Review of Management and Operation Systems

This assignment requires a detailed review of management and operation systems, focusing on topics such as microgrid operation management, cooperative control strategies for stabilizing microgrids during islanded operation, ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries, and demand side management in China. The review should cover various aspects, including design, operation, and management of trickle irrigation systems for crop production, as well as historical reviews of demand side management in China. Additionally, the assignment may involve discussing reservoir management and operation methods in China, and providing insights on public transport planning, management, and operation.

Management and
operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Comparison of roles and characteristics of leader and manager............................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Role of a leader and function of a manger in different context.............................................5
P3 Different Models and theories...............................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Role of leader and Manager in operation function of organisation.......................................8
P5 Importance of operational management in achieving business objectives............................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P6 Relationship between management and leadership in contemporary business environment
...................................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations is essential part of organisation which concerned with
planning, organising and inspecting in specification of manufacturing of goods and services.
Supply chain management and logistics is important part of operation management. For effective
operation skills and potentials staff is required in organisation (Ale and et. al., 2010). This report
study upon management and operations system of Starbucks is an multinational coffee company
and chain of coffee house that founded in Washington in 1971. In this report roles and
responsibilities of a leader and manager in smooth operations in and organisation. Moreover an
leader and manager deals in different situations in organisation. In addition to different theories
of leadership that helps in organisation development and increase efficiency. Role of operational
management in developing organization and its effectiveness. It depicts about quality
management theories that help in increase productivity and helps organisation to achieve high
profits.
TASK 1
P1 Comparison of roles and characteristics of leader and manager.
Manager is a person who manages and is responsible for planning, organising, directing,
coordination and control. They get their work done by the employees and has authority to hire
and fire employees. Leader is an individual in the organisation who influences a group of people
towards achievement of organisational goals. It inspires confidence in followers and moves
them to action.
Functions of manager
 Planning- Manager needs to plan the schedule and gives blueprint of how the task
should be performed. If Starbucks wants to open new store it should plan about how to
start, requirement of human resources, capital requirement etc.
 Organising- Manager needs to make sure that everything is going according to the plan,
if there is any problem they need to look into issue and make it work as planned.

 Coordinating- It means bringing all the employees together and make the feel
comfortable to share their views and issues. Starbucks should adopt this approach for
creating a healthy environment in the organisation (Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-
Abarghooee, 2014).
 Directing- Manager should guide the employees in all the situations to avoid conflicts
and delay in tasks which allows Starbucks to carry their operations smoothly.
Leader is an individual in the organisation who influences a group of people or a team
working together towards the achievement of collective goal. Leader should have confidence to
inspire other people and move them to action and also helps in formulation of strategies.
Leadership traits/ Characteristics
 Positive Attitude- Leaders in the organisation should have positive attitude in the
organisation in providing direction and handling conflicts which allows individuals to
achieve goals. Leader in Starbucks should stay positive when any difficulty arises which
sets good example for its subordinates.
 Focused approach- Good leader should stay focused and ensures team works effectively
to wards achieving goals (Burke, 2013). In order to be focused leader should maintain
action of plans and framework of all activities. Starbucks leader should be focussed
towards increasing efficiency of subordinates to meet increase sales.
 Rational decision maker- Leader should be able to take immediate decisions at the time
of conflicts. If problem arises at Starbucks leader should be able to take rational decisions
to avoid work delay.
Roles of leader
 Representative of organisation- Leader is one who represent subordinates and other
clients in seminars, conferences and meetings by elaborate their objectives of
organisation. Role of a leader is to communicate rationally with their subordinates
and with outsiders so that they lead Starbucks in outside world.
 Integrates individual goal with organisation goals-Motive of a leader is to reconcile
goals of individual with motive of organisation. So that employees contribute in common
goal of Starbucks (Cruzand Marques, 2011).

Contingency theory- This theory believes on the effectiveness of the leader which is
dependent on the action and readiness of its followers. At Starbucks leader is said to be effective
when his followers are supporting his decisions and putting them into action.
Difference between leader and manager
Basis Manager Leader
Function Manager exercises different
functions of management to
achieve group goals.
Leader exerts influence on
people to achieve goals. It only
performs one function of
management which is
directing.
Dependency To be successful manager one
has to be good leader.
Leader need not to be good
managers for success.
Change Leaders promotes change. Managers react to change and
work accordingly.
AIM It helps in growth and
development of respective
individuals.
It helps in attainment of
desired results.
TASK 2
P2 Role of a leader and function of a manger in different context
Leadership is function of leading and organising people in organisation to obtain
objectives. Leaders have great influencing quality that enables to employees to achieve goals and
missions. leader create mission, vision and objectives for employees so that they can focus on
objectives (Johnstone, 2016).
Manager is also work to coordinate and operate with organisation in correct manner. Manager
mainly control and coordinate departments in organization.
Role of Leader and manager in different context:
In situation of conflict:

In Starbucks Many times conflicts arises due to miscommunication and misinterpretation.
Sometimes subordinates due to ego and self desires enhances conflicts in organisation. In
situation of conflicts in organisation manager listens their conflicts and go to deep of problem
then find the root of problem. After that consult with leader of it resolve conflicts that arise in
situation so manager consult with leader and leader give its decision.
Resources:
Resources are very important part of operations in Starbucks so coordination of resources
is very essential part of smooth operations of organisation (Kim and et. al., 2010). In
coordination of resources Manger evaluate the demand of resources according to needs and
wants of department and after check warehouse and check recent trends in market and after that
inform about requirement to leader. leader after check all information give the orders of the
goods. This creates harmony in organisation and eradicates cases of miscommunication in
Starbucks.
Planning:
Planning is important and foremost part of organisation in case of new product
development and expansion of current market. In planning manager access needs of market by
evaluating customers response and feedbacks and staff response. In planning after giving
positive attitude leader give its consent and talk to higher authority if higher authority give
consent about it then leader ready plan chart. And take suggestion from their subordinates then
implements it .
Organising:
Organising is another important task after planning of expansion plans in organisation. In
coordination all resources, machinery and infrastructure and viability of these factors should be
tested and evaluate the operation cost of product in Starbucks (Li and et. al., 2011). After
Planning the main step is organise all steps in that manager collects all tasks from higher
authority. Then collecting all tasks then it distributes according to the behaviour and
characteristics of staff distributes their works and proceeding.
Staffing:
Staffing is very important task in organisation, because staff is very precious assets for
Starbucks that no one can copy the characteristics of staff of any organisation. So in staffing

manager access need of staff then contact with leader then after evaluation they start staffing
process.
P3 Different Models and theories
In this there are models which describes about traits of leader.
Situational Leadership Model:
The first and foremost theory which describes characteristics and importance of leader is
situational leadership model. Being a leader is not an easy task and leadership styles and traits
applied in different forms (Lindström and et. al., 2012). Paul Hersey defines a number of factors
that are crucial for leadership style. Such as decisive thinker, honesty, integrity and motivation
etc.. In situational model explain that effectiveness of leadership style is prove according to
situation that arise in organisation. both maturity and attitude determines ability of leader.
Situational leadership referred as Hersey- Blanchard theory.
There are four primary leadership styles according to situational model:
Telling:
In this style leader describes the role and responsibilities to members of starbucks and
way of completion of task.
Selling:
In this process leaders think about idea and evaluate its pros and cons then distributes
task to subordinate.
Participating:
In this process leader distributes task and give less instructions. Leader give liberty to
take decisions according to situation in Starbucks follow this strategy (Ming and et. al., 2013). In
participating of leader devotes its power and duties to delegates that enhance their motivation
level and increase their motivation level.
Delegating:
In this step leaders are less responsible for the work and doings and subordinate are all
responsible for that in Starbucks.
System Leadership Approach:
In system leadership leaders create a positive environment that helps to staff in giving
their best in organisational development and productivity. It avails best doctrines to create
environment in human behaviour for good leadership, design and social progress and influence

behaviour of others. In this theory leader influence members by their traits. Leadership is a
important attribute in every organisation and required at every sphere of organisation. Leaders
role at High authority creates and frames plans and policies for operations in Starbucks by
evaluating strategies, cost , taste and preferences and honesty in work that are beneficial for
organisation. Whereas in middle level management role of leader requires in proper
implementation of plans and policies in organisation such as Starbucks. Leaders require to
consult with subordinates while execution and implementation in Starbucks. Behaviour in while
planning strategies influence staff members. Leader is one who represent subordinates and other
clients in seminars, conferences and meetings by elaborate their objectives of organisation
(Nakayama and Bucks, 2012). Role of a leader is to communicate rationally with their
subordinates and with outsiders so that they lead Starbucks in outside world. So behaviour of
leader while addressing them influence staff and it increase their abilities.
Contingency leadership approach:
In contingency model suggests that effectiveness of a leader depends on time and
situation and personal characteristics at the time of situation. According to that model not single
style is good for a leader but it depends on task, responsibilities in Starbucks .The most effective
leader who adopt any style according to situation and need of time. A very important motive of a
leader is to reconcile goals of individual with motive of organisation. So that they contribute in
common motive of Starbucks. Traits for achieving a common goal brings harmony in
organisation and it helps in smooth operations of Starbucks. So in that situation while organise
objectives with individual leader have to adopt different attitude such as influencing behaviour,
clarity in vision and mission etc. leader works as a power for its subordinates and takes
suggestions and give advices in critical situation (NiknamMeymand and Mojarrad, 2011). Leader
supports and inspires its subordinates by its personality, wisdom and crucial decisions and
mature judgements that enhance positivity in Starbucks. In that way it support and coordinates its
subordinates by their deeds and decisions. This attitude shows positivity and inspires others. So a
leader have to adopt different attitude in different situations.

TASK 3
P4 Role of leader and Manager in operation function of organisation
Operation management is business administration to develop highest efficiency of
products and services within organisation. Its motive is to convert goods and services as much
efficient level that it give maximum level of output. Operation management helps in balance
between cost and revenue in organisation that develops highest revenue in organisation. For
bringing efficiency in organisation there many theories that helps in acquiring efficiency. Such as
Total quality management, kaizen, six sigma, lean productivity, queuing theory and Justin time
inventory management that enables organisation to efficient in its deeds.
Six sigma:
six sigma is statical, data driven and disciplined approach for continues reforms in quality
of goods and services to become efficient. It eradicate errors, defects and mistakes in production
of goods and services and become market leader. This theory is developed by Motorola in 1980s
for eradicating errors and quality management. This become very popular approach in General
electrics during 1990s. It works on population standard deviation which measure data during
process (Palizban Kauhaniemi and Guerrero, 2014). If defects is in limits that it eradicate errors
and it goal is to eradicate mistakes per million. Starbucks uses six sigma strategy to improve
their quality of goods and services to become market leader and reduce wastage in production.
At a time it improves performance then it achieve by improving the goal of six sigma.
Lean Manufacturing / lean productivity:
Lean manufacturing is a method of improving quality of products and services by
reducing wastage simultaneously maximize productivity. Most organisations use the lean
productivity caterpillar and Nike and other also use it. A lean organisation do not ignore
importance of enhance productivity by reducing wastage it helps in increase customer base. The
main motive of to provide value to provide best goods by zero waste. Lean thinkers approach
works in optimize technologies,assets and values. Eliminating waste helps in reduce human
effort, capital,space and time and ultimately it increase productivity to lean production
organisation adopt customer choices and preferences and build in high quality,less cost and with
high efficiency in Starbucks. It makes information technology more simpler and accurate. Lean
productivity not only for production but it works in every type of business and products to
improve effectiveness. It is cost reduction task with improve efficiency.

Just in time inventory:
just in time is approach which is use for reduce wastage and increase efficiency and cut
cost and order goods when they required. JIT originated in japan for enhance productivity and
reduce wastage. It helps in increase productivity with improved cash flow and reduce dead stock
in Starbucks.
In TQM Starbucks have to adopt Six sigma approach to reduce wastage and increase
productivity and increase its revenue. Starbucks by adopting this approach become leader in
world (Raniand Moreira, 2010). six sigma approach decrease its wastage and increase production
level in Starbucks that enables to get large market share in competitive world.
P5 Importance of operational management in achieving business objectives
Business practices in organisation which creates highest level of efficiency within an
organisation. It is concerned with converting of raw materials and labour into goods and services
as efficiently as possible to maximise profits within an organisation. Operational management
performs various functions that helps Starbucks in achieving business objectives-
Control and distribution system- The main motive here is to ensure effective
management, monitoring controlling of all the activities related to distribution of its product and
services. It ensures control from the supply of raw materials and continues till the production
process. This enables them to make a proper control on the quality of the raw materials of
Starbucks products and if the production is high than the demand this helps in putting control on
the production and distributing products according to demand and achieving efficiency.
 Transformation of raw materials into finished products- This provides helps in
converting of raw materials into finished products by determining the good quality of raw
materials at Starbucks it helps in the proper conversion of raw materials with labour into
finished goods. It carries out those business practices which provides maximum
efficiency by the proper selection of raw material which generates high profit.
 Process design – The objective of Starbucks is to provide better services and product its
customer to achieve higher profits. Process design is where the production process of
product is broken down into parts and further creates a new innovative design in actual
manufacturing process. Business practices in Starbucks helps in performance of process
design to achieve high efficiency by proper analysing the customer demands and
changing products accordingly (White, 2016).

 Capacity management- It limits the organisational resources such as labour,
manufacturing, technology, equipments and raw materials. It helps in proper planning of
raw materials, technology and equipments. Using of those machineries at work place
which provides maximum efficiency is used which gives high value for customers.
 Logistics and inventory management- Operational management helps the Starbucks in
proper analysing of production process and helps to maintain a limited amount of
inventory that would meet needs of customer to achieve efficiency in its operations.
Starbucks cannot store its products for future use, operation management helps to limit
the inventory which creates maximum efficiency.
 Scheduling- It is defined as scheduling the plan to carry sequence of work so that
production process can be arranged in a such way that products are made within set time.
Operation management helps Starbucks in proper selection of coffee beans, its mugs
from where to purchase and how much quantity need to be purchase. It also make plans of how
to make production process effectively by proper use of machines.
This all functions helps Starbucks to perform functions smoothly and achieve high efficiency.
TASK 4
P6 Relationship between management and leadership in contemporary business environment
Business environment which includes all those factors internally and externally which
affects the company business functions. It includes employees, customers ,management, supply
and demand of business which affects business regulations. There are various issues in the
business which leaders and mangers collectively solve to avoid delay in task and perform
business functions smoothly. Issues arises in business because of following reasons-
 Culture- Individuals working in the organisation are from various backgrounds which
follow different religions. This create conflict among the employees with different
backgrounds. Employees in Starbucks from various religion leads to conflict which can
disturb the production process and results fall in demand from the customer. Managers
and leaders plays important role in solving cultural conflicts and starts a proper method of
performing operations to reduce conflicts.
 Corporate Social Responsibility- It is the company's efforts to improve society by
donating money to non profits and implementing some social friendly activities in its

work place. Conflict of CSR arises between the employees and its shareholders when
they start feeling that they are associated with firm which is socially irresponsible.
Managers and leaders collectively solve the issue by proper explaining the CSR activities
undertaken by them to remove hurdles. Starbucks contributes to economy adopting
friendly products which doesn't harm environment and serving the society well by
choosing better quality products.
 Ethical values- Values determine what is right and what is wrong in conducting
business operations. To behave ethically in manner consistent with what is right and what
is wrong. Business operations are highly effected by its ethical values of performing
operations. It leads to conflicts between the its employees who have different perception
of carrying business operations (Zheng, 2011). Managers and leaders should play a
critical role in helping employees to understand what is right and how to conduct
business operations to maintain a healthy environment in the business. Starbucks method
of operation which would be not acceptable to all its employees it becomes prior duty of
its managers to make acceptable to all employees to achieve high efficiency in its
operations.
 Sustainability- Starbucks if wants to sustain its business for long term it should maintain
adequate resources. Managers and leaders provide enough instruction to the employees to
achieve high growth.
Business environment is basically effected by its internal and external factors -
 Internal factors-(Employees)- If the employees of the organisation are not motivated
they will not work collectively towards achieving organisational goals. Managers and
leaders should maintain a healthy and motivated environment in the organisation to work
effectively. The other internal factors such as value system, Quality of human resource
and the organisational structure affects the business environment.
Values of an organisation refers to ethical beliefs that guide firm in achieving objectives.
 Quality of human resource- The success of firm depends upon skills, capabilities and
commitment of employees . All these should be appropriate for the proper functioning of
Starbucks.

 Organisation structure- It includes board of directors, shareholders and designated
employees who has a great influence over decision making process . Starbucks should
adopt conducive structure to make quick decisions which doesn't lead to delay in task.
 External factors- (Social factors) Different demands of the customer leads business to
identify those needs and satisfy those to the customer (Zheng, 2011).
 Starbucks leads in different markets which increase its tax and entry barriers while
launch into new market(Political factor).
 Starbucks is leader in market and to remain competitive in market it has to upgrade
frequently its machinery and operating system that enhance its cost (Technological
factor).
 Starbucks to remain competitive in market contributes so much in CSR activities and
save environment by e co friendly products (Environment factor).
 Starbucks deals in multinational markets its affects economy of different markets so
fluctuations in these economy affects profit of organisation (Economy factor).
 Starbucks have to face different health related laws because industry related to foods and
beverages that creates hurdles in that industry.
 If business doesn't understands needs of customers it will not a create a good image in
market and leads to heavy losses. Difference in demands is due to the various
backgrounds of the customer which needs variety of products. The management should
contribute towards success of it business
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that leaders and managers play a important
role for the organisations to achieve business objectives. Management is about getting things
done and leadership is about achieving goals by setting direction for its business. Leadership
theories are discussed to know how leader reacts in different situations and use various theories
to resolve conflicts. Operational management plays a important role in achieving business
objectives by proper utilisation of raw materials which provides maximum efficiency in its
business operations so enormous amount of capital flows in its business.

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