Leadership Qualities and Applications

This assignment delves into the essential qualities that define great leaders. It examines twelve specific characteristics, providing a comprehensive understanding of their significance and practical applications. The document incorporates excerpts from academic sources and online resources to illustrate these leadership principles through various examples and case studies.

Management and
Operation

INTRODUCTION
In modern era, It is one of the major aspect which applicable within every organisation
because it helps to carry off business deals and functions in an systematic way. Apart from this,
it is incumbent to be implement effective management system at the work place so that workers
will significantly performed their tasks and achieve their targets. (White, 2016) Basically, this
report based on Marks and Spencer, it is a leading British multinational retail organisation which
sells clothing, home products, luxury food products and so more to customers as per their needs
and requirements. Therefore, in this report will discussing about roles and characteristics of
leaders and managers of M&S. Additionally, key approaches of operations and management also
different type of leadership model will effectively elaborated in the context of M&S. In the last,
will systematically analyse and evaluate several factors which impacts on management system of
the company. (Chen and et. al., 2010)
TASK 1
P 1 Roles and characteristics of leaders and a manager
Basically, Marks and Spencer is an largest British retail organisation which is founded in
1884. It provides clothes, foods, home products and so m ore to consumers as per their needs and
requirements. In this organisation, large number of capable and skilled employees are working
for getting success in the competitive market place. Along with this, within the organisation has
some managers and leaders who helps to manage and control business actions. Thus, personnel
importantly performed their transactions and attain their goals. In order to this, there are
explaining major roles and characteristic of managers and leaders of M&S such as follows:
Leaders: Leadership is an quality of a person which aids to leads and provides
appropriate directions and guidelines to followers towards their works.(Brennan and et. al.,
2011) hence, followers will insignificantly performed their tasks and achieve their goals in an
impelling style. Basically, leader is a person who have several qualities and skills due to this
leader can easy motivate and increased confidence level of their staff members.
Managers: In the context of managers, which person who has responsible to carry off
and control all over business activates and transactions in an systematic mode. Thus, managers of
M&S has major duty is to allocate tasks to personnel as per their qualification and capabilities so
that they can importantly performed their tasks and get success in the competitive market place.
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Apart from this, there are explaining roles and characteristics of managers and leaders within the
Marks and Spencer such as follows:
ROLES OF LEADERS
Conduct plans and programmes
Execute training and development
Be a good listener
Clarify the goals and objectives
Conduct plans and programmes: Leaders are necessary at every level of the
organisation because they helps to execute and implement appropriate plans and programmes
within the organisation. Whereas, managers aids to manage and control business activities and
allocate the works to staff members as per their skills and abilities. (Handschin and Petroianu,
2012)
Execute training and development: Leaders of M&S helps to snap appropriate
suggestions to their followers towards their works thus they can understand how they should
performed their operations. Apart from this, managers of the firm assist to conduct effective
training and development programmes with in the organisation so that staff members will
effectively motivate and confident for their targets.
Be a good listener: Leader must be have a good listener within the organisation so that
their followers can easy to share their issues and problems with leader. It helps to make healthy
relationship with team members.
Clarify the goals and objectives: It is necessary to be clarify main objectives and targets
to all team members by the leader so that they can also decided their long and short term targets
which have to be attain in future.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGERS
Administrator
Positive attitude and behaviour
Equally treat to everyone
Measure working performance
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Administrator: Managers has major duty is to record all over activities and operations of
the business firm in an systematic way so that they can take proper decision and resolve
problems with the help of suitable solution.
Positive attitude and behaviour: Managers should have positive attitude and behaviour
within the organisation. (Chen and et. al., 2011 )
Equally treat to everyone: Managers has major responsibility is to effectively and
equally treat to all staff members so that significantly reduce discrimination level from the work
place.
Measure working performance: They should be measure and analyse the actual
working style and performance of staff members on the regular basis.
M 1 Variations between the role of leader and role of a manager by applying theories
Every organisation wants to get competitive advantages from the market place. Thus, it is
needed to be perform major roles and responsibilities to all employees and employers of the
Marks and Spencer. So that they can easy to understand customer's needs and requirements in an
impelling way. In the context of leaders, it is an effective quality of a person which aids to give
appropriate guidelines to others. Whereas, managers of the company helps to systematically
allocate works to employees as per their skills. Apart from this, one of the major difference
among leaders and managers is managers can become leaders but leaders cannot able to become
mangers of the company.
D 1 Different theories and approaches to leadership
As per above define, leadership is an quality of a person which helps to lead their
followers towards their works and operations. Due to this, it is required to be have leadership
quality in employees so that they can significantly handle any kind of situations and provides
effective directions to others. There are several type of leadership theories such as trait theory, X
and Y theory and contingency leadership theory which can be used by M&S. (Smith, Rahn and
Wang, 2010)
TASK 2
P 2 Functions of a leader and the purpose of a manger in various situation
Marks and Spencer is an largest and leading retail organisation of UK it dealing with
food, home products, clothes and so more. However, at this time effectively increased the
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competition level among retail stores due to this every retail organisations wants to get success
and set an brand image market place. Therefore, it is required to be systematically delegate the
roles and responsibilities to employees as per their qualification and skills so that they will
significantly performed their duties within the organisation. Apart from this, leaders and
managers plays several roles in different situations of the enterprise due to this, organization can
get success and succeed their goals. Furthermore, in the several situations of the company has
included various risks which directly impacts of company as well as their working performance.
Hence, there are explaining different risks which may be faced by managers and leaders such as
follows:
 Physical risk
 Location risk
 Personnel risk
 Technological risk
 Prioritizing risk
 Management risk.
In order to this, within the organisation has may be occur different kind of situations in
which concluded several risks which instantly affects on business. Therefore, it is incumbent to
significantly analysed and appraise with the help of appropriate acting and proficiency. On the
other hand, managers and leader of the company plays several roles and suctions in several kind
of situations. (Gregg, 2017)
For example: As per above define roles and characteristics of managers and leaders
which have to be performed within the organisation such as: Leaders are responsible to conduct
training and development programmes and activities within the organisation while employees of
M&S needs training towards their works as well as managers should have positive attitude
towards their staff members additionally must be treat equally to them. (Nakayama and Bucks,
2012)
P 3 Theories and models of approach including different leadership
Generally, within the organisation occur several kind of situations and issues which
impact on performance and working style of the company. Due to this, It is necessary to be face
and resolve them with the help of appropriate solutions. Hence, leaders of the organisation plays
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different role at the work place. Therefore, there are several type of leadership theories and
methods which can be used by Marks and Spencer, which all are explaining under follows:
Illustration 1: Leadership
(Source- Gregg, 2017)
 Trait theory: This leadership theory totally based on several traits of persons with the
help of effective traits employees can easy to attain their goals and objectives. Hence,
with the help of this leadership theory can easy to develop ability and working
incapability of persons due to this they insignificantly performed their dealings.(Lisi,
2010) For example: At work place of business firm have working different type of
person who belong to several cultures due to this they have their won different traits.
 Theory X and Y: In the context of this leadership theory, there are concluded two type
of workers through this they can easy to identify their practical capabilities and skills in
an impelling way. Thus, X type of employees who does not like to do work within the
organisation these kind of persons motivate by the incentives and punishment. Whereas,
Y type of staff members are already motivated and confident towards their works and
tasks. Thus, there is not required to give incentives and rewards for achieve targets.
(Rani and Moreira, 2010) For example: Within the organisation John is an X type of
person who does not like to do work as well as he does not motivate by incentives and
punishment. Whereas peter is an Y type of individual who likes to do work and he focus
on to get success.
 Contingency theory: This is one of the major leadership theory with the help of this can
easy to find out new talents and capabilities in employees. Contingency leadership
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theory can be used by Marks and Spencer in several situations. With the help leadership
concept employees of the firm can face and resolve several kind of situations with the
help of appropriate solutions. Due to this, respectively develop healthy environment
within the business firm so that staff members of the company significantly performed
their tasks and achieve their targets in an impelling style. For example: Leader of an
particular team can use this leadership method for identifying and choosing skilled and
capable employees from the organisation so that they can attain their targets.
 Situational leadership: This type of leadership style used in some particular situation
by the leaders. With the help of this easy to manage and handle any kind of situations of
the business firm. For example: While an company appoint new candidates within the
organisation and they needs some leadership guidelines and suggestions by the leaders in
this condition company it can be used.
 System leadership: This is the last leadership concept in which all leadership activities
and operations are complete in an systematic style. For example: There are every
dealings are arranged as per their priorities as well as proper required time frame. So that
team members can effectively complete their work and attain goals.
M 2 Strengths and weakness of different approaches to situations within environment
As per above define several of leadership theories which can be used by Marks and
Spencer. Along with this, it is requisite to choose appropriate and suitable leadership methods
according to the situations of the company because different type of leadership approaches has
some strengths and weaknesses. Due to this, it is needful to be properly analyse and appraise
condition of the business firm in the efficient style. (Woo and Lee, 2011)
TASK 3
P4 Important formulations to operations management and the role of leaders and mangers
Managers and leaders of the company are responsible for effectively evaluate analyse the
several type of situations and condition of the business firm because it may be instantly treaty on
company. Apart from this, there are several type of methods and approaches which can be
adopted by M&S within the organisation for carrying off and controlling business actions. Due
to this, business firm can easy to get occurrent in the competitive market place. Apart from this,
operations management can be consider as an important concept for every organisation because
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it helps to maintain working environment of the company in an impelling style. However, there
are defining several roles of leaders and managers of Marks and Spencer which should be
effectively performed by them in different situations of company such as follows:
Managers Leaders
 Effectively allocation of works and
tasks to employees.
 Conduct effective motivational
programmes and activities.
 Significantly manage and control
business activities.
 Try to increased working capabilities
and skills of employees.
 To provides appropriate guidelines and
directions to followers.
 Try to develop healthy and effective
relationship with staff members.
 Significantly lead to employees
towards their works and tasks.
In the other words, There are contrary type of approaches which can be used by Marks
and Spencer such as follows:
 TQM(Total Quality management): It is one of the major concept which can be used by
Marks and Spencer. It helps to manage and maintain quality of company's products and
services in an impelling style. (Neck and Manz, 2010) for example: Marks and Spencer it
can be use this method for managing and increasing quality of their products and
services.
 Lean production: This method aids to increased production level of company's products
and goods. Due to this, employees of the firm significantly maximum utilise resources
and material in an impelling style. For example: Employers of the organisation can use
this method for increasing the production level of their products and goods.
 Six Sigma: In the context of this method, it aids to enhanced quality of results and
outcomes of the company. Additionally, through this company can get success and attain
their targets. Basically, this concept developed by Motorola in 1986 for reducing the level
of defectives and problems from the products. For example: This method can be used by
employers of M&S for removing problems and increasing quality.
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 Just in time (JIT): In this method company produce their products and goods as per
their order level which will be give by the customers as per their needs. It helps to reduce
wastage of resources and material. For example: Marks and Spencer can use this method
within the organisation and produce their services as per the order of customers.
 Management by objectives (MBO): In the aspect of this method in which should be set
and clarify the goals of the business firm to every team members. For example: Major
objectives of Marks and Spencer should be clear and informed to every staff members so
that they focus on their targets.
 Queuing theory: Basically, it is an mathematical tool which used in the planning process
with the help of this aspect can easy to arrange all business activities and operations. For
example: This theory can be adopted by Marks and Spencer for systematically arranged
all operations of the firm as per their priorities.
P5 Values and worth of operations management in achieving business aims
Generally, it is one of the major concept for every organisation because it aids to succeed
and relation business actions and operations. Through this aspect employers can expand their
size and scope due to this they can get high number of attention also can build an brand image in
the market place. (Mendis, Muttaqi and Perera, 2014)Apart from this, there are explaining
different benefits and values of operations management in the context of Marks and Spencer
such as follows:
 Improves organisation productivity: Operation management aids to exaggerated
productivity and profitability of organisation because by doing this effective management
system employees will effectively provides better services and facilities to customers.
Hence, they can easy to pull in high number of clients towards business firm in an
impelling way.
 Management of customer's satisfaction: Operation management helps to manage and
control business actions. Due to this, workers of the firm can easy to understand and give
fully spirit to consumers as per their needs and requirements.
 Expensive but important: This concept is costly and expensive in nature but is plays
vital role within the organisation because it helps to increased working efficiency and
effectiveness of employees. Thus, it is needful for every business firm must be implement
effective operation management system at work place of company. (Pinkerton, 2011)
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 Attract high number of customers: Marks and Spencer wants to get large number of
attention from their clients so that their income and sales will respectively increased.
 Compete with the major competitors: It seeks to be adopt smart and effective strategies
within the organisation so that they can compete with their major competitors and get
advantages of competition.
M3 Assessment of leaders and managers can meliorate efficiencies
As per above define leaders an managers of the firm assist to increased working
efficiency and effectiveness of employees due to this they insignificantly performed their tasks
and reach their goals in an impelling mode. Thus, leaders and manages of the company plays
several role within the organisation such as they helps to maintain business activities as well as
provides appropriate training to all staff members towards their works. So that they will
systematically complete their tasks and attain their goals. Apart from this, leaders and managers
aids to manage and control business activities due to this respectively increased profitability and
productivity level.
D2 Applications of operations management and factors influence the business environment
Inside the structure has included several type of factors which instantly treaty on
company either positive or negative manner. Due to this, it is incumbent to analysed and
assessed all major causes with the help of appropriate play-acting and methods. So that company
can get success and attain their targets in an systematic way. While factors negative affects on
business firm then respectively decrease employee's working performance and skills due to this
they cannot able to complete their targets and achieve goals. Additionally, causes are also
influence brand image of the business firm.
TASK 4
P6 Ingredients within the enterprise environment which influence functional management and
decision-making
Every business firm influenced by several factors which affect their working style and
performance. Consequently, it is requisite to significantly canvass and evaluate with the help of
appropriate methods and techniques. With the help of proper evaluation effectively increased
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productivity and profitability level. Along with this, there are different type of factors which
faced by Marks and Spencer thus these are categorised into to major section which all are
explaining under below such as: (Niknam, Meymand and Mojarrad, 2011)
 Internal: In the context of internal factors, these elements are immediately impacts on
staff members and organisation. Additionally, must try to implement and develop rosy
working state of affairs within the organisation so that employees of the firm effectively
performed their works.
 Employees
 Employers
 Management system
 Internal environment
 Polices
 Rules
 External: It helps to define external factors of the business firm in which carried several
factors which uncertain in the nature thus it is essential to systematically analysed and
evaluate factors by appropriate methods and techniques. However, Marks and Spencer
can use PESTEL analysis tool for examining and evaluating the external factors in an
impelling style. (Thacker and et. al., 2010)
 Customers
 Market condition
 Trends
 Competitors
 Economic condition
 Political issues
 Environmental causes
All these factors are affect on leaders and managers decision making process because due
to these they cannot effectively understand the actual problems and issues as well as they cannot
find out the appropriate solutions for resolving them.
In order to this, while employers of the company significantly manage and control all
these factors then it helps to increased profit and fecundity of the company. Therefore, there are
defining its actual benefits and importance in the context of Marks and Spencer such as follows:
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Corporate social responsibilities: Basically, every business firms are responsible to
invest amount for conducting CSR activities and programmes because it helps to provides better
facilities and services to society due to this they can significantly full fill their needs and
requirements.
M4 Factors affect the business environment and wider community
As per above elaborated several type of factors which impacts on company thus it is
required to be canvass and pass judgement through the appropriate acting and proficiency. Due
to this, respectively decrease working performance and effectiveness of employees towards their
works and targets. Therefore, they cannot significantly performed their allotted tasks. Thus,
managers and leaders are responsible to develop health working environment within the
organisation so that effectively increased manufacturing level of company's commodities and
goods. However, proper and effective evaluation of factors aids to increase sales and revenue of
the company as well as it assist to increase working quality of employees towards their tasks.
With the help of this they significantly get success in the competitive market place also can set
an brand image in an impelling style. (Moghaddam, Seifi and Niknam, 2012)
CONCLUSION
By evaluating this project report it has been concluded that operation management is an
effective concept for every business firm because it aids to bring off and control activities and
operation in an impelling way. Therefore, here has been defined major roles and characteristics
of managers and leaders of Marks and Spencer because they has been played several roles
additionally have some responsibilities which significantly has been performed by them.
However, several type of leadership theories and methods has been elaborated which has been
used by Marks and Spencer for enhancing motivation and confidence level of employees so that
they can get success in the competitive market place. In the last, has been systematically
analysed and evaluated major environmental factors because they directly affect on company as
well as their employee's working performance.
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