The assignment discusses the importance of operational management in businesses, highlighting its role in reducing wastage, improving sales, and enhancing customer satisfaction. It also explores the challenges faced by Marks & Spencer in adopting new technology and provides recommendations for future improvement.
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M4_1542371485 (3)Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 TASK1.............................................................................................................................................1 1 Introduction of organization with its management structure...............................................1 2 Define manager and leader and compare their roles and characteristics.............................1 3 Managerial functions and leadership roles by applying managerial theories......................3 4 Role of leader and functions of managers in different situation.........................................3 5 Apply different theories and modelsof approach, including situational, System and contingency leadership theories.............................................................................................5 6 Strength and weakness of different theories........................................................................5 7 Impact of roles and leaders on organization and recommendations....................................6 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7 TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8 1 Introduce operation management key approaches adopted by the organisation.................8 2 Roles and responsibilities of managers and leaders in successful management of the operation of Marks and Spencer.............................................................................................9 4 How managers and leaders can improve operational efficiency.......................................10 6 Critical evaluation of application of operations management to manage factors in respect to external environment............................................................................................................12 7 Conclusion and recommendation for future improvement of organization.....................12 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................13 REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION Management and operation is the administration of company's practices to develop the biggest level of efficiency and effectiveness within an organization (Accomazzi and et. al., 2012). In simple word, it is an area of administration concerned with planning and monitoring the production process. In this report, given organization is M&S Ltd which is a major British multinational retailer in UK. Main purpose of this report is to identifying the importance of management and operational for success and growth of organization. This project divided into certain parts which includes functions of manager and role of leader in different situation arise in the company. Key approaches to operations management and its important for firm to achieve better results is also explain in this study. Lastly, impact of internal and external factor on decision-making of leader and manager and operational management is also cover in this assignment. TASK1 1 Introduction of organization with its management structure M&S Ltd is a British multinational retail industry which was founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884 at London, UK.The business is engaged in providing their own brand food, home products and clothes in its shop and online both in the UK and internationally. The company is specialize in selling oflingerie, menswear, women wear, kids wear, home and beautyproducts,servingcustomersviaapproximately300full-lineoutletsandWebsite, M&S.com (Marks and Spencer Group PLC,2018). Business has approximately 910 UK shops, including over 220 owned and around 350 franchise simply food stores. M&S Ltd has made a series of variations to its management structure and board duties to allow “speedier decision-making”and provide all information related to business to the customers.Mark&Spencerisestablishinganuniqueoperatingcommitteethatwillbe responsible for the day-to day activities and execution of strategy. Its main canter of attention will be on mending the home ware categories products and retailer's fashion. Organisational structure is refer as an effective a process of supervision, coordination and allocation of task for the achievingbusiness aims. M&S requires to be flexible, efficient, innovative and caring in respect to accomplishing a competitive benefits. For attaining the best output, M&S select the flat organisational structure which are different as below: 1
Flatorganizationalstructure:M&Sfollowflatorganizationalstructureintheir organization. Flat structure is also called as horizontal structure. This type of structure refers that there is no flat between workers and administrators, therefore upper level managements can contact with their workers and sales people in a direct manner. Flat structure can give major advantages to the M&S such as quicker response to the worker leads the activity quality very fast. 2 Define manager and leader and compare their roles and characteristics In M&S, leader and manager play vital and effective role for increasing growth and success of an enterprise (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, 2012). Both has different roles, characteristics which are determined as under in detail manner: Manager:A manager is an individual who manages and handles the organisation and is accountable for planning, coordination, direction and control. Main aim of manager is attainment of the required results. Leader:A leader is also an individual who influence and promote their subordinates to accomplish a specified goal (Benjaafar, Li and Daskin, 2013). Main aim of leader is to increase growth and development for an organization. Comparison between roles and characteristics of manager and leader of M&S Ltd BasisManagerLeader RolesMain role of the manager in M&S is to make coordination between the business and its stakeholderssuchas shareholders,suppliers, customers, employees, society, government and so forth. Main role of leader in Mark & Spenceristoinfluenceand inspire their followers to work willinglysoastoachieve organization's long term goals andobjectiveswithin predetermined time. CharacteristicsLeaderofM&SLtdshould havegoodcommunication characteristic so that they are abletocommunicateall informationtotheirteam One of the main characteristic of M&S leader is innovation. Theyincreasemanagement innovation which is going to be moreessentialandenduring 2
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members. This not only means convertingjobexpectations and responsibilities, it means listeningtotheirgroupand working with them in order to produce better outputs within their position. sources of competitive benefits for company. 3
3 Managerial functions and leadership roles by applying managerial theories Functions of managers: As per the Henri Fayol management approach, there are 14 principles and functions of manager which are essential for dealing different types of situation in a systematic manner. In M&S Ltd, manger has five functions which are determined as under: Planning:It is a role of manager is to plan an effective policies about performance appraisal system. It is essential for the company to increase employees performance and productivity by providing appraisal on yearly basis. Organizing:It is another function in which manager has different role such as to organizing and conducting research program. It is significant for the manager of M&S in order to identify needs of customer's and market trends. Commanding:In this manager is responsible for providing clear working instruction and order to the employees. It will help in accepting changes about the up-gradation in mobile application of M&S. Coordinating:It is one of the main and foremost function of management which is play by manager in order to make coordination among employees (Griffin, 2013). Therefore effective coordination is essential for the development and growth of organization within predetermined time duration. Controlling:It is a last function which is important for the manager is to control all activities and difficult situation systematically. Beside this, manage compare resultswith standards and performance of workers and take corrective and preventive measures. These are beneficial for the success and growth of company. 4 Role of leader and functions of managers in different situation M&S is a biggest multinational retail organization in United Kingdom and many other countries. Recently, company facing different challenges such as getting back in fashion, excelling at e-commerce, sorting out its stores, keeping customers hungry for more and winning Britain's hearts and minds. All these challenges are related with different situation which are determined as under: Stable situation:It is refer as a situation which does not chance in frequent basis; it is changes rarely. In M&S, such type of situation is related with policies of performance appraisal (Childe, 2011). It is not change on daily basis and provide by manager to their employees as per 4
itsperformanceintheorganization.Inthismanagerandleaderplayessentialrolein implementing techniques of performance appraisal such as 360 degree. Moderate situation-It is another type of situation in M&S which is related with changing in taste and preference of customers. For example: M&S Ltd is specialize in marketing of lingerie, menswear, kids wear, women wear, home and beauty products and so forth, so there are changing is relate with customer's taste. Manager and leader of the company play essential role in conducting research program. With the help of this, they easily identify needs and wants of customers about business products. Fast changing-In this situation, changes are frequently done on daily basis. In M&S such type of change is mainly linked with up-gradation in mobile app which effect on business performance and employee productivity. As in this some employees doesn't have any knowledge about the technology which impact on its productivity and performance at workplace (Drake, and Spinler, 2013). It is the role of manager is to provide accurate training to their employees about technology. In order to overcome all these situation in an effective and essential manner leader play vital role. Beside this different functions of manager is also significant for dealing all these conditions in a systematic manner. Role of leader and functions of manager are determined as under: Role of leader:There are different role of leader which are explained as under in a detail way: Provide proper guidance:It is a main role of M&S leader is to provide accurate guidance to their subordinates about the up-gradation in their mobile application.With the help of accurate information and guidance, employees are able to deal with fast changing situation in a systematic manner. Communicate all information time to time: It is another important role which is play by the leader of M&S in order to communicate entire information about the market trends, customer taste and so on. This role help in dealing with moderate situation easily. Implement policies of performance appraisal:In this leader implement play vital role in evaluating their eligible worker's performance on a yearly basis (Gimenez, Sierra and Rodon, 2012). Thus, it is essential for the M&S to maintain employees turnover and achieve better results easily. 5
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5Applydifferenttheoriesandmodelsofapproach,includingsituational,Systemand contingency leadership theories There are different theories and approaches which are apply by the M&S Ltd such as system leadership, situational leadership and contingency leadership. All these are essential and important for the company to maintain their sustainable performance and improve growth. These theories has their own Strengths and weaknesses which are explained as under in brief manner: System leadership:This type of leadership is enables the leaders in an enterprise to develop the situations where large number of person can work productively to their potential at all levels (Ham, Hitomi and Yoshida, 2012). This theory uses sound principles regarding human behavior in order to develop models of organizational strategy, good leadership, social process and system design. It gives leaders with techniques that support to predict employee's behavior in M&S Ltd. It also assist to make effective systems which cause productive behavior as well as lead to an effective realization of the M&S purpose. Situational leadership:This theory is studied and developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. It is refers to when the manager or leader of M&S must adjust their style in order to fit the growth and development of their followers. In M&S, there are three types of situation such as stable, moderate and fast changing that effects on business performance and operations (Kerzner, 2013). It is the role of leader is to follow situational leadership style and maintain all these situation by conducting research, implementing performance appraisal policies and introducing information about up-gradation in mobile application to the employees. Contingency leadership:This type of style should be applied in a specific condition which is mainly relay on the subordinates maturity level. For example: if followers of the M&S lack both responsibility and knowledge, the leader of the company should applied a directive leadership in that situation (Kusluvan and et. al.,2010). It is a role of leader is to improve knowledge of their employees by arranging training and development classes. 6 Strength and weakness of different theories Strength and weakness of System leadership StrengthsWeaknesses This style of leadership is assist manager of M&Sinordertoperformoperationsand activities in accurate format. In order to develop unique and new approach in organization, this style is take more time and money. 6
Itgivesaglossaryofwayswiththe investigatorsfromvariousfieldscanbe understood. Itgivesabetterframeworkforthe interpretation and presentation of realities and phenomenon. It is more complicated and lengthy in nature as it engage different interrelated parameters in it. It is comparatively lesser adapted method with a component of risk. Strength and weakness of situational leadership StrengthsWeaknesses Situationalleadershipstyleimprove communicationbetweenthefirmandits employees. The group environment remains effective and comfortable as it supports in building better team unity. It increases awareness as the workers monitor closely the condition in order to be cognizant of the leadership style that is to be used. It is a time consuming leadership style for the M&S. Poorunderstandingofthedemographics differencesbecauseoflackofhighquality occurrenceintheworkersastheyarenot followed to it. It tends to focuses the short term scheme as it emphasis only on the actual scenario. Strength and weakness of Contingency leadership StrengthsWeaknesses It gives an effective way to assess style of leader that could be beneficial and useful to the M&S Ltd. It help an organization to address contingency situation in an easy and proper manner. This leadership style is not helpful and useful for training and development program. This style of leadership create conflict among employees. 7 Impact of roles and leaders on organization and recommendations Impact on organization:In each and every organization, leader and manager make effect on business performance and productivity.Manager is play vital role of managing day-to-day 7
activities and policies which is good for the development of organization (Laudon and Laudon, 2016). On the order hand, leader also play essential role for giving accurate guidance and implementing policies at workplace. Thus, both person are important part for the success and growth of firm at large scale.Role of leader in the organization is support the employees to work easily and achieve better outcomes. Recommendation: As per the above mentioned information, it can be recommended that manager and leader are main assets for the company. M&S should invite their all staff members in decision-making process of implementing strategies, policies and technologies. Business should also provide training to their employees who have lack of knowledge about the technology, business process and many other actives. 8
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Online MarksandSpencerGroupPLC.2018.[Online].Availablethrough: <https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/MKS.L>. 9
TASK 2 1 Introduce operation management key approaches adopted by the organisation Operational management:It is refer as an effective area of management related with controlling and designing the production process and redesigning business operations in the manufacturing of products or services (Lewis and Brown, 2012). Operational management in M&S is mainly related with an effective functions such as to transform resources into finished goods. There are different approaches to operational management and in this manager and leader roles are determined as under: Total quality management:It is identified as the method of overseeing entire activities and tasks wanted to retain a desired level of excellence. It includes implementing and developing quality assurances and planning as well as quality improvement and control. In M&S, main focus of this approach is to improve performance and quality in all departments, process and functions across an organization to give quality services and products which exceed expectations of customers (Moutinho, 2011). Six sigma:It is an approach to eliminate the defects in manufacturing of the product and services. By this approach the management can achieve maximum customer satisfaction by minimize the defects of the product and achieves growth of the employees. It is implemented in the operational management of the organization. M&S is adopted this approach to minimize the defect of the product. Just-in-time inventory:It is refer as an essential strategy which maximise efficiency and minimize wastes of products only by collecting goods when they are required in the process of production.Just-in-timeinoperationalmanagementisessentialandhelpfulforM&Sin decreasing the storage space of business and saving the money (Nagurney, Masoumi and Yu, 2012). Lean production:It is another effective system which is identified as systematic and simpleapproachwhichassistinthereductionofwastagewithinaproductionsystem. Implementation of this system in the manufacturing process can support in the operational management of M&S by enhancing the product quality, increasing efficiency in the process of production, decreasing the use of manpower etc. 10
2 Roles and responsibilities of managers and leaders in successful management of the operation ofMarks and Spencer Total quality management:In this role of leader is to ensure effective utilization and involvement of the entire employees. On the other hand, in this, manager also play essential role in order to treat suppliers as a partners of business. Six Sigma:Role of leaders are to communicate the importance of six sigma and finding the employees who supports six sigma. Role of managers are to monitor the implementation in the organization. Prior to that it also supports the employee of the organization. Just-in-time inventory:In this role of M&S manager is to maintain a better relation with suppliers to ensure that they are supply the goods at affordable price. Role of leader is to control and check the situations of each and every machinery followed in the production process. Lean Production:In this role of leader is to supports the employees to know their actual duty about lean production. On the other hand, role of manager is to reports the success to the top authority.3 Importance and value of operations management in achieving Business objectives Operations can be defined as an effective activity of business that an enterprise engages in to covert raw materials into finished goods or service, sell them to clients and earn maximum amount of capital. Operations management involves the designing, overseeing and controlling the procedures of production. It is very essential in business operations of M&S and help in achievement of long term growth and success. Above discussed key approaches to operation management are important and essential which are determined as under: Control and distribution system:It is identify as an effective factor in operations management of M&S. As it is responsible and accountable in monitoring the process of production and ensuring accurate allotment of the goods and services in order to achieve organization's objectives (Paryani, 2011). The effectiveness of the distribution and control system can be enhanced by applying a powerful control system. Transportation of raw materials into finished goods and service:It is important way in operationsmanagement of the company as by evaluating the product demand of customers, product raw materiel are utilized to produce final goods of the M&S after applying the business resources in an effective and efficient manner. Therefore, it help in achievement of business objectives which is to produce quality products or services for their potentials clients. 11
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Capacity management:It is identify as an another and essential function or approach in operational management. As this function specifies the capability of the manufacturing process so that no extra products are manufactured in a specific production process (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). As it will help M&S to maintain strong reputation at marketplace and fulfill their objectives within predetermined time duration. The efficiency of this functions supports the company to manufacture the accurate capacity of goods for the clients as per the market demand and need of product. 4 How managers and leaders can improve operational efficiency Leaders and managers of the M&S can maximise operational efficiency and effectiveness of operational management in order to meet business objectives in successful manner. Empowering remote workers to work productively:In this leader must endow their employees tobring forth on the biggest levels while performing remotely. It can assist in the operation management as an employees are acquiring a flexible to perform in their preferred time and locations which in move will assist to retain product quality and maximize productivity and performance of employees.In this role of manager and leader is to provide appropriate guidance to their workforce so they can work with more effective and accurate manner. It is essential for the growth and success of an enterprise and also support them to achieve better results within predetermined time period. Improving collaboration:It is identify as one of the essential tool that each and every managers must be apply to maximize effectiveness level in operations management of M&S. It assist in enhancing the group work among workforce which supports in accurate understanding and bonding of the workers. This will fulfill the business objectives regarding promotingco- ordination and co-operation within the organization.For this role of manager is to provide accurate information about their business operations to their workers so that they can work collaborative and gain competitive advantages for an organization. Along with this, leader also play an essential role with leading all workforce accurately. Provide employees with secure, consistent access to information:It is another important and essential way of improving operational efficiency easily. It is a role of manager to provide accurate secure information about operations to workers so that they are able to work time to time. Beside this role of leader is to guide their all workforce to maintain business information secure. 12
5 Impact of external business environment factors on operational management by Leaders and managers The business environment gets impacted by a different number of external factors which influence the business operations as well as decision-making of manager and leader (PESTLE Analysis,2017). In this PEST is main external factor the impact on decision-making and operational management. These are determined as under: Illustration1: PESTLE Analysis (Source:PESTLE Analysis,2017) Political:M&S experienced stalled growth and success in its international business operations due to substandard infrastructure, global uncertainties and minimised profitability in the new marketplace (Starr and Van Wassenhove, 2014). It highly effect the government role in analysing environmental regulations, investment norms, taxes, establishing labour policies. All these factors are impact on operational management because in this business manager and leader are not capable to follow all rules and regulations of entire countries. It is also impacted on decision-making process of manager and leader to where expand business operations and activities. 13
Economic:This factor determine industry growth and future economic outlook of the M&S. Furthermore, such factors such as raw material cost, spending, inflation and many other factors that impact on operational management and decision-making process (Stevenson and Sum, 2015). For example: Fluctuation in raw material cost effect on operational management and in which manager and leader of the company not take appropriate decision which impact on business growth and development. Social: This factor in the M&S includes populations demographics, buying patterns and culture aspects. In this main role of manager and leader is to identify the trends and needs of customers. Thus, this factor effects on operational management of the M&Sand decision- making process of leader and manager. Technological: It is another factor which impact on the decision-making activity of manager and leader. It is also impact on operational management of the company in direct manner. For example: M&S decide to up-grate in their mobile technology which help an enterprise to easily manufacture their goods (Tummala and Schoenherr, 2011). In this manager and leader make decision about providing training to the employees about the technology. Therefore, technological factor impact on business operation and activities in a direct way. 6 Critical evaluation of application of operations management to manage factors in respect to external environment Operational management is more essential and important part for the success and growth of an organization. With the help of political factor, company is capable to identify rules and regulations of different country and manufacture goods and services as per the need of people. Company can produce better and good quality to the customers that will help an enterprise to maintain economic situation of country. It will also help in attracting large number of customers which will further assist in improving social factor. With the help of technology factor, company can easily produce their products and services to the customers which will also essential for the developmentandgrowthofcompanyinlimitedtimeperiod.Inaccuratemanagementof operation is also effect on business performance and profitability in a direct manner. Operation management is more essential and significant for the M&S in order to manage their external sources in an effective manner.Crucial for operations. Short-term or Sudden variation in demand effect onproductivity, capacity utilisation, etc. Alteration in interest rates also effect on the cost of financing capital investment in management of operations. Greater 14
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regulation and rules of the environment places unique challenges for objectives ofoperations. Also very essential – particularly in marketplace where product life cycles are little, production processes are costly andinnovation is rife. With the help of operations management elements such as Six Sigma, Lean production etc., company can easily manager their external environment and achieve better results within predetermined time duration. Operationmanagementcanassistanenterprisetoimplementstrategicobjectives, process, strategies, planning and controlling. Thus with the help of this an organization can easily enhance their success and growth at marketplace. High cost of equipment, difficulties of adopting to changes in demand, under utilization of human capabilities are consider main disadvantage for the operations of company. 7 Conclusion and recommendation for future improvement of organization From the above mentioned information it can be concluded that operational management is essential for the company because it help them in reducing wastage and improving sales. There are some recommendation to the Marks & Spencer which are determined as under: Company should adopt different technology which will assist in producing goods and services at quick manner. M&S should provide training and development to their workers who has lack of knowledge about technology. Thus, it will also assist an enterprise to achieve better results within predetermined time period. Company should try to innovate in their manufacturing process which will also essential in attracting large number of customers and achieving long term goals and objectives. M&S should follow the concept of online purchasing which will help them to maximize customer satisfaction and retain long run sustainability at marketplace. Another and main recommendation to the clothing sector is to use social media platform which will help an organization to maximize customers base and increase their sales. CONCLUSION From the above mentioned information, it can be concluded that, operations management is important for the company to produce quality products orbetter service to the customers. There are different approaches to operations management which are used by the company to maintain wastage of products and increase their profitability. In this leader and manager play 15
vital role in maintaining three types of situation such as stable, moderate and fast change. For this, situational, contingency and system theory of leadership also significant for the leader to deal difficult situation in a systematic manner. External factor of business environment impact on the operational management of firm in a direct manner. It will also effect on the decision-making process of manager and leader of company about expanding business operation at large scale. 16
REFERENCES Books and Journals Online PESTLE Analysis.2017. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.mbaskool.com/business- concepts/marketing-and-strategy-terms/7249-pestle-analysis.html>. 17