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Urinalysis: A Comprehensive Review

   

Added on  2021-04-16

9 Pages1565 Words43 Views
Running head: URINALYSISUrinalysisName of StudentName of UniversityAuthor Note

1UrinalysisUrinalysis is a diagnostic procedure of analysis urine through clinical trials in manyhealthcare settings, clinical laboratories advised by clinical practitioners to identify presence ofimbalance in the body of an individual (Delanghe and Speeckaert 2014). The excretory system ofthe body is extremely important to determine homeostatic conditions of the body by eliminatingwaste keeping the balance between fluids and impure substances out of the body and maintainingthe ionic interactions. Change in homeostasis will have direct effect on the urine as, colorchange, smell and presence of biochemical substances and their amounts to determine anydiseased condition (McCarron et al. 2013). This test is very useful to determine Urinary tractinfection (UTI), kidney diseases, determining pregnancy and mapping hormonal changes.There are three ways to collect clinical sample, Midstream Specimen Collection foradults, Catheter collection from elderly and disabled patients and Pediatric collection frombabies and infants (Altuntas et al. 2015). Proper instructions should be given to all patients andmade sure no patient is at unrest or discomfort before the test and hands should be washed andsterilized throughout the procedure and the collected sample should be properly stored.The Dipstick analysis is performed using various parameters like, presence of leucocytes,blood, nitrites, glucose, protein, bilirubin, ketones and urobilinogen content (Stein et al. 2015).Sometimes the pH and specific gravity may also be diagnosed. The clinical stick contains smallpatches of various chemicals that can determine the presence of the above-mentioned substances.Leucocytes are thought to be present in urine due to formation of pus, from dead whiteblood cells, hinting at an undetected renal problem. This condition is called pyuria, which needsto be properly examined under microscope or the urine sample can be inoculated to prepare abacterial culture to ensure the commencement of antibiotic treatment (Hilt et al. 2014).

2UrinalysisPresence of blood in urine is an indication of an abnormal condition unless the patient is afemale undergoing her menstruation cycle. Presence of blood in urine is an alarming conditionwhich is described as hematuria, caused when the renal system is undergoing any inflammatorydisease or trauma, like kidney stones or cancer formation (Foxman 2013). Hemolytic conditionscan also result in presence of blood in urine, known as Hemoglobinuria. Presence of nitrites in urine usually signifies presence of microorganisms in the renalsystem that can convert nitrate substances into nitrites (Stein 2015). Elevated levels of glucose or sugar are usually related to diabetes. The allowed level ofglucose in renal cavity is 10-11mmols. Presence of glucose higher than the threshold amount inurine is called Glycosuria (Bispo et al. 2013). Patients who are administered with corticosteroidscan also show elevated levels of glucose in their urine.Proteins are generally too large to pass through the filtration barrier of glomerulus inkidney. The process of escape of protein through the glomerulus into the excreted urine is calledProteinuria (Free 2018). Many conditions can lead to expansion of the glomerulus filters like,diabetes mellitus, possible functional damage of kidney, hyperthyroidism, hypertension andjaundice. Ketones are formed after breakdown of fats, particularly in cases of prolonged starvation,low carbohydrate diets, high protein. Patients with a diabetic condition also may have ketones intheir urine due to lack of insulin, which transports glucose inside the cells. Ketonuria occurswhen excessive fat is burned in the body. (Free 2018). Usually patients with such conditionsshow other symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. Certain pharmaceutical medicines likecaptropil also interfere with the presence of glucose in urine.

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