Innovation and Commercialisation: A Brief History of the Mobile and Smartphone
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Added on 2021-10-29
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This assignment covers Learning Outcome 1&2 (LO1, LO2) of Unit 8: Innovation and Commercialisation. The history of technological change in smartphone industry is bound with initial radical breakthroughs (inventions) followed by incremental improvements (innovations). The assignment requires highlighting such inventions and innovations and determining the difference between (1) inventions of technological breakthroughs and (2) major innovations and (3) minor/incremental innovations. The different sources of innovations related to the product of Motorola MicroTAC 9800x (1989), IBM’s Simon (1994) are analyzed.
Innovation and Commercialisation: A Brief History of the Mobile and Smartphone
Added on 2021-10-29
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NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS HIGHER NATIONALS BTEC HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS (RQF) Unit Code, NumberandTitle M/508/0494 RQF level 5 - Unit 8: Innovation and Commercialisation Semester and AcademicYearSemester 1, Academic year 2019 - 2020 UnitAssessor(s)Pham Quang Ngoc / Bui Thu Van AssignmentNumberand TitleIC A1.1:Invention, Innovation, Diffusion (Assessment 1 of 2) IssueDate Monday, October 21st, 2019 SubmissionDate10.00 am on Tuesday, January 14th, 2020 IVNamePhan Thi Thuc Anh IV DateMonday, October 21st, 2019 Student name NEU Student IDPearson ID Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and students who break the rules, however innocently, may be penalised. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand correct referencing practices. As a university level student, you are expected to use appropriate references throughout and keep carefully detailed notes of all your sources of materialsfor material you have used in your work, including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please consult the relevant unit lecturer or your course tutor if you need any further advice. Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student(s) name(s) / SignatureDate: 1
Submission format and Instructions: This assignment (Assessment 1 of 2) covers Learning Outcome 1&2 (LO1, LO2). This is an individual assignment. The submission format is in the form of a written assignment. The assignment should have a cover page that includes the assignment code, number, tittle, assessors’ names and student’s name and ID. Attach all the pages of assignment brief with your report and leave them blank for official use. Ensure that authenticity declaration has been signed. Include a content sheet with a list of all headings and page numbers. Plagiarismis unacceptable. Studentsmustciteallsourcesand input theinformationby paraphrasing,summarising or usingdirectquotes. A Fail Grade isgiven when Plagiarismis identified in yourwork. There are noexceptions. Your evidence/findingsmustbe cited using Harvard Referencing Style. Please refer to Reference guiding posted on Moodle. This assignment should be written in a concise, formal business style using Arial 12 or Times New Roman 13 font size and 1.5 spacing. The word limit is 4,000 words (+/- 10%). If you exceed the word limit (excluding references and administrative sections) your grade will be penalised. YouMUSTcomplete and submit ahardcopyand softcopyof your workon the due datesstated on Assignment brief. Alllate workis not allowed to submit. Thisruleisnot waived under any circumstances.Thesoftcopymust be submitted to Turn-it-in via Moodle; the hardcopyto Assignment Box, Room 404A, D2 building. Read ALL Instructionson thisPage andreviewthe Pass, Meritand Distinction criteria carefully. To pass the assignment, you must achieve ALL the Pass Criteria outlined in the marking sheet. To achieve a Merit, you must achieve ALL the Merit criteria (and therefore the Pass criteria). To achieve a Distinction, you must achieve ALL the Distinction criteria (and therefore the Pass and Merit criteria). UnitLearningOutcomes: LO1:Explain the context for innovation and determine the difference between invention and innovation LO2: Explain the different types of innovation AssessmentBriefandGuidance: Scenario and activities: A brief history of the mobile and smartphone Smartphones have irrevocably changed our lives. Mobile internet access allows employees to work from anywhere, while countless apps help people file their taxes, track their spending, or simply stay in touch with old friends. But how did our pocket computers get their start? 2
Figure 1. A brief history of mobile phone 1973-2007 1970s Discounting earlier technologies like the unreliable WWI wireless field telephone [1], the accepted birthday for the cellular telephone is April 3, 1973 [2]. Standing near a 900 MHz base station in midtown Manhattan, undoubtedly surrounded by bell bottom jeans and crocheted midi-dresses [3], Motorola employee Martin Cooper dialed the number of Bell Labs in New Jersey. We don’t know exactly what was said on this call. We do know that Cooper used the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x [4], a product that wouldn’t go on sale to the public for another decade. But that call was the beginning of a mobile revolution. By 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) introduced the first ever (analog) 1G phone service [5] in Tokyo. 1980s Although NTT gave Japanese consumers the first access to mobile phone service, it was several years before the technology moved into the mainstream worldwide. On October 13, 1983 [6], Ameritech Mobile Communications became the first company to launch a 1G phone network in the US, starting with Chicago. On March 13, 1984 [7], the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x of Cooper’s call finally went on sale—for $3,995. The 8000x wasn’t very mobile—it weighed almost two pounds and took ten hours to charge for thirty minutes of talk time. By April 25, 1989 [8], the Motorola MicroTAC 9800x [9] showcased true mobility with its (relatively) compact size and flip-up mouthpiece. Of course, they both still had antennae, and could only be used to place calls. The 1989 Motorola MicroTAC 9800x, with a flip-up mouthpiece and retractable antenna, weighed less than one pound and was designed to fit in a shirt pocket. Courtesy Redrum0486. Figure 2. The first mobile phone worthy of the name. 3
1990s Appropriately for a decade that saw the reunification of Germany and the official formation of the European Union, the first GSM call was made in 1991. The GSM standard established a common network across Europe and provided users with uninterrupted service even when they crossed borders. The first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, which went on sale November 9, 1992 [10], also introduced text- messaging. And here’s where we preview the smartphone. When IBM’s Simon [11] was released on August 16, 1994, it was a bit early to the game. You could send email (and faxes!), sketch on its touchscreen with the included stylus, and consult the calendar, world time clock, and address book. But you couldn’t surf the web—after all, NCSA’s Mosaic [12] browser had only appeared one year earlier and home computers were just starting to adapt. Figure 3. What was the First Smartphone: This video takes a look at some little known history. The IBM Simon personal communicator really was well ahead of its time. [13] While IBM’s Simon was a bold entry into the market, it wasn’t exactly the smoothest starting point for 4
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