To achieve the desired objectives, company is needed to have robust
advertising and marketing strategies like social media promotions
etc. so that maximum people can acknowledge about leisure centre.
Also, offering discounts on membership will help them to enjoy high
customer base.
Cost Benefit Analysis
Particulars Situation 1 Situation 2
Costs 100000 120000
Benefit 0 20000
(BEP point)
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C os ts B en efit
0
2 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 0 0 0
1 4 0 0 0 0 C h a rt T itle
C olu m n C
Illustration 1: Cost Benefit Analysis
Here, project manager is needed to submit report to management of organisation for
further approval. Firm can use tools like Microsoft Project 2019 and adopt methodology of six
sigma. These aspects will help in carrying out feasibility study. This methodology will benefits
in eliminating wastage due to which extra costs will be reduced. In case of leadership, for this
stage transformational leadership is best where decisions will be taken as per situation (Martins
and Martins, 2012).
Project Planning
The purpose of using this cycle is to make the successful completion of the project which
has been started by the company. It is related not only to make improvement in the overall
processes of the company but also to make possible the personal and professional development
of their employees as well (McArthur, 2015). It is also important make conduction of this project
because of helping employees to learn new things so as to make improvement in the overall
processes of the organisation and to create positive impact on the profitability and productivity of
the organisation. This is the next stage of PLC in which overall plan about new Leisure centre
will be made. After project conformation, manager is needed to prepare a plan so that detailed
analysis on project will take place. Project plan for Leisure centre is discussed below:
Cost For this project, estimated cost is around 2 million pounds. All the
activities of this project will be performed within this amount.
Communication With the help of voice calls, web conferencing, SMS, E-mail, project
manager or other team members can communicate with each other and
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other people in a proper manner.
Quality
To assure the quality of project, company is needed to use new
technology like Automation, AI so that complex work can be
performed via machines in efficient manner (Simpson and et. al.,
2015).
Scope
Scope of concerned project is wide as this company provide health
benefits to people via training, sports and exercises. Due to this, firm
will earn expected outcomes in desired manner (Maylor and Turner,
2017).
For this stage, company can use lean principle in which wastage will be minimised so
that project activities can be performed with greater efficiency. Project manager can adopt
autocratic leadership so that project manager can allocate all the tasks and responsibilities to
subordinated without any interference (Lock, 2017). Required tool which can be used for
planning of project are Gantt chart, WBS, critical path etc. which are defined below:
Gantt chart
Gantt chart is a defined as a order of horizontal lines which specifies the amount of work
performed within certain time period. This chart benefits in denoting project schedule so that all
activities of project will be performed in timely manner. It is used for scheduling as well as
planning projects which assist about time taken for project work, determine resources required,
planning for completing work. It also leads in managing dependencies among task to achieve
those within given time period. This also helps in coordinating, planning and tracking particular
tasks in project.
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15

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Work breakdown structure
WBS is a technique under which complex activities of a project are divided into
manageable and simple sections (Martins and Martins, 2012). This structure helps in simplifying
project execution. With the help of WBS, project manager of Leisure centre can prioritise
important activities and perform them in expected time frame. WBS is referred as planning tools
that helps in describing ideas as well as thoughts. This assist project managers and teams for
managing and identifying work in effective and efficient manner. It is the interconnection among
several assigned project work in best possible manner. With the dividing of work into simple
makes work easy and simple for achievement of positive outcomes.
Leadership In Project
In order to complete given project work, it is very important for leader to divide work and
activities in best possible manner so that goal and objectives are attained. This is essential for
leader to manage all tasks so that team members can work accordingly and attain positive
outcomes. While performing any project work, it is essential to have leadership in project to
complete within given time period.
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Project Execution
This is most important stage of PLC in which identified ideas are executed in a proper
manner. Manager of Leisure centre will give different activities to different people so that all the
tasks can be completed in timely manner. Different events will take place at the time of making
the successful completion of this project. There will be different events which will take places
during the completion of this project such as assigning roles and responsibilities, supervision,
guidance to employees, direction, finding out deviations and many more works which are
important in order to make successful completion of different tasks of the project. For example,
one team will be given the duty of plumbing whereas other team can manage wire & fittings. In
this context, renovation activities will be complete in timely manner (Verzuh, 2015). In this
stage, company is required to monitor their budget, quality, time and manual efforts so that any
required modifications can be carried out properly. To execute project, tools like Zoho can be
used. At this stage, democratic leadership can be implemented by manager so that opinions of
subordinates can be acknowledged and implemented if they are good alternatives. In case of
methodology, TQM will be most effective as it will allow the project to get completed in without
compromising with quality standards (Lock, 2017).
Project closure
It is the last step in which performance of project is analysed. Here, team performance is
also evaluated. If all the aspects of project will be seemed okay, project will be closed. Before
closure of project, appropriate communication among team members is required so that every
detailed can be monitored and checked in a proper manner. Basecamp tool can be used by
project manager to assure high quality of project. Here, manager can adopt strategic leadership
where each employee will be guided to achieve utmost efficiency in their task (Kerzner, 2019).
Along with this, there are also different tools which are being used in order to make
improvements in the overall process of the project. As such as there are different tasks which are
carried out in the project. So it is important to make use of Project Monitoring Tools for the
successful completion of the project which have already been initiated. The role of project
monitoring tools is important for an organisation because with the help of this tool it is possible
to have a look on the working and progress of the project. There are some important objectives
for which these kind of projects are being carried out and for the successful completion it is
important to monitor their performances timely (Kundu and et. al., 2015). With the help of these
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tools it is important to make use of project monitoring tools so that it could be possible for the
company such as Toyota to know about the performances and the possibility is also related to
deviations to be founded in the project. These deviations will further be removed by adopting
suitable strategies for their improvement so that the achievement of goals and objectives of the
company could be made possible. PLC in initiation phase will allow Leisure centre to determine
important requirements for their project. Company has implemented six sigma for defining of
deliverables. This methodology is rigid and resits change in further stages. Design: This level of model is linked to the development of sustainable and flexible
design of overall project. It is planning stage in PLC where concerned company has used
lean principle to assure less wastage. Here autocratic leadership is implemented due to
which employees were restricted to give their opinions. This leadership style can acts as a
disadvantage to the project of company as employees will not give their best participation
(Fleming, and Koppelman, 2016). Development: This stage denotes the developing and execution of processes linked with
project. In PLC, this is project execution phase in which TQM is used by manage the
quality of project. Here, project leader has used democratic leadership due to which
employees gave their opinion and participates in decision-making. But TQM focuses only
on quality not on reducing cost. But to reduce operational cost, variance can be used by
concerned company. Also, for management of inventory, Just-in-time approach is used
by company which will allow them to improve their production efficiencies (Kerzner,
2019).
 Testing and Maintenance: It is the last stage of waterfall model in which different tests
are performed so that project and its process can be maintained without any problem.
Here, effectiveness of entire project is evaluated without any confidentialities. This
tactical stage benefits the manager of a firm to deal with uncertainties of project in a
strategic manner. There exist different techniques that can be implemented by the
manager of project to access its scope, quality etc. for instance, applying of agile
methodology will helps in widening the scope of project along with proper execution.
This technique will benefits the project manager to cross check each activity and
operation without any ambiguity so that expected results which is popularise of New
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Leisure centre for maximum customer base can be gained (Enshassi, Kochendoerfer and
Al Ghoul, 2016).
M3 Analyse the rationale for the project methodologies, tools and leadership within the PLC for
the given project.
In order to carry out project work, it is very important for organisation to use
methodology, tools and leadership concept in best manner so that it can be achieve successfully
within given time period. They are as follows:
Methodology
For completion of project work, methodology has to be used in effective and efficient
manner. In context of methodology used for given work is WBS that divide work into smaller or
simple components so that they can perform and achieve within given time period. The benefits
of WBS includes: organising and defining work required, facilitates development of schedule
through allocating efforts in order to estimates particular outcomes. This mainly work areas of
tasks, cost, scope, function, responsibility and so on. This time framework has some positive as
well as negative impact. The advantages of WBS includes boosts productivity, detailed steps for
completing project work, boosting transparency & accountability, allocating estimation of time
& cost estimates, identifying risk and many more. Similarly, on other hand, disadvantages
includes step approach, problem of requirements, no buying is used, several tasks to perform,
orientation, correct details are missing and so on.
Tools
There are various types of tools which are applied for completing project work within
given time period. This includes Gantt Chart, Network Diagram, Critical Path which has their
own significance. They are described below:
Gantt Chart- This is the tool that is used by respective organisation for completing given
project work on timely. It helps to identify work and task and assigned time for each of them so
that they can be completed within stipulate time period. It is importance for project management
as it provide clarity to finish work, possess good communication, coordinating among team
members, creativity and many more. This provide schedule that leads towards plan, track,
coordinate specified work in project.
Network Diagram- This is defined as graphical representation of all responsibilities,
tasks and work flow for project. It looks like chart having various arrows and boxes. It helps
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project manager to divide work and activities in best possible manner. This is used by project
management to track as well as plan project from initial stage to finish. It is also identified as
critical path and scope of project work. While preparing network diagram, representation should
be clear, concise so that each and every person can understand in best possible manner.
Project management software is used for project monitoring and control as it provide
guideline to manager for achievement of goal and objectives. This assist in monitoring each and
every activities in positive manner for better outcomes. The benefits of project management
software are: collaborating on projects, internal & external communication, budget management,
monitoring, document sharing, optimised decision making and so on.
Leadership
Here, leadership and management both are different from one another. Leadership is
defined as practical as well as research area skill that is used by organisation in order to lead or
guide other team, individuals and so on. This is used in influencing and guiding workers for
attainment of goals and objectives. Similarly, management qualities include planning,
organising, coordinating, staffing and so on. Therefore, these both helps in completion of project
work in best manner.
There are different types of tools and techniques which are used in the making the
completion of this project to be successful. For example, the use of Gantt Chart and Work Break
Down Structure has also been done in the following project which also played an important role
in the completion of this project in a successful way. There are different benefits of these tools
for the company which assists in completing the project in a timely and efficient way. It is
beneficial because it divides the different tasks and activities which are needed to be completed
in the project and this makes it clear to the manager to make proper analysis of the work which is
needed to be completed ad at what time and also from by whom (Harrison and Lock, 2017). So
when these kind of issues are addressed than there is no problem for the organisation to make
successful completion of the project on which it is working. Eradication of issues related to
overlapping of work are also cleared because the employees or team members are already made
aware about their own roles and responsibilities which they are needed to complete so there do
not arises any issues related to the work with which they are provided or they need to
accomplish.
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On the other hand, there are also some major drawbacks which makes this tool to create
negative impact on the completion and effectiveness of the project as such when the roles and
responsibilities of the employees are not clearly defined and when the tasks which are needed to
be done are not identified properly. So it becomes important to remove this issue so that the
project could be completed in an effective way and the achievement of objectives of the project
could be done (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016).
With the help of tools such as Gantt Chart, Network Diagram and some more it has been
possible to achieve the objectives of the project as they had helped a lot in achieving the
objectives of this project. The use of leadership quality has also been done in this project which
is essential for most of the types of projects. With the help of this, it has been possible to
motivate the team in positive way, establishment of coordination and cooperation in between
them so that the team members could work coordinated and cooperated for the achievement of
objectives of the project.
For example, due to lack of proper evaluation of resources available to an organisation,
there were two hospitals whose construction process was stopped in between due to lack of
financial resources. So this is important for the companies to make proper evaluation of their
different resources available to them with the help of which it could become possible for them to
make successful completion of the projects which they had started (Enshassi, Kochendoerfer and
Al Ghoul, 2016).
Different Uses of Methodologies for Large and Small Scale Project
Methodologies Small-Scale Projects Large-Scale Projects
Six Sigma
In case of small projects such as
delivery of service or packaging
of product, six sigma can be used
as it will allow to accomplish
activity in sustainable manner
(Elghondakly, Moussa and Badr,
2015).
In relation with large projects, this
principle can be adopted to
evaluate overall project and its
methodologies like standard
defining, analysing and measuring
of resources etc. This principle is
more suitable for large projects.
Lean Principles Usage of lean methodology for
smaller projects such as container
In big projects like product
development or business
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labelling etc. is appropriate as it
will restrict the duplication of
efforts. This will benefits in
reducing labour efforts and costs.
expansion, these principle can be
used so that extra costs and
inefficiency can be removed
without any ambiguity.
There are different theories and models which are used in the following assignment. As
such, the theories which are used are Six Sigma, Lean Production, Total Quality Management
Approach are used with the help of which the focus is made on the improvements in the
processes, products and services of the organisation. It is required in the current business
scenario so that severe competition could be given to the competitors and also to achieve
competitive advantage. At the time of accomplishment of different projects it is important for the
company to make use of these approaches so that improvements could be made in the projects
and better outcomes that expected could be taken from the completion of that project. So it could
be easily said that the use of approaches to improvement will be beneficial and fruitful for
Toyota as well as for other companies also (Elghondakly, Moussa and Badr, 2015).
M4 Analysis of methods of Performance measurement
There are various types of projects which can be small projects or big projects. Big
projects are those which are not that transformative as it is not easy to attribute them to
individual infrastructural projects. Also, it is hard to predict benefits, cost and timelines in such
projects. These are not flexible and has a very big disadvantage that it is not easy to predict
overall benefit and cost to be incurred in case of such projects. As there are different methods of
measuring performance of an individual such as Checklist and Self Assessment with the help of
which the performance could be measured and improved. For individual analysis, Self
Assessment Analysis will be good as with the help of this analysis, an individual will come to
know about the strengths and weaknesses with the help of which improvement could be made at
personal level. On the organisational level or professional level, the use of Checklist will be
effective as with the help of this, the supervisor could notice about the areas of improvement and
the good points of an individual so that different tasks could be completed in an effective
manner.
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CONCLUSION
From above mentioned report, it has been concluded that there are different principles of
operational management like principle of variance, change, fundamental etc. which benefits a
company in performing their efficiency in a proper manner. With the help of continuous
improvement plan, required changes in an activity can be carried out appropriately. There are
four stages of project life cycle like project initiation, planning, execution and closure which
benefits in accomplishing a project in systematic manner. With the help of models like Waterfall
framework, stages of PLC can be reviewed and criticised in a proper manner.
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