Organizational Behavior Theories and Models

This assignment provides an overview of different organizational behavior theories and models, including Tuckman's Team Development Model, Adams' Equity Theory, and Handy's Typology of Culture. It includes references to various academic sources that support the use of these models in understanding human behavior in organizations. The assignment also highlights the importance of these models in leadership development and organizational change management.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART 1............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a) Handy's cultural typology in context of BBC.........................................................................1
b) Impact of culture, power and politics on the behaviour of employees. .................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
a) Different theories of motivation..............................................................................................4
b) effectiveness of motivational theories....................................................................................6
c) Ways to improve motivational level of employees.................................................................6
PART 2............................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
a) Different types of team ..........................................................................................................7
b) Factors responsible for effective team...................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
a) Organisational concept and theories ......................................................................................9
b) Barriers to effective performance within the BBC...............................................................10
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour plays an important role in organisation by managing and
enhancing the skills and capabilities of each individual. Culture, politics and power; all have the
major impact on perception and behaviour of an individual. In the present study, British
Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has been taken into consideration. From a review it has come
forward that firm is facing many issues because of their falling culture and lack of
communication. Many workers have complained against two senior staff members for
harassment.
Current report will discuss the changes in culture of BBC with the help of Handy's
cultural model. Along with this, it will also focus on impact of culture, power and politics on the
behaviour of human resources of company. Motivational theories will also be analysed along
with their role and participation to aid the firm in achieving their goals and objectives. Factors of
effective team are also mentioned along with different organisation behaviour philosophies.
PART 1
TASK 1
a) Handy's cultural typology in context of BBC
There are different types of cultures that are followed in or have been adopted in various
firms. Culture plays an important role in carrying out various business operations and also aid
firm in maintaining a healthy working environment. Culture of firm can be defined as shared
beliefs, values and practices that govern the way people act or behave within organisation
(Perkins and Arvinen-Muondo, 2013). Charles Handy has given model of organisational culture
that is mentioned as below:
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Illustration 1: Handy's typology of culture
(Source: Models of Organisational Culture. 2015. )
 Power culture:
In this type of culture, power remains in the hands of few. These people are responsible
for all decisions that are taken in the firm. Employees at lower level have to follow all
instructions provided by their manager. Higher authority makes all the rules and regulations
within firm and it is expected from staff members working at lower level to adhere with these
rules without any question (Saks, and Gruman, 2014). Power and position decides what type of
culture will firm have. In this, staff is judged on the basis of their achievements instead of their
way of work or their contribution in firm. BBC has adopted power culture in their working.
Higher authorities of firm gives instructions and all staffs have to complete their responsibility
on the basis of these directions. Furthermore, in such type of culture, views of lower staff are not
taken into consideration which affect the behaviour of employees and they become demotivated.
 Role culture:
In this type of culture, role or position plays an important role and determine the culture
of firm. The higher the position of person, the higher will be the power of him. This type of
culture is adopted in firm with tall structure. This type of culture is bureaucratic in nature as
person in high position has the power to influence the business operations of entity.
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 Task culture:
Handy introduced another type of culture that is task culture. According to this, a
company makes a team of specialists where employees are given with specific tasks that they
have to complete within defined timeframe. Person Culture:
This is one more type of culture where each person is seen to be unique who have his/her
own capabilities and talent as well as tasks are assigned to them on the basis of their
performance. Earlier, the management of BBC has adopted power culture in their management
where higher authority has complete power, many people in firm complain of mistreatment and
harassment from by their seniors. To overcome this issue, in the current scenario, firm has
decided to move from old structure and rules and has adopted task and person culture in their
management, where person performance and calibre become the criteria for assigning the role.
Task culture make sure that each and every activities of organisation are done in qualitative and
in efficient manner. This not only provides employees with development opportunity but also
helps in maintaining a healthy working environment.
b) Impact of culture, power and politics on the behaviour of employees.
Culture power and politics major role in influencing the behaviour of employees and
working of an organisation. Culture play important role in determining how firm works In earlier
time BBC has adopted power culture where employees were forced to accept all the rule and
regulation implemented by higher authority without any question. The views and needs of
people were neglected. It has adverse effect on the behaviour of employee, they become
demotivated and dissatisfied with the management of firm many of the employee even turn
against them, this situation also lead to high employee turnover as many people try to find better
working place (Sweetman and et.al., 2015). Culture that do not support the view and need of
employees can have adverse effect, staff become dissatisfied and demotivated that also affect
their working, their negative nature and behaviour toward firm affect their working style they are
not able to carry out their duties in efficient manner. But in current time BBC has made some
changes in their management and working style, the current motto of firm is “Coming to work
and wanting to do their best” The firm is trying to make necessary changes so that they can make
better working environment of their employees.
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Power in organisation can be describe as an ability to influence the views of others. The
leaders and manger are bestowed with power so that they can direct and lead the staff in right
direction. Power can have both positive and negative influence on the behaviour of workers
(Northouse, 2015). In BBC the senior staff were misusing their power and were forcing their
employees in accepting the various rules and regulation they were implementing furthermore
they were using their power to mistreat and harass their employees it has negative impact in the
behaviour and working of staff. In current time BBC is focusing more on their employees by
empowering them and by giving them a chance to present their view.
Organisation politics can be defined as informal and unofficial efforts that are made in
order to improve the performance (Vasu, Stewart and Garson, 2017). Organisational politics is a
reason behind discrimination in BBC. Senior staff of firm misuses their power and promote only
those individual whom they favour leading to discrimination in working. BBC is making sure
that no type of politics occur in the working of firm and only eligible person get chance to move
forward.
TASK 2
a) Different theories of motivation
Content and process are two type of motivational theories that aid firm in motivating
their staff and satisfying them so that they can be retained in the business for longer period. Content theory of motivation
Content theory stated that a person feel motivated when its common needs are fulfilled.
Organisation by fulfilling the requirement of employees, can steer the direction and perception
of person toward the benefits of firm. There are different type of content theory such as Herzberg
theory, Maslow theory etc.
Maslow Motivational theory
Maslow identify five basic need of people and said that by fulfilling this need firm can
motivate their employee. The basic psychological need of employee include food, water, shelter
etc., if firm fulfil this need they can motivate employees and can also create good image of firm
in the eyes of staff (Parikh., 2013). Furthermore, if the firm is able to meet the need of staff
which include esteem need and self actualisation etc., than this will not only help firm in
motivating their employees but will also help them in increasing the loyalty and commitment of
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staff toward their work and firm. If BBC is able to fulfil the need of their employee they will
become more positive toward the firm and will start taking initiative for the benefits of firm.
 Process motivational theory
This theory focuses more on the factors that can help in directing sustaining and
energizing the behaviour of employee. It contains various motivational theories like Equity
theory, reinforcement theory etc.
Equity Theory
Illustration 2: Adam's equity theory
(Source: Adams’ Equity Theory. 2013)
Equity theory stated that their should be proper balance between the input of employees
and output of firm, so that employee can feel motivated and firm can also achieve its goal and
objectives. According to this theory an individual put its effort ability, loyalty, integrity
commitment etc. in work and except that as much effort he is putting, the firm will also provide
them with same output. This output include pay, bonus, perks, benefits, praise, recognition etc.
(Miner, J. B., 2015). In case the employees feel that the effort they are putting in their work is
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far greater than the result they are getting they become demotivated. By maintaining the balance
between the inputs and output BBC can motivate their employees and can also change their
perception of firm in right direction.
b) effectiveness of motivational theories
The reason behind the success of firm is the strong team that support and carry out
various function of firm. For team to be effective its necessary that each individual carry out its
work in efficient manner. Its essential of BBC to motivate their employees so that they can help
firm in achieving their goals. Motivation help firm in peeking the interest of workers and pushes
them so that they can work hard and can contribute in the success of firm. By motivating the
employee firm can energized the employees so that they can carry out their various activity in
efficient manner this will also increase the productivity of firm and also enhanced the team
performance and efficiency.
Motivational play major role in the team building and bringing the efficiency in the
work. By implementation of different motivational theory member can support each other in
order to perform well. Furthermore, it also helps in creating good relationship which improve
communication among member. By this firm can eliminating any type of miscommunication
that can lead to conflicts and cause hindrance in the performance of employees (Majchrzak and
et.al., 2014). This motivational theory also assist firm in identifying the need of employees and
taking right steps so that this requirement can be met and individual can feel more satisfied.
Satisfied employee perform well and contribute in the success of firm. This not only bring
effectiveness in the working of individual but also in the working of firm. BBC can use either
above mentioned motivational theory in order to motivate their employees. By providing them
with basic need and development opportunities they will be able to retain their employees.
Furthermore, incentives and benefits will also work in the favour of firm.
c) Ways to improve motivational level of employees.
There are many ways through which the motivation of employee can be enhanced. The
employees of BBC are dissatisfied with their working environment and culture of firm which
lead to demotivation BBC should follow this way so that they can motivate their employees.
 Communication play major role in motivating employee. Many employees at BBC have
complained that because of the lack of communication people suffer from many
conflicts and they feel demotivated. By having better communication, where the higher
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authority take time to talk to their employees and know their problem firm can make
necessary changes that can help staff in their development, furthermore staff will also
come to know about their value in firm. Through proper communication firm can also
show their appreciation to employee and toward their contribution, this all factors play
major role in motivating their employee.
 Empowering employee also aid in motivating them. By asking of their inputs and views
and providing them with feedback so that they can improve their performance all help
in building the confidence of person, they become motivated and perform well. Firm
can also ask about their perception and view on different way through which they can
enhance their performance (Greaves, Zibarras and Stride, 2013). By doing this The firm
can arrange the training that will help staff in enhancing their performance of employee.
This will also motivate employee as they can have maximum use of training provided to
them.
 External reward also help in increasing the motivation of employee. It's not necessary
that firm provide financial benefit to their employees they can also provide their
employees with extra paid day off, gift card or recognition.
It's necessary to keep the staff motivated so that they can perform well in addition to it,
motivation is one of the important tool that help firm in retaining their best employees. By
motivating their employee BBC issue of high employee turnover will be eliminated.
PART 2
TASK 3
a) Different types of team
Team is group of people that come together in order to achieve single goal and
objectives. An organisation is made up of different type of team that has its own role and
responsibility that they have to carry out in order to work efficiently. Following are the team in
BBC that are responsible to carry out various role of firm.
Functional team:
Functional team is made of people who share expertise in common field and work
together so that shared objectives can be achieved. This team are permanent team and do not get
dissolve after their work get finished (Chen and et.al., 2014). In this each member have different
function and they have to coordinate well so that they can finish their roles and responsibility in
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efficient manner. This team also communicate with other team of firm and make sure that all of
them are working by coordinating their work so that all work of firm can be finish in efficient
manner.
Virtual team:
A virtual team can be any team who work at different geographical location and use
digital way of communication to pass information among other member of team. With
development of technology it has become possible to build a team on the basis of capabilities of
person disregard of location.
Problem solving team:
This team are temporary in nature and are made to solve specific issue. This team are
made to sole various problem and conflicts in the firm so that the organisational activity of firm
do not get disturbed. The team is formed of experience people who can help in resolving the
various issue so that it do not affect the working of firm.
b) Factors responsible for effective team.
A dynamic team is made up of the effort of all the people involve in it. It's the dynamic
of team that make it successful so that it can carry out it various activity in efficient manner.
Tucksman has come up with a model that describe different stage of development of a team.
Illustration 3: Tuckman's Team development Model
(Source: Tuckman forming storming norming performing model. 2017.)
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 Forming:
It's the first phase of development where team is formed and different member come
together with the basic knowledge of project its strength and weaknesses. In this stage team
member work in the boundary of politeness and try to find their place in the team. In this leader
play important role as each member are dependant on him for the direction. Storming:
In this each member try to push the boundary that has been formed in first stage so that
they can put their view forward. This is the stage where conflicts arises because of the difference
in the point of view (Carter and et.al., 2013). This is the stage where the process of how things
will be done get determined. An effective team make sure that they create open space for the
discussion so that views of each person can be taken into consideration. Norming:
In this stage all the conflicts get resolve and team try to work in harmonious way so that
best solution could be achieved. An effective team ensure that they remain committed to their
goals so that they can select those ideas that have the highest potential of success. Performing:
This is the last stage of development where the focus of team is to perform their best so
that goals can achieved. An effective team relies on logical argument to come to a decision
instead of using voting system.
BBC can adopt this method to ensure that effectiveness of team remain maintained along
with this it can take necessary steps at the right time so that conflicts and problem can be resolve.
TASK 4
a) Organisational concept and theories
Path goal theory is one of the major theory of organisational behaviour it focuses on the
behaviour of leader and suggest that a leader should adopt or change its behaviour according the
situation so that it can lead employees in right direction. Some leadership style are mentioned
below:
Directive:
In this type of leadership style leader provide their subordinate with direction on what
and how to perform a task, along with scheduling and coordinating. BBC can use this type of
leadership to train new recruits who are still unaware of the working of firm.
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Supportive:
In this type of leadership worker show their concern toward their subordinate by showing
support toward them (Boddewyn, 2015.). They use friendly and approachable behaviour to
connect their staff. It will be in the favour of BBC to adopt this method in their working as its
quite effective in such situation where the work relationship of firm is quite challenging.
Participative:
In this leader consider the view of it team before coming to a decision. This will help
BBC in gaining the trust of their employees and it will also promote healthy working
environment.
Achievements:
In this leader set the goals for their team and expect them to finish their task with their
full potential in order to provide with best result (Arends, 2014). BBC can adopt this method in
their working not only it provides firm with better efficiency but will also provide employee a
chance of development.
Other than path goal theory BBC can also adopt Contingency theory which state that
there is no single theory that is suitable for all situation and can help firm in proper corporation.
The success of firm depend on the leadership style and the willingness of employee toward the
business. Its necessary of firm to pay attention to employee and choose the best decision that can
help firm.
b) Barriers to effective performance within the BBC
The major barrier to the effective performance within the BBC was the lack of
communication and improper leadership. The employee were mistreated by their leader which
affect their performance. Along with this lack of communication lead to many misunderstanding
that affect not only the behaviour of employee but also have negative effect on the working
whole organisation. It essential for BBC to pay attention to this problem and take necessary
measure so that they can perform well.
CONCLUSION
From above report it can be concluded that Culture politics and power of firm play
important role and have major impact on the behaviour of an individual. Motivational theory
play major role in satisfying employee and increasing their loyalty toward the firm. It also plays
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leading role in enhancing the productivity of firm. Tuksman theory is quite effective in
understanding the development of team and play major role in building effective team.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Arends, R., 2014. Learning to teach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Boddewyn, J. J., 2015. Political aspects of MNE theory. In The Eclectic Paradigm (pp. 85-110).
Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Carter, M. Z. and et.al., 2013. Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee
performance during continuous incremental organizational change. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 34(7). pp.942-958.
Chen, X. P. and et.al., 2014. Affective trust in Chinese leaders: Linking paternalistic leadership
to employee performance. Journal of management. 40(3). pp.796-819.
Greaves, M., Zibarras, L. D. and Stride, C., 2013. Using the theory of planned behavior to
explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Environmental
Psychology. 34. pp.109-120.
Majchrzak, A. and et.al., 2014. Computer-mediated inter-organizational knowledge-sharing:
Insights from a virtual team innovating using a collaborative tool.
Miner, J. B., 2015. Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership.
Routledge.
Northouse, P. G., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
Parikh., 2013. Organizational Behaviour. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Perkins, S. and Arvinen-Muondo, R., 2013. Organizational Behaviour: People, Process, Work
and Human Resource Management. Kogan Page Publishers.
Saks, A. M. and Gruman, J. A., 2014. Organizational socialization and positive organizational
behaviour: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Canadian Journal of
Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration. 28(1). pp.
14-26.
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Sweetman, D. and et.al., 2015. Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative
performance. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des
Sciences de l'Administration. 28(1). pp. 4-13.
Vasu, M.L., Stewart, D.W. and Garson, G.D. eds., 2017. Organizational Behavior and Public
Management, Revised and Expanded. Routledge.
Online
Adams’ Equity Theory. 2013 [Online]. Available through
<https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_96.htm> .
Models of Organisational Culture. 2015. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/models-of-organisational-culture-handy> .
Tuckman forming storming norming performing model. 2017. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_86.htm> .
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