Management and Operations Report

This report analyzes the roles of managers and leaders in Procter & Gamble, exploring different leadership styles and management theories. It examines the impact of external factors like PEST analysis on the company's operations and how it navigates ethical, sustainable, and value-driven practices.

Management and Operations
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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
LO1.............................................................................................................................................................4
P1............................................................................................................................................................4
LO2 ............................................................................................................................................................8
P2 ...........................................................................................................................................................8
P3 .........................................................................................................................................................11
LO3. .........................................................................................................................................................13
P4 .........................................................................................................................................................13
P5 .........................................................................................................................................................17
LO4. .........................................................................................................................................................19
P6 .........................................................................................................................................................19
Conclusion................................................................................................................................................22
References................................................................................................................................................23
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Introduction
Operations management refers to the management area that undertakes scheming
and controlling production process. It also considers redesigning operations of business in
production of offerings. In an organisation, both leadership and management are very
important component as it assists in using the organisation resources in attaining the
targets and objectives through application of different models and strategies. This project
report purposes to evaluate various kinds of management and leadership skills which are
practiced in the business operations of an organisation. This project report also includes
the study of “Procter and Gamble” Company which is an American multi-national
corporation dealing in consumer goods . It deals in a wide range of personal and consumer
health products and personal care; these products are prearranged into many segments
including Health Care, Grooming, Home & Fabric Care, Feminine, Family Care and Baby,
Beauty. In this project report various important theories of leadership and management
styles are briefly discussed and summarized in the context of “Procter & Gamble’s”
business operations.
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LO1
P1
Managers: They are the individuals in an organisation who manage and control the work
and also responsible for running the whole or part of a business organisation. Managers
also design the work for an organisation in a position of pre-decided objectives and goals.
To successfully attain the objectives and goals, the managers have to establish and develop
the relevant policies and strategies for it. The managers are dispersed on different levels in
an organisation to effectively manage the goals and assign duties in various organisational
departments (Reuben and Timko, 2017).
Leaders: These individuals are the ones who get the task accomplished from the workers
regarding the goals and objectives of the organisation. The leaders in an organisation play
a vital role in motivating the workers at the workplace through their communication and
leadership skills and they also make the workers perform in a way to attain the objectives
in a systematic manner. The most important function of leaders is to motivate and
influence the employees or workers in order to improve their performance which as an
outcome increase in the productivity and efficiency of the organisation (Dragoni, et. al.,
2014).
Following there are difference between the managers and leaders which are listed
in the tabular form:
Managers Leaders
1. A manager fits well in a systematized
structure of an organisation.
2. A manager is more than a leader. Hence,
management is wider term.
3. A manager set the goals and objectives
for the organisation.
4. A manager make the ideas for the
improvement of the organisation.
1. Leaders may also be a part of an informal
group.
2. It is not necessary for a leader to be a
manager. Leadership is a narrow term.
3. A leader persuade the goals and
objectives developed or framed by the
managers.
4. A leader helps in actualising those ideas.
In Procter & Gamble Plc, is an American multi-national corporation dealing in a range of
personal and consumer hygiene products and personal care; these products are
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prearranged into many segments including Health Care, Grooming, Home & Fabric Care,
Feminine, Family Care and Baby, Beauty and sale these products in all over the country.
The organisation management is more efficient to developed and managed the strategies
and plans for their business operations which leads to maximize in the productivity. The
managers of Procter & Gamble create and set the principles and standards for the
employees to perform in the tasks whereas the leaders in the organisation having a
leadership and communication skills that help in getting the task accomplished from the
workforce while considering the established standards and principles by the managers
(Formentini and Taticchi, 2016).
Following are the roles and functions of managers and leaders in the organisation:
Planning: In Procter & Gamble the essential function of managers is to prepare the plan
and set objectives and goals of the organisation that complies to maximize the sales and
revenues of the consumer goods in all over country. The strategies formed and prepared
by Procter & Gamble regarding the goals and objectives of an organisation involve KAIZEN
which contributes in enhancements which is continuous in the nature in their business
process to develop more effective efficiency in their consumer goods. The role and
responsibility of leaders in Procter & Gamble is to clearly communicate these goals and
objectives set by company's managers to the workers and emphasis the effort of the
workers in the achievement of these targets in a timely manner (Reuben and Timko,
2017).
Organizing: Procter & Gamble managers utilize and organize the resources of the
organisation in an effective way that helps in fulfilling the goals and objectives. The role
and responsibility of leaders is to efficiently assign the resources and inspire the workers
to accomplish the task in the productivity manner without any waste (Formentini and
Taticchi, 2016).
Directing: The managers of Procter & Gamble direct the assigned task to the employees
and also to the team members whereas the leaders play a role of making an effective and
productive team and also directs them in a proper manner.
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Staffing: In staffing function, the best candidate out of the lot are recruited and selected in
the organisation. Procter & Gamble recruit and select the suitable staff which is capable to
perform the task in an effective manner whereas the leader’s roles and responsibilities is
to motivate the employees and assign duties or jobs according to the capabilities,
knowledge and skills and also communicate with them in regards to solve any problems
with evaluation of their performance level (Formentini and Taticchi, 2016).
Coordinating: For getting better outcomes for the organisation, the managers of Procter
& Gamble should coordinate with the functions in an appropriate manner. The functions
of various departments like manufacturing, production, marketing as well as
sales department also assist the organisation in producing and
manufacturing the consumer goods in best quality and in reasonable prices.
The leader’s role and responsibility in the organisation is to coordinate the activities in an
efficient and effective manner (Reuben and Timko, 2017).
Controlling: The strategies and plans framed by managers and their execution by the
leaders in the Procter & Gamble are monitored and controlled by the managers whereas
the leaders authenticate the results of the employee’s performance with the planned
performance as created by the managers and supervise the workers accordingly and also
in systematic manner (Dragoni, et. al., 2014).
Characteristics of leader and manager
Managers: Organization: Managers at Procter & Gamble organize each activity as well as
resources of the firm in an efficient way which helps in accomplishment of tasks in
a systematic way. Time Management: They are required to get each task accomplished within the
due time and prioritizing each activity on the basis of their importance and timely
accomplishment.
Leaders:
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 Motivation: It is essential for leaders of Procter & Gamble to motivate each
individual working under them to enhance their performance up to its full
potential.
 Creativity: Procter & Gamble is a world renowned organization dealing in variety
of innovative and diversified products. Hence, it is required for leaders to possess
creativity to foster innovative practices in the firm,
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LO2
P2
Leader's roles and manager's functions turns the organisation's
business operations in an appropriate and profitable direction which ensures
fulfillment of goals and objectives of the organisation. There are various
different types of style and traits of leadership and functions of management which assist
in the appropriate working of the management functions in the organisation. Procter &
Gamble is facing the problem of tough competition in the market and such situation
creates problem in their business operations. To solve this problem in the organisation the
managers and leaders has to prepare the strategies and plan accordingly to take
competitive advantages in the market (Formentini and Taticchi, 2016).
There are various management theories which are implied with the leadership
skills and help in growth and expansion of the firm's business operations. Procter &
Gamble's operational department emphasizes on the efforts of leaders and combine the
management theories to reduce or minimize the manufacturing costs or expenses.
Procter & Gamble applies the theories of management to solve the current problem of the
organisation. The managers and leaders can plan the strategies to solve this problem in an
effective manner. The leaders in Procter & Gamble utilize their trait and skills to inspire
the employees or workers to accept the new innovative technology to minimize the cost
and expenses and reduce the resistance of change among the workers through developing
an environment of transparency with the effective skills of communication in the
organisation (Reuben and Timko, 2017).
Classical management theory is applied and used in Procter & Gamble, in a way that
strategies and policies developed by managers to increase organisation's productivity. The
managers of an organisation has established the strategy by the name of KAIZEN which
includes continuous efforts of the management and staff to enhance the business
operations. Here, the participative leadership style can be used at the workplace so that the
input of both the managers and workers are in the same direction to reduce the expenses
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and costs and also enhance the whole production system (Fairhurst and Connaughton,
2014).
Management by objective is the most important theory that mainly focuses on the mutual
efforts of the employees and the managers for the completion of goals and objectives in an
effective and efficient manner. The organisation managers do work with coordination with
organisation's employees and they also set standards of their performances for the
employees and the leaders effectively delegate duties to the workers so that they get
motivated to work in an appropriate manner (Formentini and Taticchi, 2016).
Contingency theory of management mainly focuses and monitors the changes induced in
the policies and strategies according business environment changes. The leaders of an
organisation play a vital role in which they motivate the workers at the workplace in order
to fulfil the challenges predominant the competitive environment. The Procter & Gamble
Managers has to considered the main and important reasons behind the increased cost of
production and applied some useful changes to overcome these problems in an
appropriate manner. This theory assists the managers to make few changes in
organisation's operational activities and also cut down the high prices which does not
impact the whole operational activities of an organisation (Dragoni, et. al., 2014).
Situations within the organisation depicting roles of managers and leaders:
There are various changes that prevail in an organisation's life where it is necessary
for leaders and managers to take action. These changes are fast as well as slow and are
discussed below:
SITUATION 1 (FAST CHANGE): For instance, Procter & Gamble are planning to
adopt new technology regarding production of their products in a fast way which
promotes high quality. In this situation, the managers and leaders would train the existing
staff regarding the use of the new technology which helps them in enhancing their
familiarity and enhances their importance. They are also required to motivate the staff so
that they get encouraged to work in a more advanced manner.
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SITUATION 2 (SLOW CHANGE): This situation refers to a change that is least likely
to occur in normal routine. For example, the firm is renewing the concept of incentives for
employees. This situation requires the managers and leaders to take opinion of employees
on what should be the best manner to judge their performances. Along with this, new
policies must be made according to their opinions which would encourage the employees
to work effectively and produce effective results.
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P3
Provide brief introduction of task
In Procter & Gamble, there are various theories that affect the management of
operations in the firm. There are different forms of leadership adopted in different
situations which serves the purpose as well as enhance productivity of the firm.
Situational leadership is the leadership type in which the leadership is dependent upon
the capabilities and skills of the workforce which are required by organisation's leaders to
complete the assigned task in an appropriate manner. In the Procter & Gamble, this kind
of leadership style could affect the operations management because the leaders used the
different styles of leadership which is based on situations which are incurred in an
organisation during conducting business operations. The recent problem of the
organization where the management is facing the problems of cost increment and other
expenses in which situational leadership theory can play a main role in the following
problems which are incurred in the organisation (Dinh, et. al., 2014). The advantage of this
type of leadership is that it helps the leaders to give specific orders to the employees
regarding specific situations which enhances the efficiency. The disadvantage could be that
this could be quite difficult for few managers which could reduce the effectiveness.
Systems leadership is utilized in Procter & Gamble Plc, which helps the leader to control
the workers at the workplace and also communicate the problems of the organisation and
prepare the team according to the problem which faced by the organisation in the present.
By using this leadership style in the business operations, it will help the organisation in the
sustainable growth and development. This leadership theory helps the organisation in
promotion of innovation and creativity in the business operations and always motivate the
workforce to think creatively while doing a specific task (Day, et. al., 2014). The biggest
advantage is that it enhances the adaptability of the firm to changes in the environment
and could focus on various dimensions. However, it may delay the decision-making
process and might not cater certain contingencies.
Contingency leadership theory states that there is no such effective and useful leadership
style that is useful and helpful in the organisation or to lead the employees in the right
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direction. By using this theory in the organisation like Procter & Gamble, it will provide
benefit in two manner i.e., either it could enhance the productivity and efficiency of the
workers at the workplace and secondly it motivates and maintain the strong relationship
in the organisation between the employer and employees. The main aim of this theory is to
maintain and enhance the sustainable development in the organisation’s business
operations in an appropriate manner (Reuben and Timko, 2017). it has an advantage that
it allows management to be flexible and consider opinions of employees as a prime
importance. But, this leadership type could only be effective to the contingency and might
not be effective in general situations that could add to the cost as well as the time of the
management.
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LO3.
P4
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P5
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LO4.
P6
The management of an organisation is monitored and also focus on the need of
sustaining the ethics, sustainability and values in the organisation to enhance and improve
the relationship with the customers and other stakeholders and also provide them a
complete satisfaction with the services provided by the organisation to the loyal
customers. Procter & Gamble operates its business in the environment of full competition
where the competitor launches the different products and services to attract the
consumers and also capture the market share which impact the organisation in so many
ways. The leadership and management in Procter & Gamble play an important role in the
corporate social responsibility in which they fulfill all the social responsibilities framed by
the government authorities in an appropriate manner (Fairhurst and Connaughton, 2014).
The various external factors that affect the organisation business environment in so
many ways which are listed below:
Corporate Social Responsibility: In the corporate social responsibility the organisation do
their business operations according to the social responsibility in which the Procter &
Gamble operates charity operations for the poor children lived in the poor countries. The
corporate social responsibility benefits to all its stakeholders whether it is inside and
outside (Formentini and Taticchi, 2016).
Values: Values are the standards or principal which are framed by the organisation for its
business operations. Values are considered as main factor in the organisation because the
services and products are developed and changed after deeply examining the values of the
general customer at a specific place. The operations management of a Procter & Gamble
are considered the parameters and finalize the standards for their production process and
also set the working standards for the organisation business operations (Vaiginienė, et. al.,
2018).
Ethics: The organisation operates its business operations in an ethical manner. Ethical
business enhances the goodwill and also reputation in the eye of stakeholders and also
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maximize their profits and productivity. Ethical business is defined as the business which
is done by following ethics framed by the organisation. The ethical business is a good
business in which the organisation follow all rules and regulations prescribed by the
government authorities for the organisation in which all rules are sets in an appropriate
manner. The ethical business-built trust in the customer for organisation products and
services (Shin, et. al., 2015).
Both the leaders and managers of the organisation work together in an appropriate
manner for the organisation and also for the customer. Managers frame the policies and
strategies for the organisation growth and development whereas leaders follow these
policies and strategies and create an efficient workforce to complete the tasks in an
appropriate manner.
PEST Of Procter & Gamble
There are various internal as well as external factors that affect the working of the
organisation as well as the decision-making of the managers and leaders. These factors are
mentioned below:
Political Factors: The political environment has a major impact on the operations of the
company. For instance, the Brexit in the UK has had a major impact on the firm's
operations. The political instability and changes in policies regarding trade and commerce
has also caused instability in the activities of the firm. The managers must make decisions
regarding these factors in flexible manner which enhances their agility in case the policies
change again,
Economical Factors: This refers to the external economic performance of the country
affecting the overall working of the organisation. In the UK, with reduction in the value of
pound, the firm is facing a backdrop in their sales as there is also reduction in the standard
of living of the people. The managers must adopt flexible pricing and employment
opportunities to individuals to enhance this standard as well as provide the firm with local
support and enhancements in sales.
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Social Factors: There has been a high demand of diversified and high quality products in
the UK as well as beyond. More an more individuals as well as communities are inclining
towards consumption of healthy products. This could be one of the major opportunities for
P&G which specializes in sales of healthy products. They must continue to produce
healthier products which contribute to the health conditions of the people.
Technological Factors: There has been an enhancement of technology witnessed recently.
There has been new and effective methods of production and distribution. For instance, in
the UK, the population appreciates technology and follow practices regarding good use of
it. This could be a major opportunity for the firm as it could adopt latest technological
methods to produce and distribute their products. Through technologies like automation
and AI, it could be a breakthrough in the firm's strategy and enhancement in their
profitability.
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Conclusion
This report is concluded that the management and leadership and the role of leaders and
managers are also different but they work in the same direction of the accomplishment of
the targets or goals in an appropriate manner by using different styles and theories of
leadership and management. This project report is prepared after seeing the decision-
making process of the leaders and managers in Procter & Gamble organisation in the
betterment of the sales and marketing and also operations of the organisation and
bringing down the cost and maintain the quality. This project report also focuses on the
various operational management theory in order to reduce the wastages and enhance the
level of performance of the organisation by fulfilling the goals and objectives of Procter &
Gamble.
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References
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Dragoni, L., and et. al., 2014. Developing leaders’ strategic
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procedural justice climate. Journal of Business
Ethics. 129(1). pp.43-57.
Vaiginienė, E., and et. al., 2018. Management and Leadership
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