Comparison of Manager and Leader Roles and Characteristics

This article compares and defines the characteristics and roles of a manager and a leader. It also discusses the functions of a manager and the role of a leader in different situational contexts. The article focuses on Toyota as a case study.

Management and
Operations
Contents

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Compare and define several characteristics and roles of a manager and a leader..................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2 Function of a manager and role of a leader applicable in so many different situational
contexts........................................................................................................................................6
P3 Sorts of theories and models of approach, including system, contingency and situational
leadership.....................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Key approaches to operation management and role that managers and leaders play.............9
P5 Value and importance of operation management in order to achieve business objectives...10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact upon decision making and operational
management by managers and leaders.......................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operation management considered as the administration of several business practices that
aimed at ensuring huge efficiency within the business which directly helps firm to improve their
profitability in a perfect manner. It mainly involves resources from materials, staff, technology,
machines and equipment converting into finishes goods so that firms can achieve their targeted
goals and objectives (Ellitan, 2017). Therefore, operation management is one of the best tools
used by lots of firm in order to increase firm’s productivity and profitability in a frequent
manner. Apart from this management plays crucial role that helps team members to develop
better communication in order to attain predetermined goals within stipulated timeframe.
Furthermore, this report is based on Toyota company which is one of the best multinational
automobile was founded in 1973 in Japan. Additionally, there are several roles and functions of
managers which are applicable on different situations of firm. At last, factors of business
environment that have impact on management and leadership will get covered.
TASK 1
P1 Compare and define several characteristics and roles of a manager and a leader
Manager and leaders both are considered as crucial part of every firm as they always
carry different types of strategies in order to make their organization effective every time. Thus,
both have responsibility to manage their team members through giving them proper guidelines
towards work so that they can work in an appropriate manner. In relation with Toyota, manager
and leaders both are equally giving their contribution among profitable goals. There are few roles
and characteristics of leaders and managers those are mentioned below:
Manager:Managers are the person within the firm who manage and design overall work
of firm in a proper direction in order to achieve predetermined goals and objectives (Boyd and
Dougherty, 2016). For betterment of future manager always required establishing and developing
relevant strategies and policies so that they can easily work with their staff members as well as
employees and performing well. In regards with Toyota, managers are concerns as appraisals of
performance for employees as they perform every task at workplace for the betterment of firm’s
future.

Role of a manager: Managers are the resource allocator of firm. Managers are the only
one who always makes better plan to achieve profitable goals on time. Along with manager
generally carry out different types of operations to achieve successful goals. In regards with
Toyota, manager plays significant role as they represents the entire firm. Thus, manager has
good impact on firm and played their role differently, those are as follows:
Recruiting and selection: According to this role manager generally focuses on recruiting
highly knowledgeable skilled employees towards achievement of targeted goals. In relation with
Toyota, manager plays this role clearly through recruiting highly skilled candidates as workforce
so that they can give better performance and able to achieve targeted goals in a specific manner
(Fan, Liu and Zhang, 2015).
Rewarding: As per this role manager mainly accomplish employee’s needs and wants at
workplace. In the context of Toyota, manager used so many kinds of sources and strategies in
order to improve employee’s knowledge skills so that they can perform better and achieve
targeted goals. Moreover, on the behalf of employee’s performance manage give them benefits
and rewets that encourages employees and increase productivity of firm.
Training and development: This is one of the main role played by every manager in
every organization as this type of program increase their employees working level and improve
their knowledge. In regards with Toyota, manager ensures that they are giving proper training to
its employees that improve their working performance and make them qualitative for company.
Spokesman: In this job, the chief advises and fulfills different gatherings and individuals
who impact his association. Along these lines, he prompts investors about monetary execution,
guarantees purchaser bunches that the association is satisfying its social obligations and fulfills
government that the start is complying with the law.
Entrepreneur: In this job, the director continually pays special mind to new thoughts
and looks to improve his unit by adjusting it to changing conditions in the earth. Furthermore,
directors in any association work with one another to build up the association's long-go
objectives and to arrange for how to accomplish them. They additionally cooperate to give each
other the exact data expected to perform undertakings. Therefore, supervisors go about as
channels of correspondence with the association.

Negotiator: The administrator needs to invest impressive energy in exchanges.
Accordingly, the administrator of an organization may haggle with the association heads another
strike issue; the foreman may haggle with the laborers a complaint issue, etc.
Motivator: Director gets different preferences of administrators and propels them as
needs be. Inspiration animates the presentation of occupation. Here, the chief animates the
administrators through inspiration.
Characteristic of a manager: It shows the overall behaviour of manager within the
working place. Manager generally has certain behaviour that influences others so that they can
achieve their goals successfully (Idris, 2016). Some of the characteristics of manager in Toyota
are mentioned below:
Great manager should always have creative mind set that influence other people in a
positive manner. Along with manager of Toyota needed to develop best strategies
through adoption of new technologies to achieve desired goals.
Manager should be patient it will help them to tolerating any kind of issues at workplace
which can be difficult for them to handle any time. Thus, respective firm can face
challenge in which patient for the firm will give better result.
Commitment is of the best feature of manager as they always should be subjected in
order to achieve successful goals of firm. With the help of this feature they can improve
their decision making process within Toyota and able to generate higher profit rather than
the before.
Supervisors with long engagement distances are generally located in the area they are
driving. Through these encounters they have come a long way and have benefited from
the terrible and the terrible.
It is essential that you make yourself accessible to any questions or concerns your
organization needs to provide assistance for improvement and performance.
Leaders are planning others' time and their own around the expected goals. It is
imperative to make sure that you allocate sufficient opportunities to effectively package
your campaigns and complete anything else that needs to be done in terms of downward
pressure in your organization.

Openness is paramount in almost any relationship, especially for those who collaborate
regularly. Provide any goals, desires, and resources your organization may have to fulfill
those desires.
Leader: Leaders are the people who commonly get work done from the team members
and employees through considering entire goals of firm. In relation with Toyota, leaders plays
crucial role towards motivating employees through using their communication and leadership
skills into the vision of an organization. Thus, they make employees workable in a perfect
manner that gives better result to firm. Some of the roles and characteristics of leaders within
Toyota are given below:
Role of a leader: Leaders are those who generally oversee how an organization is run and
what is to be done towards achievement of successful goals (Han and et. al., 2017). Thus, leaders
play different role in Toyota that are:
A friend, philosopher and guide: Leader is one of the best monitor and guide as well
for their team members and employees as it gives them better directions to achieve targeted
goals. Along with the help of these three dimensions leaders of Toyota, can easily operate their
firm’s functions and improve operations any time.
To motivate workers: This is the main role played by leader in Toyota, they always
gives their better performance as they motivate their team members through developing best
training programme that improve performance of employees and make them efficient or increase
productivity of firm (Nayak, 2015).
Representative of the organization: A leader, that is, an administrator, should be the
agent of the campaign. He must speak with concern at conferences, meetings, regular meetings
and so on. His job is to outsource the company's reasoning method. In the same way it reflects
the specialization of a leading person.
Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organizational goals: A leader
through administrative attributes helps to adopt / integrate individual employee goals with
authoritative goals. It tries to coordinate human efforts towards a common cause and therefore

achieve goals. This should only be possible in the possibility that it cannot be defeated and in the
collective will and kind action to achieve the objectives.
Provide a Vision: Dreaming of the social insurance agency is the training owner’s most
important job. Delegates cannot be trusted to participate in a routine effort given the possibility
that they have the slightest idea of the training goals.
Delegate and Empower: Great pioneers surround themselves with suitable people in the
same occupations. This encourages the choice of driving rather than supervision. For trained
owners, this begins with the appointment of a supervisor or manager.
Characteristic of leader: Leaders always have different types of features within
workplace as they generally motivate each and every employee towards work. With the help of
this they can deal with any kind of tough situation while business and able to found best ways to
resolve their issues. Some of the characteristics of Leader within Toyota are getting discussed
below:
Leaders always have great communication skills with the help of this enable to represent
employees and firm properly. It helps leaders to achieve their desired goals within the
Toyota and it also increase motivation level of employees so that they can perform their
every task in a positive way and achieve desired goals frequently.
On the other side, leaders always have initiative feature within its personality that
influence entire team members of people and company. With the help of this feature
leader of Toyota can easily develops best ways to motivate their employees which is very
impactful on employee’s working performance or every task.
Above all, a Leader should have the opportunity to build trust in their friends and in
society as a whole - trust in their character as well as their vision. This is completely
primary.
In the workplace, pioneers regularly disseminate goals and targets to their organizations.
Be that as it may, if the goals are too conceptual or begin to respond to requests rather
than important commissions or goals, your relatives will not feel sufficiently entangled to
accept them as their own.

As a Leader, your essential job is to make sure your organization is active and to make a
courageous effort to realize your vision. Pioneers need to help their friends.
Progress, parallel movements, group changes, reconstructions, agents who undertake
multiple tasks, perform non-routine operations and so on. They make sure that society as
a whole understands when people achieve goals and advance in their professions.
As a Leader, your character bias is to drive. You need to wake up your friends to change
you and your vision.
TASK 2
P2 Function of a manager and role of a leader applicable in so many different situational contexts
The management functions and leadership styles applied to firm and can be applied on
Toyota towards bring changes within policies and strategies. Apart from this, function of
managers and role of leaders always makes firm better towards accomplishment of goals and
objectives (Ma and Sun, 2012). There are different types of management functions and several
traits along with leadership styles help firm to manage their each and every operation in a perfect
manner. In regards with Toyota, sometimes, they have been facing few difficulties such as
equipment and material enhancing cost in a rapid way and fuel prices. This type of situation
faced by them in which manager had implemented so many tactics and strategies in order to
handle every situation to increase entire sales and revenue of firm. Further improvement within
their developed policies they have been applied few techniques to attract customer base so that
they achieve desired outcomes. Therefore, leaders and managers of Toyota equally contribute
among their responsibilities and perform their every task in a perfect manner. On the other side,
leader is responsible to make their team members knowledgeable so that they can deal in any
kind of situation or able to manage their entire working operations properly. At the same time
manage of respective firm give huge instructions about dealing with few difficulties while
manufacturing the goods and services (Plesserand et. al., 2014). Thus, both have been played
great role in regards with Toyota among the increasing their overall sales and revenue in a
perfect manner. Some situation in which manager and leader plays crucial role, that is:
As per the behavioral theory, leaders show their skills and polite behaviour when firm is
facing issues related with material and equipment. Thus, it is essential for them to calmly

understand the overall issues and then found better alternatives to get rid of such kind of issues at
workplace. For example: If leader required to develop great project work then they can have
pressure from their superiors so that they needed to take proper information by them in order to
achieve desired goals within particular time frame. In relation with Toyota, leaders are following
each and every rule which imposed by the firm to achieve targeted goals in right manner. Further
it will help them to deal with any kind of issues.
Another side, development of team can be the big task for managers and leaders within
the Toyota. This is because not every people have same concept and clear vision towards their
work thus; it can create issues for them and increase conflicts within the workplace. If leaders
and managers of respective firm formulates several kind of guidelines for their employees as
well as team members will increase their knowledge and improve their working efficiency level.
on the behalf of this they can develop best team making skills and able to overcome issues in
between firm and workforce (Wang, Jie and Abareshi, 2015). But at the same side, sometimes
firms generally face some issues which is not under control in the manager and leader that
situation create negativity within the working environment. In order to overcome such kind of
problems or reduce these assorted issues manager and leaders both face several challenges that
influence employees towards work and increase their working level within firm. Thus, it is
considered as helpful aspect for both managers and leaders to develop better teams and they can
work together through considering every problem among the achievement of targeted goals.
Therefore, it is necessary for every firm to opt such kind of things in order to deal with any kind
of situation which automatically increase overall profit and productivity of firm in a perfect
mode.
Role of manager and leader in examining issues
Conflict management: Peacemaking is the approach to limiting the negative parts of a
controversy while expanding the positive parts of a controversy. The aim of promoting peace is
to improve learning and collect results, remembering the operational potential or achieving a
hierarchical position.
Disturbance handling: The manager can be classified as: An administrative job that manages
intricate and interconnected problems. Managers should openly say how uncomfortable and

disturbed they are at work without hurting the employees who indulge in over-sharing. Quality
of work life improves if organizations provide a conducive environment for work without
distractions.
Negotiating: It is a personalized approach that settles in a different way. The approach is a
negotiated approach or an agreement reached avoiding controversy and debate. In any
contradiction, people naturally expect to get the best result for their situation (or perhaps a
company they talk to).
Aligning team: Put simply, an administrative body is changed when each individual of the
collaboration is in a state of harmony to fulfill a common purpose. In particular, a changed
enterprise group is talking well, actively supporting one another, focusing the laser on what is
generally important and focusing on learning and development. Perhaps above all, a changed
campaign group believes in their ability to return to a state of harmony after inevitable
breakdowns.
P3 Sorts of theories and models of approach, including system, contingency and situational
leadership
Leadership includes different types of activities played by a leader or manager within the
specific firm in order to achieve targeted goals and objectives. Along with this type of role of
leader always influence other people at workplace. In regards with Toyota, there is several
approaches used by them to attain predetermined goals, those are mentioned below:
System leadership: It refers to the particular system in which firms understand the
geopolitical boundaries. Idea of such kind of leadership style ensures that this leadership style in
Toyota will work perfectly through bringing innovative ideas that makes their goods and services
attractive (Williams, 2015).
Strength: It offers proper research for every business within several fields and helpa
them to understand the concept.
Weakness: Sometimes, this process could be large that can create complication within
working styles of leaders.

Contingency leadership: According to this approach business organizations are
generally seeks the behaviour of leader and their personality at workplace. With the help of this
they can have proper idea about leader’s capability towards work so that firm can easily use them
as essential resource in any kind of contingency. In relation with Toyota, this leadership model
used by leaders in order to develop best decision in regards with manufacturing of goods and
services. With the help of this approach leaders can easily consider business environmental
factors and make their strategies as per the situation of business.
Situational leadership: According to this model, manager of Toyota always ready to opt
different types of strategically goals in order to face several kind of issues at workplace. Apart
from this leaders can easily cope up with any kind of difficulty at workplace that increase better
growth of firm and make firm valuable (Situational Leadership, 2019).
Strength: This style gives best suitable outcomes for leaders and create positive working
environment within workplace.
Weakness: Lack of experience of employees can lead less understanding the criteria of
business.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to operation management and role that managers and leaders play
Operation management considered as the good process which is used by firms to
formulate best product and services for customers at marketplace. In relation with Toyota,
leaders and managers both plays their different roles by using few approaches, those are as
follows:
Total quality management:In this process each and every task or activity always sustain
at specific level of firm. In relation with Toyota, manager generally used this approach and
overseeing the overall performance of their employees. With the help of this they can improve
quality of their working functions and achieve their goals successfully.

Role played by Leader:It is considered as productive approaches so that entire team
members of firm use this approach for running their business successfully (Wen-chao, Fan and
Wen-wen, 2012).
Role played by Manager:In this manager mainly focuses on overall needs and wants of
consumers at marketplace.
Six sigma:This approach refers to the method of ignoring defects from the manufacturing
process of goods and services. In regards with Toyota, they ensure that with the help of using
this model they can achieve their goals and increase growth of their business.
Role played by Leader: With the help of this approach leaders can easily communicate to
people at workplace among projects of six sigma.
Role played by Manager:In this, manager plays vital role to save completeratethru using
this principle.
Just in time approach:This is the policy which is generally used to increase
effectiveness of industry. Likewise how firms can reduce waste by following few aspects
required in production process. In regards with Toyota, with the help of this model they can
manage their work on time and overcome investments within business and increase cost for
company.
Role played by Leader: According to this, leaders ensure that proper utilisation of goods
across the manufacturing process.
Role played by Manager:Manager ensures that there will be right quality and quantity
used by them.
P5 Value and importance of operation management in order to achieve business objectives
Operations management: It is considered as one of the main important business entity
which is very helpful for firms to run their business successfully. With the help of OM firms can
easily develop better strategies to achieve predetermined goals (Yun and et. al., 2018).
Different functions of operation management within context of Toyota are as follows:

Capacity management: Within the every manufacturing of business this capacity of
managements measured by operation management that defines capacity of firm in regards with
developing goods and services. For example Toyota, that deals within automobile sector, so that
it is essential for them increase their growth through increase their capacity towards better
manufacturing process.
Process design: This factor plays crucial role within the manufacturing procedure of firm
in different types of business. In regards with Toyota, inventory and logistics management used
by leaders and managers in order to keep their material safe so that they can utilised them in a
proper manner. It helps them to achieve profitable growth of business.
Transformation of materials into finish goods and services: According to this
importance of OM firms are able to have business opportunities in order to expand their business
accordingly. In relation with Toyota, they produce their goods and services in a perfect way and
achieve desired goals.
Control and distribution systems: In this important function of OM manager of firms
generally manage and control overall distribution of goods and services to the end consumers. In
relation with Toyota, distribution channel of them is running well as they are able to manage
their goods perfectly.
Identification of different business objectives:
Enhancing product/service quality: Improving, or if nothing else keeping up, the nature of
administrations, items, work environment and showcasing rehearses is consistently to be the
principal plan for any business achievement. Frequently numerous business directors/proprietors
wonder they give a similar item/administration to clients as their rival do, yet the contender is
winning and they are losing.
Reduction of waste: Squander decrease is probably going to have different results; which might
be similarly as critical. Specialist profitability may increment because of a specific waste
decrease activity; while item quality may diminish because of another activity.
Profitability: Utilizing action based costing is a viable method to locate the genuine expense of
explicit business exercises. Action based costing gives you the amount it costs you to complete a

particular business work by ascribing extents of every one of your expenses -, for example, pay
rates, premises or crude materials - to explicit exercises.
Cost reduction: Cost decrease is the procedure utilized by organizations to diminish their
expenses and increment their benefits. Contingent upon an organization's administrations or
item, the procedures can fluctuate. Each choice in the item improvement process influences cost.
Revenue maximization: Income amplification is a hypothetical target of a firm which
endeavours to sell at a value which accomplishes the best deals income. This would happen at
where the additional income from selling the last peripheral unit.
Maximization of investment: At the highest point of your chain of command or pyramid of
speculation, investment funds ought to be your crisis money reserve funds. The measure of crisis
money close by ought to have the option to cover 3-6 months of fixed costs and ought to be held
in a currency advertise account, a high-premium bank account, or in other exceptionally fluid
ventures. Utilize this cash just for genuine crises, for example, work misfortune or calamitous
clinical expenses.
TASK 4
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact upon decision making and operational
management by managers and leaders
Business environment is the combination of different factors like internal and external
used by so many organizations in order to make their decision making process better. In relation
with Toyota, these factors have direct impact on management and leadership operation
management and decision making process in so many ways. Thus, there are few factors of
business environment that make firm effective, those are mentioned below:
Corporate Social Responsibility:It is one of the major factor as well as function that
ensures about development of firms sustainability within the economic environment. According
to this factor involves so many policies which are used by firm to develop best decision making
process in order to deliver proper guidelines to people at workplace. In regards with Toyota, this
is used by manager and leader to make ethical policies with new strategies for achievement of
targeted goals and objectives.

Ethics:Through following CSR policies, Toyota requires to ensure that they are
following different types of working rules in every country in which they are running their
business successfully. With the help of this leaders can promote their services and manager of
this firm is able to develop more useful strategies to achieve desired goals (XIANG, Chen, and
Zhang, 2013).
Values:Value includes different types of meaning as it is more essential aspect for every
customer and firm to attain desired objectives. As per the operation management values mainly
measured as the best part for work in which production process of particular firm get complete
and give benefits to people at marketplace. In relation with Toyota, they always value their
customers and employees as well by which they generally get huge benefits and perks that
increase their profit or make them sustainable within the competitive market scenario. In this,
manager and leader both fix the policies and understand their consumer’s value within their
business.
Stakeholders:These are generally includes government bodies, employees of firms,
customers, suppliers and many more are considered as stakeholders. In relation with Toyota, all
these people play their different types of role significantly and maintain effective relations with
each other to achieve desired goals on time. Herein, manager and leader both are responsible to
make better decision towards stakeholders in order to fulfil their needs and desires.
Technological factors:Technological advancement is one of the main essential things
that have direct impact on every people’s life and their working routine as well. In relation with
Toyota, it is necessary for them to adopt several kinds of technologies within their manufacturing
of goods and services to achieve targeted goals. By adoption of lots techniques will develop
better image of this firm and influence ample number of customer’s together. In addition to this,
respective firm is able to face any kind of issues in regards with techniques once they opt. Thus,
they successfully able to fulfill consumer’s needs and wants at marketplace will increase their
productivity and profit properly (Han and et. al., 2017).
Legal factors:This factor consist different types of laws and rules that all are imposed by
the government of particular country in order tomake firms effective and valuable in front of
their customers. In relation with Toyota, manager and leaders always follow government rules

and policies in order to achieve desired goals and objectives without facing any issues.
Moreover, following several legal rules and policies they can make better decision towards
expansion of their business in another country and achieve desired goals on time.
As per the above mentioned several factors of business environment it can be said that if
respective firm is able to follow such kind of factors properly they can easily achieve desired
goals and able to sustain at marketplace for long duration of time.
CONCLUSION
According to the above mentioned report it has been analyzed that, operation
management is one of the essential aspect for every firm to manage their work accordingly for
achievement of targeted goals and objectives. In the other words this can be said that, if firms
uses this tool so that they can make better process of their every function and able to achieve
desired goals. Moreover, in this report there are different types of roles and functions played by
managers and leaders within Toyota to achieve fixed goals through focusing on different issues
and problems. Along with the explanation of different leadership system respective firm can
easily maintain their manufacturing process and produce best goods and services. Apart from
this, there differenttypes of approaches like six sigma, lean principle has been used to identify
particular situation of firm. At last, there are different types of business environmental factors
has been discussed that have impact on functions of respective firm positively. Therefore, it is
necessary for firm to use this OM tool by which they can sustain at marketplace for long time.

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