Operations and Supply Chain Management Research

This assignment is based on a collection of research papers related to operations and supply chain management. The papers cover various topics such as project management, social responsibility, and organizational culture. The assignment provides a list of references from reputable sources, including academic journals and books. It appears to be a compilation of resources for students or researchers in the field of operations management.

Application of Management
& Operation Approaches and
Techniques in Organisational
Context

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager using
example of Cafe Nero..................................................................................................................1
M1 Analysis and differentiate between role of leader and function of manager with effectively
applying range of theories and concepts......................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................3
P2 Analysis and differentiate between the role of leader and function of manager and set
examples of Cafe Nero................................................................................................................3
P3 Different theories and models of approaches with including situational leadership system
leadership and contingency leadership........................................................................................5
M2 Strength and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within the work
environment.................................................................................................................................6
D1 Critically evaluate and analysis different theories and approaches to leadership in given
situation........................................................................................................................................6
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................6
P4 Key approaches to operation management and the role that leaders and managers play.......6
P5 Importance and value of operations management to achieve business objectives.................8
M3 How leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational management to the
organisation..................................................................................................................................9
D2 Critically evaluates application of operations management and factors that impact to
achieve business objectives of Cafe Nero...................................................................................9
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................10
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact on operational management and
decision making by leaders and managers.................................................................................10
M4 Analysis how factors affect the business environment and wider community...................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management and operation consist of an important role in success of the business.
Therefore, these are two important consideration which assists to increase positive results at
workplace. As a result, business organisation utilises resources to accomplish their goals and
targets. With the help of different strategies and models, they increase their efficiency and
effectiveness. Furthermore, different situations also handle in the leadership and management to
operate effective functioning at workplace (Kopardekar, Rios and Robinson, 2016).
Present study based on the Cafe Nero which is one of the largest coffee cafe in UK and
increases their efficiency to regulate effective functioning. Furthermore, it is one of the largest
competitors of Starbuucks in different areas of the world.
For gaining insight information of the present report, it covers difference between role of
leader and function of manager. Furthermore, it includes theories and models of leadership and
management that can be applied to attain more desired level of efficiency. Moreover, key
approaches of operation management also explained to attain more significant functions at
workplace. At last, it explains factors that highly impact on the business environment and its
functions.
TASK 1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager using
example of Cafe Nero
Managers in Cafe Nero are persons who work with appropriate design and manage work of
the business in directions and pre-determined goals and objectives of the enterprise. For
accomplishing desired level of efficiency and objectives, managers perform several tasks that
assists to establish relevant strategies. Accordance with objectives, they manage their functions
that can be distributed at various levels of the chosen firm. Managers are also concern with
appraisal of employee’s performances to perform tasks and goals with implementing policies
(Marshall, Metters and Pagell, 2016). Manager of the chosen business have effective
characteristic that assists to meet with desired level of results and outcomes in appropriate
manner. As a result, it consider more creativity and effectiveness to attain overall goals and
targets.
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On the other hand, leaders are those people who get the work done with several number of
people who are concerning to the goals of the organisation. Leaders play very important role to
motivate their subordinates with leadership style and communicate skills and inherent with
vision of the Cafe Nero. They make employees work in a particular manner so that objectives
can be successfully achieved. Major aim of leaders is to influence and inspire them to perform
several tasks which develop efficiency and productivity in the chosen business (Ali and Nakade,
2015). They have characteristic to lead whole team and accomplish positive goals that can be
assists to attain more profits and revenue. Hence, unique features are successfully develop to
focus on maintain creativity.
Differences between managers and leaders
Roles of managers and leaders considered as interchangeable while differences between
functions performed by managers to get them towards the desired results and efficiency. Hence,
following are certain differences considered between them:
Basis Managers Leaders
Pursue Managers set objectives of the Cafe
Nero.
However, leaders pursue for the
objectives which developed by
managers in the chosen business.
Communication Managers of the selected firm
communicate policies to their leaders
to accomplish business goals (Stein,
Achari and Sadiq, 2017).
On the other hand, leaders of the
chosen business communicate and
influence employees to their work s
per the policies.
Direction Managers give direction to their
group members towards business
results.
Beside this, leaders provide
direction in their team.
Betterment Managers of Cafe Nero create
betterment of the business.
On the other hand, leaders play
their roles with implementing ideas
into reality.
Focus Managers focus on things to develop
desired results.
Leaders focus on the people to
develop effective results.
Roles Managers of the selected business
have major role of planning in the
Leaders possess their roles to
inspire their employees towards
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enterprise. work.
Work Managers of the chosen business
direct employees to do work with
employees.
Leaders of the organisation develop
effective results to motivate
employees towards work
(Kopardekar, Rios and Robinson,
2016).
Characteristics They have more experience to do
and perform several tasks in desired
manner at workplace of the chosen
business.
Leaders in the chosen business
have characterises to inspire others
to perform effective functions and
operations. With honesty and
integrity in Cafe Nero.
M1 Analysis and differentiate between role of leader and function of manager with effectively
applying range of theories and concepts
In Cafe Nero, there are several roles and functions played by leaders and managers
respectively. They all are engaged in business activities that is performed by cafe such as
designing, sales of several products and services to perform more activities and tasks at
workplace easily. Role of managers are differentiating in effective manner with role of leaders in
the company. Manager of the chosen business establishes standards for the performances of tasks
of employees and leader in the business. Differentiate roles of managers and leaders of the
company results growth of the enterprise in successful manner so that it can be segregated to
perform in better way. Managers perform functions such as planning, organising, directing,
staffing, coordinating, etc. (Choi, Chan and Yue, 2017). All these functions assists to manage
their operations with Kaizen theory. In this approach, manager and leader of the company
continuously improve which based on ideas and make positive change in the business. In this
regard, cooperation and commitment must be stand in the chosen business that increases several
advantages in appropriate manner.
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TASK 2
P2 Analysis and differentiate between the role of leader and function of manager and set
examples of Cafe Nero
Functions of management considered along with styles of leadership that can be
successfully applied in the organisation that brings several changes with policies and strategies.
It also helps to Cafe Nero to improve their operations and cost of manufacturing bring down.
Hence, in context of management functions are successfully brought in operational department
of the chosen business. Furthermore, role of leaders is also explained in consideration of desired
results that can be accomplish in appropriate manner.
Functions of manager and roles of leaders make organisation work in better manner so
that desired direction is ascertained in fulfilment of the objectives of the business. There are
several functions played by management and traits with style of leadership assists to make proper
functioning that increases rapid phase in such situation. Effective implementation of the
functions and management consider plan and strategies that can be handling to increase sales and
revenue of the company. There are several theories exist that can be applied with leadership
skills that grow company in positive manner (Ali and Nakade, 2015). Operation management
department of Cafe Nero focuses on management theories and combine efforts which cut down
the cost as well.
Role of leader Setting clear vision: Setting clear vision is most important role of leader to understand
and accept the future state of the business. In this way, particular mission will be
accomplish to perform several duties in Cafe Nero. On the other hand, Managers can plan
the strategies in order to select suppliers who provide raw material at low cost. Leaders in
the chosen business using traits in order to motivate their staff members to adopt advance
technology in order to lower the cost of manufacturing and eliminate resistance to
change. For example, leader of the chosen business need to perform and develop their
effective advantages with focusing on clear goals and objectives. Motivating employees: Furthermore, leaders of the selected business motivating their
employees to accomplish their needs and demand as well. Good leader communicate with
their learning so that it is more important to encourage staff members with their efforts.
Beside this, managers of the selected business have function to successfully developed
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strategy with efforts that assists to Cafe Nero and their staff members to continue
improve production activities. Managers are also work with employees and set standards
of performances and leaders successfully delegate duties to their employees so that they
are motivated and work to perform several tasks (Stein, Achari and Sadiq, 2017). With
the help of motivation, leader can increase and encourage their staff members to
accomplish desired level of results and goals. Guiding employees: Another role of leader in the chosen business is to guide employees
towards effective work. In this way, they define appropriate role in work process and
provide them tools which is needed to perform and participate with extra efforts.
However, managers have functions to recruit and select efficient employees in the
business. With performances and effective guidance of leader in Cafe Nero, they can
build creative results and outcomes.
 Building morale: Moreover, leaders have role to building morale with involves pulling
each one together towards common goals. In this regard, they appreciate to all staff
members to recognise small victories. On the other hand, managers have function to
communicate all essential policies and rules with staff members to gain more desired
results (Choi, Chan and Yue, 2017). Morality increasing is one of the important concept
that assists to accomplish more effectiveness at workplace of Cafe Nero.
P3 Different theories and models of approaches with including situational leadership system
leadership and contingency leadership
Leadership consist important characteristic that assists to perform several functions in Cafe
Nero. In this regard, different theories and models are explained that increase desired level of
results and outcomes in appropriate manner (Marshall, Metters and Pagell, 2016). Different
theories and models are as follows:
 Situational leadership theory: This kind of leadership refers as the important element in
whole leadership program that possess style and depends on the skills and capabilities of
staff members for whole leaders influence to accomplish tasks and activities. Operation
management of Cafe Nero can effect with kind of leadership that possess in leadership
program. As a result, leaders adopt different method in different situation as per their
suitability (Hübner, Holzapfel and Kuhn, 2015).
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 Systematic leadership theories: Systematic leadership style consider among leaders
with control power and working of employees which can be communicate in particular
situation. Therefore, company makes employees to work as per the needs of operations in
the business. In addition to this, in this style leaders make changes as per their suitability
to implement different strategies and fulfilment of goals and objectives. Operational
department also improve activities that are related with Cafe Nero to make operations at
lower cost (Choi, Cheng and Zhao, 2016).
 Contingency leadership theories: Contingency leadership style of management
considers process in which operational issues are solved with sharing decision making
process among several people with expertise activities and experience. In this way,
managers and employees combined to fulfil tasks and their requirements in appropriate
manner. Therefore, it will assist to perform desired level goals and objectives as well.
This approach can bring motivation which brings efficiency in their working so that
theory focuses to make changes that prevail in the market and leaders to make changes
accordingly to work in particular direction (Mahadevan, 2015).
M2 Strength and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within the work environment
Different theories and models can be used by leaders to solve particular situation and
accomplish their targets to solve operational issues. In the leadership style of situational leaders
adopt style that can be successfully applied to accomplish more desired level of results. It also
helps to bring motivation among employees that are being valued in the Cafe Nero successfully.
However, this style is not useful for leaders at all time because sometimes situation arises
quickly which create negative impact on the performances and outcomes. Furthermore,
systematic leadership style is consider in a way which develop to solve problems that occur
previously. In this aspect, leaders perform their tasks and goals that can be accomplish to solve
issues and problems to resistance change. On the other hand, this theory not successfully applied
in the particular situation so that leaders need to perform functions and operations to maintain
effectiveness at workplace (Lee and Tang, 2017). Apart from this, as per systematic leadership
style, appropriate system need to implement by leaders to solve particular issue and problems.
Hence, it not contains creative work performance within the work environment.
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D1 Critically evaluate and analysis different theories and approaches to leadership in given
situation
Different theories and approaches of leadership can be successfully applied within the
management of Cafe Nero as per situation, system, etc. In this regard, it can be stated that
systematic leadership style is useful strategy that assists to deal with working of employees and
communicate situations of the company to fulfil needs of the employees. As critical evaluation,
as per needs of the enterprise fulfilment of goals can helps to maintain changes in operations to
implement particular strategy. On the other hand, situational leadership style must be considered
in the chosen business which depends on the skills and capabilities of staff members. Therefore,
they can take successful part in order to accomplish goals and objectives as well. With the help
of innovative characteristics, the selected firm can implement successful operations to improve
activities that are related with lower cost of the business (Roth, Singhal and Tang, 2016).
P4 Key approaches to operation management and the role that leaders and managers play
Operation management is most important part of the organisation that contains activities of
the businesses to improve quality in production of the organisation. In this way, operation
management define in Cafe Nero is the process to utilise resources in the business in an effective
manner. Functions of operational management are to enhance productivity. In this process
several activities involved that converted raw material into the final product and services. There
are different key approaches of operation management explained in which leaders and managers
play different roles (Gupta, 2017). They are as follows:
Six sigma: In this kind of approach, it can be stated that organisation need to focus on
whole team efforts in order to accomplish tasks and gain results to improve performances and
efficiency. Role of managers in the development of global strategy also ascertained in the
business to plan such strategies that bring effective utilisation of resources in Cafe Nero. In the
chosen business, this approach implements to eliminate wastage and improve effective
performances as well. Therefore, role of leader can be applying to implement process among
team work and put extra efforts for the betterment of the enterprise (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017).
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Total quality management: This process ascertained to bring efficiency in the production
of the enterprise. It focuses on the continuous improvement in the quality of products and
services that considered needs and demand of the customers. Role of the managers also
ascertained in total quality management to apply different strategies in Cafe Nero to focuses on
the continuous changes in production that bring improvements. Along with this, role of leaders in
the organisation also successfully developed to motivate their staff members to work in a team
and eliminate resistance to maintain change among employees to improve quality of products
and services (Anand and Gray, 2017).
Just in time delivery and continuous improvement process: In this kind of process,
Cafe Nero need to focus on just in time delivery of products and services that increases
efficiency of the business in successful manner. In this regard, they can pick raw material from
supplier only at the time of need of production. This approach also increases efficiency and
eliminate waste of inventory in the business. Continuous improvement process also suggests
improvement of the products that helps to improve products, services, systems and process for
the betterment of the enterprise. Managers direct the operational and production department
which keep inventory in the control and improve production at regular costs. Leaders possess
role in this context to evaluate performances of their staff members to fulfil time gaps and keep
track of inventory (Anderson, Sweeney and Cochran, 2018).
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Illustration 1: Six sigma
(Source: Six Sigma
Certification, 2018)

P5 Importance and value of operations management to achieve business objectives
In operation management, there are several functions and operations continuously
developing that assists to focus on the accomplishment of business objectives. In this regard,
effectiveness also successfully develops with importance and value of operation management.
Importance of operations management:
 With the help of operations management, organisation can utilise the resources
effectively and efficiently that improve technology of the company as well. In this regard,
Cafe Nero can easily distribute all resources in appropriate manner so that aims and
objectives can be accomplished in appropriate manner (Schwarz, Hall and Shibli, 2015).
 Quality of products and services can be improved on the continuous basis so that desired
level of results can be accomplish to focus on the management of work and improve
effectiveness at workplace of the Cafe Nero. In this consideration, process can be
successfully developed in order to focus on the management of effectiveness and improve
business costiveness in appropriate manner.
 Raw material can be successfully converted in the finished goods and products that are
covered at low cost. In this regard, it can be stated that effectiveness can be successfully
achieved that helps to maintain more growth and systematic work (Jacobs and Chase,
2017).
 Operational management also helps in Cafe Nero to eliminate wastage of material that
can be successfully applied to improve process and technology at workplace.
Values of operation management
 In order to gain competitive advantages in the chosen business, operation management is
useful perspective that assists to accomplish more significant results in the business. In
this way, the organisation can deal with competition that can be resolved with
improvement of the several aims and objectives at workplace.
 With consideration of customer satisfaction, it is also useful in a way that it increases
significant advantages to focus on the operation management activities.
 Along with this, increasing technologies also developed that assists to maintain more
growth and performances that ascertained more creative work performances in the chosen
business.
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Transformational leadership style assists to gain more creative results at workplace that
focuses on change that implemented in the business to face challenges and focus on the
competitive advantages. In this regard, systematic work can be build to offer appropriate terms
and conditions to create production and deal with competitors (Sandoval, Zakharova and Garcia,
2016).
M3 How leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational management to the
organisation
In operation management, there are several roles played by leaders and managers that
increase efficiency and effectiveness in the business. With this consideration, corporate
governance makes companies to understand importance of following ethical standards in the
businesses. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the main principles of corporate governance
which include keeping in mind with interest of stakeholders and environment factors that can be
successfully applied in different situations. Leaders and managers of the chosen business
ascertained their functions to deal with innovative characteristics that increase several
advantages to attain more effective results (Khan, 2017). Leaders and managers can easily
involve their participation in operation management that assists to improve production and
quality of the products as well.
D2 Critically evaluates application of operations management and factors that impact to achieve
business objectives of Cafe Nero
In order to evaluate the operational management, it can be stated that it is one of the
important functioning that increases creative advantages at workplace. In this regard, approaches
of management can be successfully implemented to focus on the production and quality that
valued with effective just in time inventory. Total quality management and concept of
continuously improvement assists to focus on the management of work that can be successfully
develop in appropriate manner (Bartlett and Beamish, 2018). These models can be applied in the
Cafe Nero with focus on the roles of mangers and leaders.
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact on operational management and decision
making by leaders and managers
Mainly, Cafe Nero focusing on the several functions and operations hat are
continuously regulated to maintain values, ethics and sustainability. In the particular
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organisation, there is improvement in relationship between customers and organisation must be
successfully developing that assists to follow ethical standards (Stein, Achari and Sadiq, 2017).
Therefore, following factors create major impact on the results and outcomes: Political factors: In this regard, mainly political stability creates impact on the functions
and operations of the functions. In the UK, there is regional integration of market that is
biggest opportunity in front of the chosen business. Therefore, they can easily regulate
several operations in different areas of the country and world as well (Bazargan, 2016).
Furthermore, improvement in the government supports also carry for infrastructure that
assist to create innovative results and outcomes. Economic factors: Furthermore, economic factors create impact on the Cafe Nero with
high economic growth of the country. It helps to decline unemployment from the country
that assists to gain more desired level of the results at workplace. With the help of
increasing revenue and profitability, it can be stated that external factors threaten to the
business because it increases company’s spending. Therefore, it is essential to maintain
inflation rates so that organisation can easily build their good image (Kopardekar, Rios
and Robinson, 2016). Social factors: In this regard, it can be stated that the chosen business need to concentrate
on the customer demand and requirements with market trends. This is because, each
customer change their needs and demand as per the market changes. Therefore, it
influences customers and businesses as well. Social and socio-culture elements must be
remote in the market that helps to grow desired level of results at workplace.
Furthermore, it is essential for the Cafe Nero to increase health consciousness which is
the greatest opportunity towards the organisation in successful manner. These external
factors create major impact on the results and outcomes (Marshall, Metters and Pagell,
2016). Technological factors: Technology gives several opportunities to the company that assist
to meet with desired level of outcomes at workplace. In this regard, it is essential to rising
mobile purchase that is the biggest opportunity in front of Cafe Nero. Furthermore,
advance technology of UK also assists to transfers to create more farmers in all over the
areas where the chosen business deals. Rising availability of the special machine also
create threat to the company to develop effective results at workplace. The chosen
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business has opportunity to deal with different apps and linked services that increases
several advantages to improve supply chain availability (Ali and Nakade, 2015). Legal factors: Legal factors of the business environment create impact on the Cafe Nero
to maintain standard and policies. In this regard, it is essential to make product safety
regulations and increase employment opportunity that assists to meet with desired level
of results. In this consideration, appropriate quality and standard of raw material must be
maintained. In developing nation, it is successfully implemented to attain more desired
level of the results and outcomes (Maylor, Meredith and Browning, 2018).
 Environmental factors: In this consideration, environment factors mainly create impact
on the results because it helps to identifies effect of ecological and environmental
conditions. Changes can also create impact on the results which regulated with business
sustainability, growing popular support with responsible sourcing, etc. Business
sustainability of Cafe Nero focuses on ensures minimal environment effect. Furthermore,
responsible sourcing emphasis on corporate social responsibility that assists to meet with
positive results (Ketokivi and McIntosh, 2017).
M4 Analysis how factors affect the business environment and wider community
External elements of the business environment create major impact on the functions and
operations of the Cafe Nero. In this regard, it can be stated that there are several opportunities
builds that assists to look upon the different activities and advantages which helps to reduce
threats from the organisation in successful way. With the help of identified threats, it can be
stated that availability of home use products also develop in the chosen business. With the help
of appropriate functioning of rules and regulations, the country able to communicate their several
advantages in different areas of the world. Therefore, it is beneficial to focus on different areas
development (Bromiley and Rau, 2016). In order to develop effective strategy, CSR activities
must be regulate at workplace of the Cafe Nero. This is because, it builds positive loyalty of
customers towards the chosen organisation. As a result, it increases profitability and
effectiveness to focus on the building effective relationship. Employees performance also create
impact on CSR activities so that the chosen business.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that management and leadership in Cafe Nero
possess different functions and roles that assists to gain competitive advantages in the business.
Furthermore, it also works for the organisation to accomplish their goals and objectives in
appropriate manner that contain different activities and tasks that are useful for the business
operations. Moreover, it summarised about the different approaches of the operation
management that assist to meet with effective functioning in the business. With the help of
decision making process, it can be stated that high quality of standard will be successfully
maintained that increase improvement in the production process and improvement in products
and services. For example implementation of continuous improvement, six sigma, etc. All these
perspective helps to maintain high growth of the country. At last, report articulated about factors
that impact on business environment such as political, economic, social, legal, environmental,
etc.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Ali, S.M. and Nakade, K., 2015. A mathematical optimization approach to supply chain
disruptions management considering disruptions to suppliers and distribution
centers. operations and supply chain management. 8(2). pp.57-66.
Anand, G. and Gray, J.V., 2017. Strategy and organization research in operations
management. Journal of Operations Management. 53. pp.1-8.
Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J. and Cochran, J.J., 2018. An Introduction to Management
Science: Quantitative Approach. Cengage learning.
Bartlett, C.A. and Beamish, P.W., 2018. Transnational Management: Text and Cases in Cross-
border Management. Cambridge University Press.
Bazargan, M., 2016. Airline operations and scheduling. Routledge.
Bromiley, P. and Rau, D., 2016. Operations management and the resource based view: Another
view. Journal of Operations Management. 41. pp.95-106.
Choi, T.M., Chan, H.K. and Yue, X., 2017. Recent development in big data analytics for
business operations and risk management. IEEE transactions on cybernetics. 47(1).
pp.81-92.
Choi, T.M., Cheng, T.C.E. and Zhao, X., 2016. Multi‐methodological research in operations
management. Production and Operations Management. 25(3). pp.379-389.
Gupta, S., 2017. Knowledge economy: A need for social reformation. Journal of Management
Science, Operations & Strategies (e ISSN 2456-9305). 1(1). pp.16-20.
Hübner, A., Holzapfel, A. and Kuhn, H., 2015. Operations management in multi-channel
retailing: an exploratory study. Operations Management Research. 8(3-4). pp.84-100.
Jacobs, F.R. and Chase, R.B., 2017. Operations and supply chain management: The core.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H.R., 2017. Project management: a systems approach to planning,
scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons.
Ketokivi, M. and McIntosh, C.N., 2017. Addressing the endogeneity dilemma in operations
management research: Theoretical, empirical, and pragmatic considerations. Journal of
Operations Management. 52. pp.1-14.
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