Leadership Theories and Paradigms

This assignment requires students to explore different leadership theories, paradigms, and instruments used in public management reform. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of agency and the desired characteristics of leaders. The student is expected to analyze various sources, including academic articles, books, and online resources, to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
LO1..................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different classical management theories in a service industry.........................................3
P2 Role of leader and different leadership styles in the context of service sector industry...5
P3 Management and leadership styles in a specific service sector........................................6
LO2..................................................................................................................................................8
P4 Internal and External factors that influence management styles and structures in service
industry organization .............................................................................................................8
LO3 ...............................................................................................................................................11
P5 Management and leadership soft skills and hard skills ..................................................11
P6 Future management as well as leadership skills required by service sector...................12
LO4................................................................................................................................................13
P7 Comparison as well as contrast in between different service industry organisation change
management system..............................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management plays a crucial role in business organizations to accomplish
goals and objectives. Leaders are the one who lead people and influence them towards achieving
a common goal, an effective leadership define ideas and styles which are to be communicate
with employees to execute work, Leaders involve a clear vision and provide information and
knowledge (By and Burnes, 2013). Management is defined as a business activity of
administering and controlling affairs of organization. It is a process of planning. Organizing,
controlling and directing business environment where employees work together for effective
objectives. In this report Tourism Union International is undertaken for further study, it is the
largest travel and tourism industry founded in 1923, headquartered in Hannover Germany. The
company owns travel agencies, hotels, airlines, retail stores and cruise ships. This report will
cover different classical management theories and role and characteristics of leaders and
manager is defined with organizations context. The discussion about the future management
skills and features will also be discussed in the following assignment along with the comparison
of different companies in implementing change in their organisations with the help of change in
the management and leadership systems.
LO1
P1 Different classical management theories in a service industry
The classical management theories came into existence in the 19th century, this theory
define the problems related to factory system to recognise role and responsibilities of
management focusing efficiency and effectiveness of work process (Carpenter-Hubin and
Snover, 2013). This theory is suggested for Tourism Union International to define its employees
a proper way to execute work. There are different classical management theories such as:
Scientific management: This theory was given by Frederick Winslow Taylor, the
scientific management theory analyses workflows and define one best way to do work. Main
objective of this theory is to improve efficiency and labour productivity, through this
organizations productivity can be increased (Types of Classical management theory. 2019).
Bureaucratic management: This theory was given by Max Weber, it define the most
efficient form of organization. Bureaucratic management is a systematic formation organization
which ensures efficiency and economic effectiveness (Denhardt and Denhardt, 2015). The theory

emphasises on division of labour under this work is divided on basis of specialisation so it leads
to effective result because of keen interest. Rules and impersonal relationship are defined to
ensure uniformity so that employees can be aware of what is exactly expected by them and with
the help of proper rules and regulations, it will be easy for them to know about what they have to
and what not to do (Types of Classical management theory. 2019).
Administrative management: This theory was given by Henri Fayol, father of modern
management. Administrative management define the process of getting things done through
others, by division of labour under this theory groups are given more preferences rather than
individuals (Types of Classical management theory. 2019). In service industry like TUI which
well known German travel and tourism can utilised this particular theory so that its work,
distribution of staff and structure of management in hotel, cruise ships and many others are
described effectively and systematically by which performance as well as overall activities of
firm can be performed.
Organisational culture
It is defined as a setup for common goal, Coordination and cooperation is very essential
to deliver best services in an company. Organizational culture determine expectations,
experiences and philosophies for smooth functioning of organization with certain values. If a
companies’ culture is not good than it can affect performance and productivity. So, the culture
that is used in TUI group is discussed below:
Role culture: This culture is based on rules, which are controlled by everyone within an
organization and define roles and responsibilities. This culture is determined through
designations which is hold by an individual and are typically along with chain of command
(Ferreira, Ryan and Davis, 2015). Moreover firm's with role culture are depends upon rules.
Power in this culture is ascertained through individuals position within organisational structure.
In TUI role culture is utilised so that different employees who are working in the organisation
roles and responsibilities are specified. They are made aware about the tasks which they need to
perform and with the help of this, it will be possible for them to make the same employee
accountable for the results as well. This culture followed in respective company by describing as
well as delegating the role and duties of all staff members and ask them to follow rules in
effective way (Role culture. 2018ss).

P2 Role of leader and different leadership styles in the context of service sector industry
Leader plays an important role in management of service sector industry by helping
through maximize efficiency to achieve goals and objectives of firm (Gardner and Reece, 2012).
A leader builds effective work environment for stable growth however human relations are also
maintained by leaders. In Tourism Union International motivate employees with rewards and
provide guidance by instructing them to perform effectively and efficiently.
Role of leader
Execute strategy: Leaders follow their roles and responsibilities properly within an
organization. They execute long term and short term strategy for employee and define them task
and activities. Strategies are the plans through which results can be achieved using disciplined
process. In Tourism Union International leaders execute strategies to initiate actions regarding
what should be done and how it should be completed (Role of leader. 2019).
Create vision: A leader clearly define what employees are going to do and how they are
going get defined values and objectives of organization, Vision describes desired future position
of the company (Gillam and Khanchandani, 2013). Leaders of Tourism Union International
create vision as it operates in different sectors as travel agency, hotels, airlines and retail stores,
Every sector has different leader who create vision.
Different leadership styles
Democratic leadership: Under this leadership style, employees and subordinates are
involved in decision making process. In democratic leadership, leader holds final decision but
before employee’s ideas and knowledge is determined. In Tourism Union International,
communication is active upward and downward for proper coordination, this style is most
preferred leadership style it includes fairness, creativity, intelligence and honesty.
The leadership style is adopted by the TUI Group as the employees working in the
organisation are good and talented enough to make decisions at their own and bring positive
results that could help in the growth and development of the organisation. This particular style is
utilised through TUI by involving their employees into the procedures of decision making so that
they get encouraged and accomplish the objectives effectively (Henricks and Henricks-Lepp,
2014). For example, the company has provided the tasks of related to the maintenance of the
ships of the organisation in a specific area and employees are also given some powers to

formulate decisions in case of discrepancies that takes place while rendering services (Holsapple,
2013).
Different management styles
Autocratic management: This management style is considered as the boss centred. under
this style managers have full authority and responsibilities to make decisions regarding
organization and employees. Here managers do not concern ideas and behaviour of employees
while decision are made. Autocratic management turns to positive and negative aspect for
organizations such as it demotivate employees because their decisions and ideas are not included
while designing plans and procedures. On the other hand, it has a positive impact as it does not
consume time because there is no involvement of more person in decision making and strategic
planning This particular style is utilised by TUI so that their manager can able to make quick
decisions without asking or taking permission from higher authority. Moreover, it also help them
to concentrate upon task performance without worrying about complex decision making. .
P3 Management and leadership styles in a specific service sector
Good Management and leadership styles are very important for every organization to
execute effective plans and procedures here the Tourism Union International use laissez-faire
management style and democratic leadership style in the organization.
Democratic leadership style: This leadership style is the most preferred among all. Under
this style, leaders involve employees of decisions in Tourism Union International. The basic
power lies in hands of leaders but they determine employees point of view also. Democratic
leadership style motivates subordinates by involving them in decisions, through this employees
get best ideas by all of them regarding what should be the next move and how all the goals and
objectives can be achieved (Lindblom, Kajalo and Mitronen, 2015). Creativity ideas are
encouraged under this style, However, it also includes honesty. Creativity, competence and
fairness. Effective leaders inspire others and being respected by others. Leaders can be effective
with their positions by using open communication method, focus the discussions, respect the
ideas and so on (Democratic leadership style. 2019).
Laissez-faire management style: This management style is one of the most delegated
pattern. It promote lower level productivity and allow team members to maximise their own
leadership skills (Parker, Holesgrove and Pathak, 2015). When team members are capable
executing assignments then leader can hand off. It provides employees of Tourism Union

International with most experience to be shine by expressing their own knowledge on specific
matters. The laissez-faire management style encourages team members to explore new ideas and
also allow the individuals to create their own aura, it also help the managers to be strategic with
their skills. Although every situation has negative and positive drawbacks, this management style
also define disadvantage such as. It downplays the role of manager on the team and also reduces
cohesiveness of the group by being uninterested.
For example, with the help of democratic leadership style, it will be possible for TUI to
make improvement in the moral and dedication level of the employees working in the
organisation. The company make the involvement of their employees in the decision making
process of the company with the help of which it will be possible to increase a feeling of being
important in the organisation in the minds of the employees which will motivate them to work
and will also impact upon the dedication level which will help in the enhancement of their skills
and knowledge (Volberda and et. Al, 2013).
Another example is related to the application of Laiseez Faire Leadership Style. The
following leadership style can also be implemented in the working of the organisation. As with
the help of this leadership style it will be possible for the organisation to delegate more work to
the employees. As they are the one who are actually engaged in the working processes of the
organisation and this will help them in increasing the skills and efficiencies of the workers. In
addition to this, their contribution in the achievement of the goals and objectives of the
organisation can be ensured.
These are two management and leadership style which is followed by Tourism Union
International. So from the above discussed styles, organisation follow role culture. Under this
culture roles and responsibilities are defined to every person within system. It is an effective
organization culture which only determine and delegate authorities within a structure. Role is
defined as per person's designation which they are holding in organization (Widianto and
Wilderom, 2017).
Tourism Union International group is making use of current management theory as well as
current leadership style which aids to accept digital technology in an organisation for attracting
more number of customers. Both are interconnected with one other by utilising current
management theory, manager emphasise on operating operations and motivates employees to
attain their goals. Democratic style of leadership assists to formulate decisions within Tourism

Union International group for the acceptance of digital technology by employees and employer
for carrying out expansion of business by attracting more number of customers towards services
rendered by them. Both of these styles are effectual for attaining organisational goals by making
use of digital technology.
Within Tourism Union International group, management is utilising democratic style of
leadership which will aid them to formulate business decisions in an effectual manner. It is
associated with role culture that is being used by Tourism Union International group. By this
culture, managers can assign the tasks to employees as per their capabilities and according to
project along with this they will be taking decisions in a collaborative manner (By and Burnes,
2013). Apart from this, emphasise is on needs as well as demands of their customers so that they
can be satisfied by organisational culture and management style.
LO2
P4 Internal and External factors that influence management styles and structures in service
industry organization
There are various external and internal factors which affect Tourism Union International
as internally, human resource planning, recruitment policy, cost of recruitment, size of the firm,
growth and expansion etc. external factors as labour market, political-social, unemployment rate,
supply & demand and legal environment challenger influence management styles.
Internal factor: These factors are associated with internal activities of a firm like
conditions, systems, events, people and factors (By and Burnes, 2013). These factors can be
controlled by management along with leaders to make use of latest technologies in trenchant
manner. The manager of Tourism Union International group has opted to make use of latest
technologies within business for service automation.
 Innovation: It has relevant role within organisation as it can be used for evaluation of
democratic management style in Tourism Union International. Like organisation is
planning to make use of interactive systems, self services and 3D printing with the
assistance of latest technologies that will aid them to accept various hurdles. Democratic
style of leadership is used by Tourism Union International for solving financial as well as
investment issues with respect to new technology. This assist individuals to open up
about their viewpoints as well as opinions. It provides management with wide options

through which they can choose the best. Democratic leader give their team members with
an opportunity for being an effective part of team and share their views with respect to
prevailing conditions. For an instance: Tourism Union International group has been
determined to extend their business operations by managing capital via investments. To
carry out operations of business, a manager can have meetings with employees and
leaders to render training by opting for modifications for sustaining business for longer
duration of time in a successful way (Carpenter-Hubin and Snover, 2013).
 Internal relationship: This component assist employees of TUI to have affirmative
relationships in between themselves due to the role culture as tasks are allotted on the
basis of their capabilities. This leads to creation of affirmative working environment that
enhance their performance. This will have relevant impact on the ways in which
operations are being carried out. Employer is liable to employees for furnishing such kind
of environment which will enable them to give their best (Lindblom, Kajalo and
Mitronen, 2015).
 Culture of business: This factor lays crucial impact on overall performance of
employees of TUI. Management can opt for different culture within their working
premises. For an instance, role culture is being followed which ensures that tasks are
being allotted according to abilities of an individual. This leads to creation of affirmative
working culture within firm (Gillam and Khanchandani, 2013).
External factors: These factors impact the business from outside and are not under
influence of organisation. This will have significant impact on management style while
launching digital technology (Carpenter-Hubin and Snover, 2013). It creates impact on image of
organisation and also shows alterations within business activities in effectual way. Digital and innovative disruption: This factor denotes alterations after implementation of
digital technology which directly impacts existent services as well as goods in an
effectual way (Denhardt and Denhardt, 2015). Leader of TUI can opt for transformational
leadership style as it will provide them with an option for altering their way of furnishing
their services as well as opt for new technologies depending on prevailing conditions.
This will lead them to remain competitive within market as well as attain their objectives
along with their goals. It renders to customers with respect to digital check by which

affirmative results can be attained in terms of increase in number of customers (Ferlie,
2013).
 Promoting global capabilities: Digital technology for customers create an impact on
management style while new challenges occur in their way. After adoption of digital
technology Tourism Union International group can promote as well as spread their
business at larger scale. Digital technology shows an affirmative influence on the
organisation for enhancing operations of organisation at global levels. By usage of digital
technology, the communication has become easier as mails can be sent through wireless
personal can communicate quickly and take actions accordingly (Denhardt and Denhardt,
2015).
 Innovative creations: By going through changes that have been made within market,
TUI can opt for those alterations to have better results. For this they can opt for
technological disruptions through which they can have creativity within their services.
This will lead them to have competitive edge within the market (Widianto, S. and
Wilderom, 2017).
LO3
P5 Management and leadership soft skills and hard skills
Managers and leaders possess skills through which they manage organizational affairs
effectively.
Management skills
Management skills can be defined as the abilities and attributes which are possessed in
order to full-fill specific task in an organization (Ferlie, 2013). In every organization, managers
should have hard skills and soft skills as well the skill of manager of Tourism Union
International are explained as:
Hard skills:
Hard skills are defined as technical which can be enhanced with the help of technical
knowledge such as coaching, training, books newspaper etc.
 A manager should have knowledge about important languages which are being used for
communication purpose within an organization (Top 10 Hard Skills Employers. 2019 ).

 Manager should have certificate and degrees through which they can define their
education level (Top 10 Hard Skills Employers. 2019).
 Manager should be well acknowledged with typing skills so that it can be easy for them
to write mails and letters online.
 To operate Machine operation is also important for managers such as computers
projectors and laptop (Ferreira, Ryan and Davis, 2015). While meetings and presentation
laptops are important to operate.
 Computer programming and software programming is important so that data can be
gathered online and reviewed whenever required (Top 10 Hard Skills Employers. 2019).
Soft skills:
These are skills which define behaviour of a person to handle customers and employees
within and outside the organization. Moreover, soft skills is defined as the personal attitudes
which supports situational awareness as well as maximise personal ability so that work can be
done effectively. Some soft skills are communication, interpersonal and many others. The TUI
group can develop their managers soft skills are mentioned below:
 Training: This is defined as developing skills as well as knowledge of oneself or others
which is related to particular useful competencies. So, TUI Group can develop their
managers soft skills by providing them different types training programmes on regular
basis so that they can improve their communication skills, decision making skills etc.
 By getting feedbacks from others: This is considered as the effective way for developing
the skills as regular feed backs help them to know about their strengths as well as
weaknesses. So, the TUI Group can improve its managers soft skills by giving them
feedback for their work so that they get to know that where they are lacking and try to
improve it.
Soft skills are important for the firm such as TUI Group as this assure collaborative,
productive as well as healthy and positive working environment within organisation.
Development of soft skills like inter- personal, communication, decision making, active skills
etc. help the respective firm leaders to become transformative leaders and by adopting digital
technologies respective leaders can able to facilitates various option to altering its way of
furnishing its services as well as can able to do the work effectively and efficiently.

P6 Future management as well as leadership skills required by service sector
Future management leadership style:
The leadership of the future is supportive as well as cooperative which entirely depends
on efficiency of working capabilities of each individual. Tourism Union International (TUI)
group’s management needs to formulate an environment where every employee can work up to
entire morale as per the capabilities possessed by each (Gillam and Khanchandani, 2013). The
style of future management is opted by management of Tourism Union International group
within hospitality industry for determining upcoming aspects with respect to future.
Modern management theory: The future management leadership styles have opted for
modern management theory. Basically, it is a quantitative as well as contingency approach of
management in which organization takes social responsibilities of business firm into
consideration (Ferreira, Ryan and Davis, 2015). It is used as Future management leadership
style. Modern management theory can be used by Tourism Union International as a manager of
TUI, it is necessary to possess an ability through which different teams can be handled in an
appropriate manner (Henricks and Henricks-Lepp, 2014). They must be able to engage all their
employees within activities that will yield them affirmative result as well as generate sense of
being valued within organization.
Skills can be developed by managers among their employees through rendering
appropriate training to them as per their requirement. In addition to this, while furnishing this
they also need to take care of trends that lies within the market. It will lead to creation of
affirmative environment as each individual will have knowledge which will make their work
smoother.
Current as well as future management as critical components that leads Tourism Union
International Group for improvising the ways through which they render their services by usage
of relevant management style. Furthermore, this assists within understanding of upcoming
challenges as well as render solutions for handling the problems. This can be attained by
democratic leadership style. Change management and leadership skills collectively affect
organization like if any kind of alterations occur within Tourism Union International group
managers to emphasise on changes and execute them in an order to enhance their effectiveness
along with efficiency. Apart from this, it aids them to opt for digital technologies like 3D
printing that impacts customers (Gillam, and Khanchandani, 2013).

LO4
P7 Comparison as well as contrast in between different service industry organisation change
management system.
Management system refers to set of policies, processes and procedures by which
organisation can make sure that they can attain the formulated objectives as well as goals. The
number of aspects are taken into consideration while establishment of purpose which are related
with operations of organisation (Gillam and Khanchandani, 2013). A major function of business
organisation is to develop future plans with respect to attracting more number of customers. Like
Tourism Union International emphasise on various types of management systems that have been
explicated below:
Office Automation: It is a type of a management system which can be utilised by
organisation to execute their activities in an effective manner. The management of Tourism
Union International is deliberate on office automation by opting digital technology which assists
them to attain organisational goals. They denotes enhancement within ways for delivering
effective services as technology makes things quicker as well as leads to higher accuracy
(Gardner and Reece, 2012).
Sales and marketing: It is other type of management system that is being utilised by
organisation to enhance the number of customers along with profitability via making of latest
technology. In Tourism Union International group, management emphasise on digital technology
like Virtual technology and 3D printing which aids to impact customers of organisation which
will lead to increased profitability (Holsapple, 2013).
Manager of TUI has opted for Kotter's eight stage change model while they are executing
or transforming their strategies. In this management have following steps to be followed:
Create a sense of urgency, this will assist others for alterations by aspirational, bold
opportunities by carrying of importance immediately (Henricks and Henricks-Lepp, 2014). It is
necessary for TUI to implement change to ensure the success and remain competitive within
market. It represents that there is requirement for change so that success can be attained with
respect to this.
Establish a guiding coalition, it is necessary to have an alliance of effectual people
within TUI and manager need to address this. Along with this, they can be ranked, guided,
coordinate as well as communicate their activities for having effective results (Ferreira, Ryan and

Davis, 2015). It is not practically feasible to lead the entire process of change therefore TUI can
opt for coalition which assist to direct others. Management of TUI can develop skills and
experience to have enhanced effectiveness.
Form a strategic vision and initiatives, with respect to the ways in which they will be
different from their past and how they can change their future. It will assist individuals to attain
their goals in specified time frame as vision will provide them roadmap for its accomplishment.
By creating vision, leader of TUI can acknowledge as well as encapsulates aims. It needs to be
understandable and simple so that maximum output can be attained by them.
Enlist a volunteer army, means that manager of TUI need to understand the need for
change by moving within identical direction (Kinder, 2012). Here, management needs to
communicate vision to their employees as well as their opinions will be taken in consideration.
Change cannot be accepted individuals and it becomes hard to understand that, therefore it is
crucial for them to make use of coalition that has been formulated as this will assist leader of
TUI to make them work.
Enable actions through removing barriers, manager needs to remove barriers like
hierarchies and ineffective processes that render freedom for generation of real impact. It is
necessary to look for problems that leads to reduction within chances for attainment of success.
There is need to identify resources to break them without any kind of disruption within business
areas.
Generate short-term wins, it will denote molecules of results that must be
communicated, collected as well as recognised by manager for tracking the entire progress.
Change process takes some time, therefore it is necessary to illustrate advantages associated with
new processes by creation of short-term wins. This will act as tool for TUI to motivate as well as
direct employees.
Sustain acceleration, manager need to ensure that credibility of systems can be
improvised along with policies, structure and systems. It is necessary to sustain and adhere to
changes that have been made by TUI for their accomplishment. In addition to this, goals must be
formulated so that continuous improvisation can be attained.
Institute change, manager of TUI is responsible for generation of links among
organisational success as well as behaviours thereby making sure that there employees are strong
with respect to new strategies. The change have to be core of TUI to have ever lasting impact.

For this, leader of firm is liable for encouraging new employees for adopting to changes as well
as encourage employees who have adopted this. It will lead to creation of affirmative impact on
performance of overall firm.
Change management system refers to alterations within management system that are
applied by managers in an organisation. Leaders have to accept alterations and execute them for
enhancing profitability (Holsapple, 2013). Changes affect the business organisation in such a
way that manager of Tourism Union International group can make use of sales along with
marketing management system which aids to enhance productivity which will lead to increased
profitability. By making use of these technologies, customer gets attracted towards services
rendered by organisation. As a result, high productivity will lead to enhanced profit margins.
Apart from this, change management also affects the organisation in negative manner as
Tourism Union International group has make lots of investment for opting for new technology.
Along with this, training has to be provided to employees so that they can work on advancements
which are made within organisation. Transformative style has been utilised by management of
TUI as in this employees are encouraged, motivated and inspired for creating change as well as
lead to innovation. This will lead them to shape as well as grow so that firm can attain success
(Holsapple, 2013).
CONCLUSION
It has been observed that leadership style is crucial for an organisation. Leadership aids
to emphasise on needs of employees and render satisfaction by finding solution to their
problems. Soft & hard skills are taken into consideration as current management theory which is
needed in service industry so that overall productivity can be improvised by opting for new
technologies. Future management comprises of overall development of manager for making sure
that can can carry out their roles as well as responsibilities in an effective manner.

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