Leadership and Management Concepts

This assignment delves into the concepts of leadership and management, analyzing their distinct characteristics and how they contribute to organizational effectiveness. It examines various models of leadership, such as the Three Levels of Leadership Model, and explores the interplay between these concepts in different operational contexts. The references provided offer diverse perspectives on leadership and management within various industries like transportation, healthcare, and business.

Management and operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager..............................................................3
P2 Roles of a leaders and the functions of a manager in different situational contexts..............4
P3 Different theories and models of approach............................................................................5
P4 Key approaches to the operations management ...................................................................7
P5 Importance of Operations Management in achieving Objectives..........................................8
P6 Factors Affecting Business environment...............................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
In this era of competition , it is important to manage the affairs of the organisation in an
appropriate manner. For this, the managers and leaders plays a significant role. According to the
prevailing situations they make suitable strategy to reach the destination. Various approaches are
used by the managers to deal with a particular problem. Decision making is one of the major task
to be accomplished by the managers. In this assignment, the roles and responsibilities of the
leaders and the mangers are elaborated along with the importance of operation management. For
this, the company Marks & Spencer is taken into consideration.
Task 1
P1 Roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Marks & Spencer is a British multinational retailer company of clothing and accessories
in London. To beat the competitors at this time , it has introduced many new products also, for
example, home products, luxury food products etc. so as to attract more and more customers. It
has flat organisational structure with a managing director at the top having managers of
marketing, engineering and finance etc. Again , managers may, in turn, have many clerical
people or other employees working for them. Hence, the company is having only three levels of
employees for better flow of work.
Leaders in an organisation are the persons whom people follow while managers are
associated with the people who work for them. For the success of any business organisation, it is
important to have the leaders and mangers of strong personality and attitude to reach the target
with efficiency. Though both are responsible for the growth of organisation, still there is
difference between them. Managers have subordinates to work for them while leaders have
followers(Jacobs and et.al., 2014). Managers set or creates the goal while leaders create a vision
to accomplish the goals by directing people to do a particular task. Leaders are the agents to
innovate new things in an organisation. They embrace the change while managers try to stick
with the system which is better in their knowledge. Hence, we can say that leaders are of unique
qualities while the managers just mimic the attitude they learn from others. Leaders take risks by
adopting new methods while the mangers try to control the risk factor. Leaders try to plan for a
long term rather than the managers who thinks only for a short term. Leaders build relationships
while the mangers build systems and the processes to reach the goal. In this way, both have
several responsibilities upon them to attain the target.

To analyse the same, Fayolism Theory of business management is taken into
consideration. IT is introduced by French mining engineer Henri Fayol . This theory describes
six major roles of the managers ( forecasting, planning, organising, commanding, coordinating
and controlling) along with some principles to interact with a staff in a better way. According to
him, managers serves as a benevolent leader for the organisation . They supervise the employees
and direct them to do a particular task. Also in this theory , emphasis is given to the employees
who take initiation to innovate new things in the organisation.
Scientific management theory is also there which puts emphasis on cooperative work
environment where healthy relationship between the leaders and the employees will lead to
increase in efficiency (Asam and et.al., 2015).
Similarly, behavioural theory of leadership reflects the human behaviour with the help of
there relationship with the leaders. In M&S, transformational leadership approach is used where
employees can share their ideas with the managers to innovate new products. In this way, the
leaders and the mangers plays a vital role to achieve the target of the firm.
P2 Roles of a leaders and the functions of a manager in different situational contexts
Leaders and the managers are important functionality for any organisation. Depending
upon the situations they have to make the decisions. For this, they have to consider various
factors , like, characteristics of the employees, types of work, organisational
structures,management's influences etc.
At present time, the major task for the company M&S is to beat the prevailing
competition to attract more and more customers. H&M, French connection etc. are its major
competitors (Calais and et.al., 2017). To cope up with this situation, the mangers and the leaders
have to frame the rule accordingly to mange the affairs in a better way.
Earlier, autocratic leadership approach was used by the company where the leaders had a
complete control over the employees. Installing this, the employees were not able to
communicate with the managers in a better way and hence, they were not satisfied. This
ultimately had a after-effect on the performance of the employees. To beat the competitors at the
present time, the company has adopted transformational leadership approach. With the help of
this, now the employees can communicate the managers as and when they have any confusion.
This leads to their performance improvement and hence, efficient results are attained. The
mangers now entertain the ideas given by the employees to implement new products which are

different from the other competitors regarding the style and the quality. For this the mangers
have to be more detail-oriented to implement the strategic visions of the employees in an
appropriate way. In this way, according to the prevailing situation , the leaders and the mangers
have to take decisions (Kuhn and et.al., 2017).
To expand its target market , the company has also started giving online services. For this
the staff should be of requisite qualities. For the same ,new recruitments are done by the
managers so that an innovative mind can put efforts for the growth of the organisation. While
doing this, the interest of the existing employees is also taken into consideration by giving them
new opportunities. Team work is now emphasised by the managers to avoid any communication
gap while doing any particular task. They started giving rewards and incentives to the employees
for their performance to encourage them. In this way, with the changing environment, the
managers and leaders change their policies to cope up with the situations.
P3 Different theories and models of approach
An effective leader is one who is able to cope up with the prevailing situations with the
help of implementation of various theories and models of the leadership. The leadership theory
has been evolved after understanding the needs and expectations of the employees , impact of
various leadership styles on the followers and its effectiveness in the prevailing situations.
Earlier these theories were introduced only while considering the target to be achieved without
considering the employees and hence , autocratic approaches are used by the leaders where they
control all the affairs of the company. But today , the mangers and leaders have to adopt the
approaches to have a better communication with the employees so that they do not feel left out
and hence transformational and democratic type of leadership approaches has emerged out. In
democratic approach,leaders have all the responsibilities but they also delegate some of them to
the employees to increase their involvement. In transformational approach, liberty is given to the
employees to innovate any new products by sharing ideas with the mangers. This is adopted by
M&S to beat the competition (Heizer, 2016).

To have an efficient leadership , one has to maintain proper and healthy private and
public relations to influence them in a better way. This comes under outer or the behavioural
level. Similarly, one has to maintain its inner level by having suitable skills and qualities to assist
the work (Gillen and et.al., 2016).
Various theories of leadership are as follows:
 Situational leadership theory: According to this, the leaders can make the strategy
according to the situations. It says that there is no single best style of leadership. The
successful leaders are those who adapt the style according to the need. The fundamental
concept behind this theory is leadership style and the employees performance readiness
level. Though it may have some disadvantages also. For example, the employees try to
get away from the work to restrain the same , but to settle down the situations ,this
strategy is adopted.
 Contingency theory: This theory says that the optimal course of action is dependent upon
the external or internal situations prevailing in the environment (Donaldson-Feilder and
et.al., 2016). For example, if one has to beat the competitors, it has to adopt the policies
according to it so that the production is of requisite qualities. For this the leaders and
employee relationship , degree of task structure , leader's position power need to be
Illustration 1: LEVELS OF
LEADERSHIP MODEL
Sources: Management
journal,2018

understand at first. It is advantageous to cope up with the unstable situations though it has
some disadvantages also. For example, any flaws in the understanding will lead to the
inappropriate decision making which is not in the favour of the organisation.
 System leadership theory: This theory is concerned with understanding the system by
examining the connection and the interaction between the various components of he
organisation to deal with them in a proper way. This helps in proper communication
between the mangers at different level to attain the target but at the same time, it is
difficult to manage the situational factors as and when they affect the premises since no
proper track record of the competitors is maintained.
P4 Key approaches to the operations management
Operational management can be defined as the management of all the processes to
convert input to an output. Since all the companies have certain kinds of operations to create an
optimal output from the resources present, it is better to be familiar with the basics to mange
these operations. It involves planning, organising and supervising the processes so that the
necessary improvement can be made to increase the profitability.
This is done to achieve the target of the organisation in an efficient way. It has now
became a multidisciplinary functional area of any company along with the finance and
marketing. General management, factory and equipment management all can be accomplished
using this. The managers should have a proper understanding of strategic policies, raw material
planning, manufacturing, production system and all the other factors related to it. The managers
should be of requisite qualities to maintain all these to beat the competition.
This management focus on reality and hence, all the elements are predicted prior to the
production (Chevalier and et.al., 2015). The leaders and the managers have to allocate the proper
responsibilities to the subordinates to avoid any conflicts. The passion of the employees plays a
major role in this. This is the responsibility of the mangers and the leaders to deal with the same.
They must have to team up with the customers for the rapid and continuous improvement and to
provide them with their needs. Proper communication should be there between the employees
and the managers so that they understand the purpose of their work in a better way.
They must have to track the competitors to stand out in the target market. Proper training
sessions and job rotation should be provided to the employees to keep them satisfied. Visibility
management should also be done to mange the affairs of the company.

M&S company also needs various kinds of raw materials to produce any product. For this
proper site must be chosen first. Raw material to produce the garments is the most important
factor. It is significant to have a quality and cost efficient raw material to make the production
attractive and affordable for the customers. For this, the marketing managers have to establish
healthy relationship with the suppliers. The managers have to recruit skilled staff at regular
intervals to innovate new designs. Again, the machinery plays an important role to convert the
raw material into finished goods (Venkat and et.al., 2015). The employees should be trained in
proper way while installing any new and advanced machinery. Cost of implementation is also an
important factor. The managers have to take proper decisions regarding same. For this proper
designing have to be done.
The approach of BPR( Business Process Re-engineering) have to be implemented so as
to foster innovation and to improve the quality of the products. Lean and agile manufacturing
has to be done. This is to reduce the wastage while manufacturing. Six Sigma approach has to be
used to minimize the defects with the help of defining, measuring, analysing, improving and
controlling the factors related to the production. Total quality control has to be established to
improve the qualities of the product and using just in time approach of production to minimize
the ideal time.
P5 Importance of Operations Management in achieving Objectives.
Each association has a few objectives and targets to accomplish and consequently they
are conceived. There is a specific one long haul target of the firm which is accomplished through
various arrangement of little destinations. We regularly call that long haul objective as vision of
the undertaking and the little objective is known Mission of the organization. As Mark and
Spencer likewise have a similar want of accomplishing the destinations and for that level to
achieve tasks of the organization ought to be sufficiently precise with the goal that each
arrangement of missions can be accomplished in time and his will help in accomplishing the
vision of M and S. Keeping operational productivity in good shape will help M and S to
accomplish their set targets(Schiller, 2016). In this way, accomplishing goals will just get from
right evaluation of and undertaking of the task's administration.
Tasks administration has been the key in overseeing and keeping up the exercises at more
extensive level and additionally at the shorter level. Tasks of Mark and Spencer. ought to be led
and embraced in such a way by the pioneers and supervisors that they will get in accomplishing

the coveted points and destinations. On the off chance that activities of the organization are
embraced in a proficient and a successful way then because of effective utilization of assets it
will help in making and making a positive effect on the working of the association(Rushton,
Croucher and Baker, 2014). Mark and Spencer being in the retail segment need to keep their
tasks chiefly identified with conveyance channels and along these lines they have to continue
settling on choices strategically, deliberately and operationally so they can accomplish effective
dissemination procedures and in this way those systems will help in accomplishing the coveted
outcomes. In this way, Leaders and administrators are critical in keeping up the tasks of business
in staying up with the latest certain exercises which have significant effect on the benefit of the
organization. Tasks of the M and S incorporates fabricating exercises, deals, showcasing, fund,
basic leadership capacities, human asset, and so on. Consequently, every one of these exercises
must be performed in a successful and productive way with the goal that guaranteeing the work
did ought to be according to the models made.
P6 Factors Affecting Business environment.
There are several factors which will affect on the business environment and the decisions
of the manager will be influence for the poor performance. So it is important for the organisation
to focus on this factor while taking any decisions which are changing to the direction of the Mark
and Spencer. The affect can be negative and positive which can be understand in a various
manner. The factor which will affect the businesses environment explain below:
 Economic factors: This can be the most important factor which affect to the business
environment. The economy of the United kingdom is not in the better condition which
will direct impact on the various firm which have conflicts of between the small retailer
for the cost of goods increase due to currency impact of Brexit(Nakayama and Bucks,
2012). The interest rate and inflation are increasing which makes the negative impact on
the Mark and Spencer. During the recession time all the firms are not able manage
revenue because the earning ability will be decrease and the organisation will not focus
on the high production which can be contribute in the development of the company by
analysis of the economy and take the decision as per the organisation required.
 Social Factors: This can be the most important factor for the Mark and Spencer in which
the customer are the main element for them. The brand image have been and establish

due to these factors. It can be considered as the change in taste and preference of
customer which may impact on the organisation performance. The Mark and Spencer will
focus on the change in fashion by launching the innovation products but the adoption
from the customer will be depend on the demographic conditions. So the leader and
manager have to be considered for this factors before taking any decision in the favour of
organisations.
 Political factors: This is also an important factor in which the government will involve
with the various policy implementation such as reduction in sourcing costs due to the free
trade. The main impact seen at the time of Brexit to have importance in which the
implication for businesses. Changing government and taxation policy is also an another
issues for the Mark and Spencer.
 Technological Factor: This can be the another factor which will affect on business
environment. The organisation have done the technology partnership to strengthen
security, risk and compliance(Murray, 2016). So it is important for the leader and
manager need to considered the technology factor for the effective operation and
management.
 Legal Factor: For the every organisation this factor will affect business environment in
which the legal rules and regulation need to take on the top priority for any decisions.
Because the leader and manager are the key people who will analysis the legislation of
the nation related the business. The financial disputes of the Mark and Spencer with the
Frascati landlords will also increase the brand image and the factor will also influence the
decision of leader and manager.
 Environment Factor: For leader and manager decisions making and the environment
factor will affect the business environment. The Mark and Spencer focus on
environmental friendly products which are sustainable in nature.
CONCLUSION
From the report Management and operation it can be inferred that the effective roles and
traits of the leader and manner will help to boost the firms performance. Leadership theories will
assist to make the positive impact on leader. The organisation must applied Quality Culture the

approach for the effective operation Management. Also the Economic and legal factor is
affecting the Mark and Spencer business environment which will influence the decision of leader
and manager.

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York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Asam, S. and et.al., 2015. Climate Change Adaptation Guide for Transportation Systems
Management, Operations, and Maintenance (No. FHWA-HOP-15-026).
Calais, J.F.L.G. and et.al., 2017. Management and operations maintenance for a water treatment
and supply company.
Kuhn, B. and et.al., 2017. Active Traffic Management (ATM) Implementation and Operations
Guide(No. FHWA-HOP-17-056).
Heizer, J., 2016. Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India.

Gillen, D. and et.al., 2016. Airport demand management: The operations research and economics
perspectives and potential synergies. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and
Practice. 94. pp.495-513.
Chevalier, P. and et.al., 2015. Revenue management for operations with urgent orders. European
Journal of Operational Research. 240(2). pp.476-487.
Venkat, A. and et.al., 2015. Strategic management of operations in the emergency
department. Production and Operations Management. 24(11). pp.1706-1723.
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