Leadership Approaches and Theories

This assignment explores various leadership theories and approaches throughout history. It examines the evolution of leadership concepts, from traditional models to contemporary styles like servant leadership and sustainable leadership. The analysis considers empirical research, cultural influences, and the impact of leadership on organizational success. Specific topics covered include multicultural leadership, strategic decision-making for sustainability, and instructional leadership in educational settings.

MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Roles and characteristics of manager.....................................................................................1
P2 Analyse the role of leader and functions of manager. ..........................................................2
P3 Theories and models of leadership........................................................................................4
M1 Difference between Managers and leaders by applying theories. .......................................5
M2 Strength and weaknesses of Theories...................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Key Approaches of operation management and the role of managers and leaders...............7
P5 Importance of operation management...................................................................................8
P6 Factors that impacts Operation Departments. .......................................................................9
M4 Analyse the different factors affect the business environment...........................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is the process in which organisation performs its day to day
activity. Operation department responsible for better performance by which customers get
satisfied and happy with the services of firm. Operation management is liable to convert essential
inputs into valuable output. Manager needs to utilize the resources in the best possible way. It
also ensures the quality of product and services on the basis of customer needs and wants. In this
present report Mark & Spencer company has been taken into action. It is a big retail market in
UK and provides variety of services. In this given assignment will discuss about the role and
functions of Manager and Leader and the various theories and approaches of management. It will
explain about the importance of operation management.
P1 Roles and characteristics of manager.
Leaders and managers are the two persons who manage the working environment of the
organisation(White, 2016. ). Manager of the company is liable to delegate the work and gives
roles and responsibilities to their subordinates. They explain the strategies and projects to make
proper communication between the work. On the other hand leaders are the individuals who lead
the group and create motivation level of employees in the organisation. Leaders of the company
gives the best way to do the work. Leaders have the responsibility to take the confidence level up
of the employees(Winkler, and Choban, 2015. ). Both the persons plays a very essential role to
accomplish the objectives. In M&S ltd manager needs to explain the roles and responsibilities to
the subordinates so that every employee should know its work properly. Also, manager needs to
maintain good relation with the employees so that subordinates doesn't feel demotivated during
the work. On the other side leader of the M&S Ltd have responsibility to take care about the
needs or wants of the employees during the work time. Leadership power helps to influence the
competency of the employees. It helps to increase the dedication and commitments of the
employees.
Mangers of M&S company manage the project work or gives proper guidance about the
work. On the other side Leaders pay attention on employees and increase the enthusiasm among
the employees. In every organisation employees behaviour is very important to full fill the target
of company(Chiu, and Lo, Western Digital Technologies, 2016.). Employees are the individuals
who implement the business plans into proper manner so that it is the responsibility of manager
and leaders to take care of its needs.
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Roles Leaders Managers
Focus Leaders focus on the growth
of the employee's motivation.
As compare to leaders manger
of the M&S focus on
managing the work among
employees.
Vision Leaders have long-term vision
to maintain the interest
between employees.
On the other side managers
have short term vision to
accomplish the short targets
and projects.
Characteristics Leader is the person who
creates new ideas.
But, the managers follow the
same process which is given.
Target Leaders target is to create new
leaders and qualities.
But, manager main target is to
achieve the organisation goals.
Role In M&S leader role is to lead
the team with innovative
methods.
But manager role is to sustain
the administration works in
proper manner.
Values Leaders give value to
motivation so that individuals
perform better in future
But the manager gives value to
follow the rules and regulation
to achieve the organisation
objective.
Manger performs the task which is important for the organisation. But the leaders follow
the guidelines through which individuals get increase their performance level by increasing their
self motivation. Both the persons helps to enhance the organisation values and invent new
strategies and plans. Managers of the company gives work to the individuals on the basis of its
skills and qualification(Ming, Song, Mingjuan, Lingyun, Min, and Yuejin, 2013. ). On the
other side leaders gives inspiration positive thought so that they work better and gives their full
dedication towards company goals.
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P2 Analyse the role of leader and functions of manager.
Leadership and management they both are the most essential elements of the
organisation. They both contribute their part into the benefits of organisation. Mark & Spencer is
the leading retail organisation in UK. It provides many products and services to their potential
customers(Caniani, Esposito, Gori, and Mannina, 2015.). Its main aim is to provide quality of
services to get maximum customer satisfaction. Every customer wants the best quality of product
and services so that they full fill their needs and wants. Sometimes in some situations employees
feels discomfort and not satisfied with the working conditions and wants to leave the
organisation. In this critical situation leader of the company needs to take initiative and identify
the reason behind the big issue. Leader needs to listen the conflict and try to solve with the best
efforts. Generally in some situations leaders gives motivation and appreciation to the employees
so that they feel happy. On the other side the function of manager is to take team meeting and
motivate the team members. Manager of M&S needs to give rewards and prizes to the talented
employees and encourage the leadership power among employees for better performance. It also
helps to retain talented employees for long term. Through this way M&S organisation decrease
the rate of employee turnover and maintain good team building. Sometimes during the working
some technological changes may occur in that particular situation leader needs to arrange group
meeting and give suggestions from the employees to solve the problem. It helps to increase the
confidence level among employees they feel their own importance in the
organisation(Lindström, Nilsson, Parida, Sjödin, and Ylinenpää, 2015.). Because every
employee have their own unique quality it needs to be come up and this is the role of leaders to
help them. The function of the manger of M&S is to explain the roles and responsibility of each
members according to the work. On the other hand the role of the leader is to give positive
environment so that employees complete their work on time. Leaders and Mangers of Mark &
Spencer has to solve the problem of customers and employees as well.
Mark and Spencer wants to expand their business in other countries also in this particular
situation the function of manager is to control and make the best business plans after identifying
the external environment and the role of leader is to take new ideas and plans which helps to
implement the ideas on systematic way(Mazidi, Sanz Bobi, Shayesteh, and Hilber, 2017.). In
this particular situation individuals should take this as a challenge and make objective to full fill.
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This particular situation needs lots of planning and resources by which company achieve their
target. In the organisation the main function of manager is to planning organising, staffing,
directing and controlling. These all functions helps M&S to accomplish their target and satisfied
their expected customers(Wright, Emele, Fukumoto, Velaga, and Nelson, 2014.). In these
functions the main work of manger is to assign the duty and guide the individuals on the basis of
its work. On the other side the role of leader is to motivate the employees at every level. Leaders
increase the enthusiasm and power in employees to create energetic work. M&S objective is to
give variety of services to attract more new buyers. This objective is full fill by good team work.
Manger and leader should adopt new plans through which employees get happy and dedicate his
time to the company goals.
P3 Theories and models of leadership.
There are many leadership theories which is adopted by the organisation. These theories
help to increase the performance of the employees which is very important to increase the team
building in the organisation. These are the theories of leadership.
Situational Leadership theory:
Nowadays business environment is very challenging and competitive. This theory
explains that leaders needs to be mature and well thinker. In the organisation there are many
issues are arisen(Hasegawa, Hamatani, Miura, Hatabara, Mizuhashi, and Yamamoto, Nippon
Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 2015.). In that particular situation leader needs to guide
other employees and helps to give proper required suggestions. Leaders are the well mature and
efficient to take new risk. He has to capable to remove uncertainty situations easily. For example
there is new technology launched in the market which helps to improve the quality of services. In
that situation leaders need to guide their workers well about new technology and helps to make
new product and services. Leaders also involves employees in decision making through this way
they will feel motivated towards their work. Through this situational leadership M&S company
will generate new business plans and creative ideas. It also helps to enhance the profit revenue of
the firm.
Contingency Leadership Theory:
Contingency theory explains the different situational theories in the organisation.
In different situations' manager behave other than before. There are three contingency theories
Situational leadership, Fiedler and the path goal theories(Cherchi, Pedrazzo, and Gianolio,
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Electro Power Systems SPA, 2016. ). According to Fiedler theory this theory explains about the
motivation. That leader needs to adopt the motivation among employees so that they adopt new
changes easily. On the other side path goal theory defines that this is the responsibility of leader
to manage the structure of the company and create some enthusiasm among employees to
accomplish the goals of M&S. Generally in M&S organisation leader adopt Fiedler theory of
leadership when new employees entered to the organisation to generate some psychological
features to perform the work. It makes easy for new employees to feel comfort in business
environment. Through these types of leadership theories helps to maintain the good relationship
between managers and their subordinates.
Systematic leadership model:
Systematic leadership model defines the proper work in the organisation. In M&S
company when they make some new business expansion plans they adopt systematic model to
manage the things in systematic form. It helps to improve the working efficiency between the
employees(Tal, and Gordon, 2016.). M&S needs to adopt this model to perform the task in
systematic manner. Management theories like scientific theory, administrative theory,
Bureaucratic theory, Human relation, X and Y theory and Chaos Theory. Scientific theory of
management defines the workflow
M1 Difference between Managers and leaders by applying theories.
Mangers and leaders are play different role in the organisation. Situational theory impacts
positively in the business plans and helps to give better performance to accomplish the goals of
M&S(Kohler, 2016.). This situational theory helps to adopt the changes and assist to analyse the
external environment. Both leaders and managers gives different motivation to the employees.
Different between managers and leaders
Management Theories:
Management theories are defined the work and mange the organisation structure
in systematic form. Many Authors gives different theories by which organisation implement
those theories to improve the performance level of the organisation.
Scientific theory: Scientific theory of management focus on the workflow. In this theory
the role of manager is to create working environment which helps to complete the task on time. It
also assists to increase the economic level of Mark and Spencer. On the other manager needs to
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control or follow the activities on regular basis(Yammarino, 2013. ). And gives suggestions and
instructions to their subordinates for better performance in the organisation.
Bureaucratic theory: In this management theory defines the hierarchy in the
organisation(Islam, 2014.). There are three levels top, middle and lower level. In this
bureaucratic theory manager of M&S needs to maintain proper communication channel between
the all levels. This theory have two main elements decision making and hierarchical structure.
On the other side manager of M&S needs to follow the policies and rules & regulations so that it
helps take better decision making.
Human relation: In this theory of management they give focus on the needs of
employees, managers gives variety of facilities by which employees feel great to working with
the organisation(Peterlin, Pearse, and Dimovski, 2015.). Human relations plays a very important
role towards the objective of the firm. Managers needs to full fill the desires of employees to
maintain the long-term relation this theory helps to decrease the employee turnover and increase
the quality of management staff.
Leadership Theories.
It is a theory by which leaders gives positive thoughts and motivation towards
accomplishment of objectives. There are some leadership theories are:
Behaviour Theory: Leaders of the company needs to take positive steps towards team
members. Leaders needs to maintain good behaviour with the subordinates during the work. This
approach of leadership gives positive environment and give long term relationship with the
employees. It helps M&S company to resolve the conflicts and issues between the employees
and leader create good communication for the growth of the company.
Trait Theory: This theory of leadership helps to create the competency level of
employees in different situations. Leader of M&S company should behave perfectly so that their
employees feel confident and keep faith on the company. It creates power to accomplish the
target on time(Terry, 2016.). In the organisation leaders are adopted this leadership theory when
they feel misunderstanding among employees. It helps to remove conflicts and give better
environment of working.
M2 Strength and weaknesses of Theories.
Burocratic: In this theory managers follow the same structure which was given in the
organisation.
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Strength:
 It helps to maintain full discipline in the organisation.
 It gives proper platform and structure through which employees can easily follow
the instructions.
Weaknesses:
 Lack of flexibility gives less effective work in the organisation.
 Employees cannot feel relaxed due to heavy restrictions.
Autocratic: In this approach the head of the company will take decision without making
involvement of other team members.
Strength
 It gives more reliability to employees sand reduce their time cost.
 It assists to focus on the work rather than other activities(Ghartey, Mensah, and
Ghartey, 2016. ).
Weaknesses
 This approach may decrease the motivation level of employees.
 It diminishes the interpersonal creativity of employees.
Democratic: In this approach all decision regarding management will take by mangers
and the top level management.
Strength
 It helps to increase the moral of employees.
 Leader explains the work in more effective manner.
Weaknesses
 Sometimes it takes much time to decide the strategies.
 It creates conflicts and misunderstanding among the employees and they cannot
understand the proper task.
Laissez-Faire: It gives power to employees to make the decision making approach.
Strength
 It gives more reliability and flexibility.
 It is a positive approach which develops positive thoughts in employees.
Weaknesses
 Due to lack of intervention it makes indiscipline in the organisation.
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TASK 2
P4 Key Approaches of operation management and the role of managers and leaders
Management operation needs to take the best strategic plans so that they produce the best
quality of products and services. It helps to accomplish the goals of the organisation. Manager of
M&S needs to make proper business plans so that company earn maximum satisfaction level of
customers(Jones, and George, 2015. ). On the other side manger also needs to review the process
of operation management to manage the uncertainties. For that there are different approaches by
which manager control the running activities.
Dynamic Approach: This approach helps to sustain in the competitive market. This
approach mainly focus on three elements skills & Knowledge, contingency situation and learning
experience. These are the three elements helps to achieve the organisational objective properly.
Six Sigma Approach: This approach helps to identify the problem and conflict in the
department. It helps to measure the quality of goods and services. This approach focus on the
quality of management so that manager take corrective action to remove the present conflicts.
Lean manufacturing: It is the another approach and theory of operation management. In
which company eliminate waste within the manufacturing process. The lean theory accounts for
waste that is created through overburdening or uneven workloads. This approach helps to sees
resources for any reasons and create more values and effective growth for organisation
development.
Roles of manager in operation management
The role of manager is very important in operation management. It manages the
employees in systematic form. They delegate the work among employees according to their
skills and qualification. It helps to give comfort levels to employees so that they do work with
enthusiastic. Manager of Mark & Spencer should explain the task and plans before
implementation so that team members know their own task. Also, manager have responsibility to
check the individual performance in the company. Manager focus on the target and take action to
accomplish the goals of the organisation. It follows the proper rules and regulations given by the
company to satisfied the needs of buyers.
Role of Leader in operation Department
Leader is plays the role as motivator. Leader of M&S company have
responsibility to motivate the employees for better performance. It takes motivational activities
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organise such kinds of activities by which employees get motivated towards organisation goals.
Leader follows the needs and wants of employees so it makes new healthy
environment(Brigham, and Ehrhardt, 2013.). It helps to sustain the talented employees and keep
generate new decision making approach. They coordinate the work and try to identify the new
competency quality of employees. Leader of M&S company needs to set the vision among the
employees so that view keep working in the same organisation as long.
P5 Importance of operation management.
Operation management enhance the profitability of the organisation. The purpose of the
organisation is to generate the customer attraction to satisfied their needs and wants. Without the
help of operation management M&S company could not achieve the target market. Success and
growth of the organisation depends upon the quality of operation management. It provides
coordination among employees. And also minimize the uncertain situations. Manager assign the
work according to the skills and qualification of employees. And leaders increase the confidence
and motivation level to accomplish those task. Because the employees gives higher work to
accomplish target and helps to maintain the image of the organisation in the market. Operation
management gives base to the department(Mahadevan, 2015.). It helps to identify the
requirement which is needed to develop the corrective plans.
M&S is the biggest organisation structure based organisation which must be required to
full fill the business objectives and target market goals. In order to meet the business objectives
and goals. Company requires to adopting strategic operational plans or polices to meet the needs
of buyers. Such as provide better goods and services, reduce cost, understood the customer
needs, improve operations functions, improves employees productivity growth. Objectives of the
organisations are earned profitability, customer attraction, earn brand value and productive of
employees. In order to improves better performance and qualitative work performance. In order
to meet the needs of organisation target goals. Company requires to maintained good
coordination, people skills, analytical skills or organisational abilities.
P6 Factors that impacts Operation Departments.
Mark & Spencer organisation is the big super market in UK. It provides Home
furnishing, Food and Beverages and clothing products. On the other side it involves high risk
which affected by external or internal factors. There are two factors which affects Operation
Management.
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Internal Factors:
Internal factors are those factors which exist in the organisation. Internal factors of the
organisation employee relation, Financial factors, Coordination, Suppliers. These factors impact
on organisational goals. Other internal factors are given below:
Employee Relationship: This internal factor is the major factor of the organisation
Which may affect business growth. Employees give their best efforts by which company
accomplish their target within specific time period. So to protect from negative impacts M&S
needs to motivate employees and satisfied their requirements.
Financial Growth: Through finance M&S company expand their business growth. And
make new strategic ideas. But without the help of financial resources' organisation couldn't
provide quality of products and services.
Coordination: Coordination factors may arise some internal problem due to lack of
support of managers. Sometimes in the organisation employees doesn't understand the work and
create misunderstanding in the management. This internal issues may decrease the productivity
of employees.
External Factors:
External factors are those factors in which outside the things affect the growth of the
organisation. For smooth working organisation should adopt some ethical factors so that
company protect itself against the negative factors. On the other side CSR is very important
factor. Corporate social responsibility involves some societal issues which is mandatory for the
organisation to follow. It involves rights of society relating to safety needs and consumer rights
as well. Furthermore, Sustainability is the another external environment to sustain in the market
as long term M&S needs to provide innovative product and services so that customers will attract
towards the company. It helps to increase the brand image of the organisation.
Technological factors this is the another factor which affects the operation management.
Manager needs to identify the external factors timely and check the new technologies in the
market. This factor gives positive or negative impacts on firms objectives. Manager is
responsible to check the latest technologies and current trends. It helps to give more quality of
services to the customers. Technological factors helps to reduce the time costs and give quality
of outputs.
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M4 Analyse the different factors affect the business environment.
There are some factors which affect the company opportunities:
Economic Factors: Economic factors affects the overall environment of the company.
Economic factors involves Inflation rate, Interest rates, Foreign Exchange rate(Alexander, K. ed.,
2013. ). These are the rates which affects the price of the product and services.
Social Factors: These factors are affected by customers needs tastes and the
environmental factors. That is why manager should analyse the current market requirements
before making product strategies.
Technological Factors: M&S needs to adopt innovative technique to enhance the total
quality performance.
Legal Factors: Legal factors are imposed by the governments which is compulsory to
adopt. It makes good image in front of customers and government as well.
Environmental Factors: This factors involves the community issues' pollution level
which affects negative impacts in front of the customers.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it was explained about the roles and responsibilities of manager
and leaders in operation management and the importance of operation management in the
organisation. Furthermore, the internal and external factors affect the operation department.
Also, report has discussed about the different approaches and methods of leadership theories
which is important to create the enthusiasm among employees. The skills and knowledge of
manager to accomplish the objective of the organisation.
Recommendation:
This is also mentioned in the assignment that employees are the key factor of success in the
M&S company. With the helps of manager and leaders employees full fill their needs and wants.
And give long-term commitment in terms of organisation objectives.
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