Operations and Project Management Sample Assignment

Operations
and
Project Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles..........3
M1 Review and critique implementation of operations management in relation to Six Sigma
methodology and Lean principles..........................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based.................................................................6
M2 Analyse the effectiveness of a continuous improvement plan using appropriate theories,
concepts and/or models........................................................................................................11
D1 Apply appropriate theories, concepts and/or models to justify strategies of a continuous
improvement plan for achieving improved efficiency.........................................................12
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................12
P3 Design Product Life Cycle, business case, project plan and work breakdown structure.12
M3 Analyse the rationale for the project methodologies, tools and leadership within the PLC
for the given project..............................................................................................................19
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................19
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC with help of appropriate to operation and
project management theory or model...................................................................................19
M4 Critically analyse how the use of appropriate theories, concepts and models in the PLC
will differentiate between large and small-scale projects.....................................................21
D2 Critically evaluate the PLC through a practical and theoretical exploration of its
effectiveness.........................................................................................................................21
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................22
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................22

INTRODUCTION
Operational and project management are the two main ongoing processes in which
activities to produce and supply products are performed (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). There
are various features of operational management such as planning, organizing, staffing, leading,
control, time management, motivation and many more. Organization taken for this assignment is
XYZ which is an American and European brand of domestic appliances. It was founded in year
1911 by Earl Richardson. The company is planning to launch a new large screen TV in the
market with a minimum size of 58 inches. It has also planned to include stadium screens in the
production. Topics covered in this assignment are principles of operations management
principles, continuous improvement plan. Along with this, it includes project life cycle and
analysis of PLC by using various methods and approaches.
TASK 1
P1 Review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles
Operations managements is considered as combination of various concept of leadership
within an organisation. By this, a company is able to use their resources in effective and
appropriate manner along with this they also insure that their operations and functions are
conduct in proper ways. There are several type of activities included in operation management
such as planning, organising, motivating, controlling, supervising and many more (Gunasekaran
and Ngai, 2012). For this an organisation can use various approaches and methods so that they
conduct work in an appropriate manner. XYZ use two principles to conduct effective and
efficient operation management that is six sigma and lean principles. Which help them in
launching new large screen Television in marketplace whose minimum size is 58 inches.
Six Sigma
An approach which helps in finding or eliminating defects or issues in offering product,
process or any service by collecting data and framing it on statistical basis. To solve any defects
or issue, a manager should focus on five phases or sub principles that is known as DMAIC.
Define (Finding a problem), Measure (Measurement of existing system), Analyse (Finding root
cause of issue), Improve (Corrective action) and Control (finding support and maintain gains).
By using six sigma XYZ able to collect appropriate information and data which help them in
conducting production process in effective manner. This will also help them in launching 58

inches Television in proper manner at their target market place. Explanation of six sigma in
respect of respective company is given below:
Define- At this stage, manager of XYZ company able to identify problems, issues or
objective which they are currently going through and they need to address it (Harrison and Lock,
2017). By this manager and leader of respective company able to make strategies and plans to
launch large screen TV range in effective manner. If problems are not appropriately recognised,
then it may result in rigidity and bureaucracy that can create delays and stifle creativity.
Measure- In this, company measure issues and problems which they are facing and
identify its root cause. In this manager and leader of XYZ measure different issues and identify
which is more prior to be solve so that they able to conduct their operations and functions in
appropriate manner. In measuring process trained staff is required to monitor the issues and for
small businesses it is not possible to spend money on training.
Analysis- At this manager and leader of XYZ company analysis and identify that on
issues or strategies which they are working is worth full or not. If they find that idea or strategies
is not relevant they will drop out particular idea and design new one which is relevant and
effective. According to this principle the company is not technically allow for the introduction of
new tools or methods whether they are beneficial or not.
Improve- At this stage, manager and leader of respective company conduct analysis and
identify whether any improvement is required or not in respective strategy which they design. If
there is any need of improvement and modification manager and leader make strategies
accordingly. That will help them in attaining goal and objective in effective manner. Six sigma
approach requires long period to respond positively so the higher authority is required to invest
more time and they cannot expect overnight improvements.
Control- In this stage XYZ company apply solution which they design to get over issues
and grab opportunities (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus,2014). In this manager and leader control
and monitor work of their staff and guide them how to accomplish work in effective manner. If
the proposed solutions or improvements are not followed up properly then it may result
negatively and also create worst situation than ever before.
Six Sigma approach helps in identifying or eliminating defects in product, process or any
kind of service by assembling data and analysing it on statistical basis. Five principles are
included in six sigma which are known as DMAIC. Implementation of these principles in TV

manufacturing project helps manager of XYZ in eliminating defects from the product. This
assists company in offering high quality product to customers and satisfy them. Lean principles
gives a framework for developing effective and efficient organisation. Application of these
principles helps manager in finding out inefficiencies within firm and deliver better value to
customers. In operations management, lean principles creates better work process flow and
develop a culture of continuous improvement. This helps XYZ in terms of decreasing cost,
increase profitability, enhance value for customers and gaining competitive advantage in market.
Lean Principles
Lean works for the business to promote or to flow the perceived value to their customers
by giving the perfect guidance in respect of the continuous improvement in management and for
the respect of people (Larson and Gray, 2015). To explain or illustrate in further ways, it is
divided into five stages or its sub principles which works accordingly. Explanation of lean
principles in context of XYZ company is given below:
Determine value- Manager of Hot Point company decide appropriate value for their
products and services which attract and encourage customers in appropriate manner. Along with
this they able to enhance their profitability ratio and numbers of customers. If value is not
properly determined, then it can decrease the market share which was retained by the
organisation sine a long period.
Mapping of value stream- At this stage, manager and leader of XYZ company will
design framework and guideline which help them in conducting work and process in effective
and efficient manner. In this manager able to identify steps which is not appropriate and then
they remove it from process. Mapping is a time taking process and when quick solutions are
required then it cannot help to resolve issues.
Create flow- In this step work or task is able to conduct in appropriate manner because all
hurdles and barriers get remove from process. By which company able to complete work in
appropriate time and in effective manner (Morris, 2013). When there is no delay in work or
production company able to fulfil need and demand of customers in more effective manner.
There is a great challenge involved in this principle as it may require breaking down silo thinking
sometimes. If manager is not able to do the same at the right time, then it is not possible to create
appropriate flow to operate all the activities smoothly.

Establish pull- At this step manager and leader of respective company evaluate and
analysis stock that is required to conduct production and manufacturing process. They will
ensure availability of stock that it must be not too less and not too high, it must be in appropriate
amount. Which help XYZ in accomplishing work and task in appropriate and effective manner.
Just in time approach is used in this principle in which products are manufactured according to
the demand of customers. If products are built in advance and the demand is very low, then
organisation may have to face losses.
Pursue perfection- At this stage is related to production and manufacturing process of a
company. It is not essential for respective company to use same process or procedures they can
do modification and update according to need and requirement. So that they able to attain goal
and objective in appropriate manner. If all the above mentioned steps are not followed properly
then it will become difficult to pursue perfection.
The respective organisation has to adopt six sigma operation methods for running their
business in an effective and efficient manner. As this method follows proper sequence in order to
identify problems and provide solution for elimination of wastes. It helps in maximization of
profits and gains for business. On the other hand, implementation of such technique is costly to
business as small firms cannot afford it that leads to decline their productivity.
M1 Review and critique implementation of operations management in relation to Six Sigma
methodology and Lean principles
For implementation of operation management in organisation, it is very important to use
different tools and techniques in an effective and efficient manner so that better results can be
achieved. Six sigma is an approach which is used for eliminating waste in organisation. This
technique is formulated by Toyota company for reducing waste in business. Similarly, lean
principles is an approach where continuous improvement is done for goods and services. They
helps in creating value for organisation which assist in increasing brand value and goodwill in
market.
TASK 2
P2 Prepare a continuous improvement plan based
A process which works for the improvement in continuous manner. Efforts which put for
the improvement of three important perspectives that is product, process and services by fully

utilization of scarce resources. It works on improving the waste percentage and maximise the
profit of an organization (Nicholas and Steyn, 2017). For conducting process in effective manner
manager of XYZ company conduct evaluation and then develop continuous improvement plan
which help them in doing improvement according to requirement. By that they able to attain goal
and objective in effective and appropriate manner. By developing continuous improvement plan
respective company able to launch their new range of television in appropriate manner.
Continuous improvement plan in order to develop and launch 58 inches TV is mentioned below:
Plan Do Check Act
Quality Company will analyse
quality of products by using
Total quality management.
If change is required in
quality, then it will be made
under change principle of
continuous improvement.
When changes are not made
properly then organisation
may have to face issues
such as poor quality and
unsatisfied customers.
By using total quality
management approach
XYZ manager able to
focus on quality of
products and services in
appropriate manner.
Along with this they
able to monitor their
production and
manufacturing process
in appropriate manner
and also able to maintain
quality of products
which they are
manufacturing.
In this step manager of
respective company will
compare standard quality
of products and services
to actual quality. By this
they able to know
whether they are lacking
and then accordingly
manager of XYZ will
develop plans and
strategies.
Delivery Six Sigma method will be
used to monitor delivering
process of respective
company.
By using six sigma
respective company able
to conduct their whole
process in appropriate
and effective manner
(Olson, 2014). By which
they able to satisfy
While using six sigma
method for analysing
delivering process
respective company able
to fulfil need and demand
of customers in
appropriate manner.

customer in effective
ways. By this manager
of XYZ can analyse
whole process from
manufacturing of
television to delivering it
to customers in proper
condition and manner.
For the purpose of
analysis accountability
principle of continuous
improvement can be
used by the organisation
in order to assess that
products will be
delivered to the
customers properly or
not. Proper training is
required for
accountability and while
launching a new product
a company doesn't focus
on trainings which may
result in inappropriate
accountability.
Along with this,
customers will also get
standard quality products
which make them brand
loyal and enhance
goodwill and market
value of company.
Cost Company will decide cost
of products and services
which make them valuable.
If the decided price is
higher than market price,
then it will result in lower
At this stage of
continuous improvement
plan respective company
able to decide price of
product and services
which make value for
By using this method
respective company able
to set valuable price for
58 inches’ television
which they are going to

profits. To ignore this
situation variance principle
of continuous improvement
can be used by the
organisation so that
appropriate price can be
analysed. If it is not used
properly then managers will
not be able to analyse the
right price for products.
respective things
(Pemsel and Wiewiora,
2013). So for this XYZ
company use premium
pricing method which
make value for 58
inches’ television which
respective company
going to launch.
launch.
Promotional
activities
XYZ company will decide
promotional and advertising
activities which will attract
more and more customers.
At this stage manager of
respective company use
attractive and effective
techniques for
promoting their products
or 58 inches’ television
which they are
launching. Such as they
can use promotional and
advertising technique
like use digital media,
provide advertisement in
newspaper, distributes
pamphlets and many
more.
By this manager of XYZ
company able to attract
more and more customer
and encourage them for
purchase (Ramasesh and
Browning, 2014). When
more customers will be
attracted the profitability
ratio of company will
enhance automatically.
Proper organisation is
required for promotional
activities which can be
done with the help of
organisation principle of
continuous improvement.
It helps to organise
activities properly and
attract large number of
customers. If the
managers are not able to

arrange the activities
appropriately then it will
create problem of
mismanagement.
Performance measurement model- This model is mainly used to measure the
effectiveness of continuous improvement plan in which performance of a business project is
measured. With the help of this model the managers of XYZ analyse that the PDCA plan is
effective or not and it will help to achieve business objectives or not. Five why’s is one of the
main strategy that works as a performance measurement model and helps to analyse that the
proposed plan is effective for the organisation or not. The plan is highly effective for XYZ
because it guides the top management to take control over business and then implement the best
suitable option for betterment of the company.
Continuous improvement plan depicts the constant efforts of firm to improve products,
processes and systems. This plan is developed by project manager for making constant
improvements where required. Different principles of operations management are applied like
accountability, variance, organisation for addressing issues and making improvements. The
principle of accountability is used by manager in order to evaluate that products will be delivered
to customers properly or not. Gemba walks strategy is also a way to observe that all the
processes are conducted appropriately or not so that effectiveness of continuous improvement
plan can be measured. Application of Six Sigma approach helps in eliminating defects from
manufacturing process. Implementation of all these approaches and strategies helps XYZ in
attaining improved efficiency.
Kaizen Model
This is Japanese word where there should be continuous improvement in different
activities of business and functions. There are 5'S in respective model which assist organisation
to conduct business activities and operations in effective manner. They are described below:
SEIRI- It is defined as sort out. As per this factor, it is important for staffs to be sort out
in order to perform work within given time period. XYZ has to use promote their products in
order to make understand to their staffs.

SEITION- It is defined as organise. There are many staffs who spend their half time in
doing research for documentation or items that is important for management of organisation. The
respective organisation has to manage and keep their file and documents in proper order so that
staff can get whenever required to them. It assist in saving time and energy of staff for
conducting activities and work.
SEISO- It is defined as workplace where both employee and employer has to keep
workplace clean and safe. The respective organisation has to keep their office to be clean, proper
documentation of files and so on. The employee has responsibility to keep their things in proper
manner before leaving office.
SEIKETSU- SEIKETSU- It is defined as standardization and management
responsibility for developing rules and regulations for quality work at business. They have to
create and implement rules, policies and regulations for conducting work effectively and
efficiently. It also assist worker to conduct activities and work by following proper guidelines.
SHITSUKE- This is called self discipline where rules and regulation should be
developed to maintain self discipline within organisation and employees. The respective
organisation has to develop rules and regulations which has to be followed by each and every
working forces for equality.
This model helps in conducting business and their activities and operations in an effective
and efficient manner for achievement of goal and objectives.
M2 Analyse the effectiveness of a continuous improvement plan using appropriate theories,
concepts and/or models
It is very important for organisation to do continuous improvement in their business with
helps of theories and model. The continuous improvement provide effectiveness in terms of
engaging more employees, lowering of employee turnover, competitive products and services,
better services to consumers and creating proactive learning culture. The theory used for
continuous improvement is plan do check action. In stage of planning all activities should be
planned in effective manner after they should be performed in business. After performance,
evaluation or checking is performed for improving it. In last stage, action should be taken for
improvement. Therefore, in this way, model is used for continuous improvement and
achievement of goal and objectives.

D1 Apply appropriate theories, concepts and/or models to justify strategies of a continuous
improvement plan for achieving improved efficiency
The theory which is used for continuous improvement plan is plan do check action which
helps in improving efficiency of organisation. In order to gain competitive advantage, it is very
important for business to do continuous improvement in their organisation so that goal and
objectives can be achieved. There are various aspects which are covered in continuous
improvement such as quality, cost, delivery and promotional activities. The efficiency of
organisation can be achieved through improving their existing plan. The theory of continuous
improvement lead better results for business along with improving efficiency and achievement of
goals and objectives.
TASK 3
P3 Design Product Life Cycle, business case, project plan and work breakdown structure.
As per given case, XYZ company is going to launch new range of products which is also
different and unique. They are launching large screen television range whose minimum screen
size is 58 inches. For which manager and leader of respective company design and develop
strategies and plans in order to archive goal, attract more customers and earn more profit
(Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012). They also conduct market analysis and evaluation so that
they can collect more and more appropriate information and data which help them in conducting
process in smooth and effective manner. Some major plan which is develop by XYZ company in
order to launch television in appropriate way are mentioned below:
Project life cycle

Illustration 1: Project life cycle
(Source: Project life cycle, 2019)
Management has the goal to get the profit by completion of the project in an efficient and
effective manner. It regulates the work into different projects, so to fulfil the short term goal and
maintain an efficient effect on the given objective. For solving the project and getting the exact
objective, a company works on Project life cycle which help in achieving the objective on four
phases so to clarify all aspect of it. Evaluation of four steps of project life cycle in respect of
XYZ company is given below:
 Initiating- A business works on the basis of need of the consumer or finds a problem in
the market so to provide the product according to it. It solves an issue running in the
market by providing or manufacturing the matching product (Turner, 2014). While
initiation, managers play a role of muted person when delegating workaround, a high
level orders or expertise of business decision is necessary. At this stage manager of
respective company use autocratic leadership style. Which help them in identifying
issues, grabbing opportunities, plan strategies and many more by identifying requirement
and needs. The managers of the respective company used agile and hybrid project
methodologies in order to launch the new TV in the market successfully.
 Planning- A large project frames with plan of short goals and work to fulfilling small
objective. Company delegates the work into different scenario and distribute it to people
or team (Van Wassenhove and Martinez, 2012). A planning defines a root to follow small

path and makes big goal. For do planning in appropriate and effective manner XYZ
company use goal setting method. So that they will make plans and strategies in more
appropriate and effective manner. Different types of tools such as project review, Gantt
chart and work breakdown structure are being used by the project manager of XYZ to
keep detailed record of project plans.
 Execution- Here after the company fulfils the business approval, team planning, it
focuses on execution, means turning the plan into an action on the real path. Managers
get their responsibility to track their given work. In context to respective company they
will implement plans and strategies which they had design and develop. For this manager
of XYZ company use forced field method. While executing the business agile and hybrid,
methodologies helps the managers to analyse the potential of the proposed project. Both
of them has helped to analyse flexibility, risk factor and the structure of the whole
project.
 Closure- Launching of a product or release the project in market is the last closure phase
in market. Here the responsibility has not been completed, managers should work on
evaluating the work done and dispersion of group is done. For this respective company
use 5 stages of team development method. In XYZ company before dispersion employees
will hand over all initial documents to their manger or superiors. In this last stage
different tools are being used by the managers to analyse that the project will be
completed in the time limit which was proposed for it. Work break down structure has
also used by them to divide job responsibilities among team members.
Business case
Before starting or initiating a task or a project in a business, the company focused on
reasoning which is a presented well-structured written document helps in finding the issues and
action according to it (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). This Business case turns the problem into
an appropriate solution which gives a future growth effectively and efficiently.
Company Overview- XYZ is an American and European company who is offering
domestic appliances to the customers. Now the company is planning to Launch TV in the market
and the minimum size of the screen will be 58 inches.
Vision- Vision of the company is to be on the top of home appliance products industry in
future.

Mission- Mission of XYZ is to make the life at home easier for their customers.
Objectives- The objective of XYZ is to attract large number of customers by launching
new large screen TV in the market and increase its profits by 20% in next two years.
Strategy- Respective company manger and leader make strategies and plan to launch
large screen television whose minimum size is 58 inches in appropriate manner and attract
customers so that they get encouraged to purchase it. STP strategy will be used by XYZ to
launch and market their new range of televisions.
Financial Budget
Particulars Amount
Material 1500000
Research and development 65000
Staff salaries 892100
Promotions 45800
Total 2502900
Evaluation- The budget for launching a new large screen TV in the market is 2502900
pounds. The organisation is required to arrange sufficient funds so that the proposed project can
result in higher profits.
Marketing plan- While launching a new product it is very important for the organisations
to formulate a marketing plan so that all the activities can be performed effectively. A marketing
plan for XYZ is as follows:
 Segmenting- In this stage, managers of XYZ will decide a particular segment where the
new TV is going to be launched. The organisation has chosen geographic segment to
launch its new products. First of all, these are going to be introduced in UK. Targeting- In this section a specific market for launching the new TV will be selected by
XYZ. The new large screen TV is going to be introduced in London. Positioning- It is the last stage of marketing plan in which products are positioned in the
mind of customers with the help of qualitative features of the new items (TVs).

Follow Up- It is the last stage of business case in which all the steps that are taken
previously by the managers are analysed so that it can be assessed that the activities are
performed appropriately or not.
Project plan
Cost- According to manager of respective company for launching large screen television
they required funds of approx. 2502900 pounds.
Communication- For communicating new idea at workplace respective company will
conduct meeting and discussion. By this, every employee’s able to share their views regarding
idea and its plan (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012). So that managers will conduct improvement
according to suggestions and demand. Whereas to convey or communicate about large screen
television in public or target audiences respective company use attractive method of promotion
and advertising.
Quality- To maintain quality of product manager of respective company evaluate and
analysis their production process on each stage and if they find any issues or problems they will
make improvement respectively. They also set standard for quality of product and make
compression of actual product quality and rectify differences accordingly.
Scope- For achieving goal and objective in effective and appropriate manner respective
company hires man power which are skilled and experienced according to company requirement.
They also provide training and development sessions to employees so that they give their full
efforts in conducting work in appropriate and effective manner.
Work breakdown structure
A completion of project needs to focus on the team work which comprises into different
section of managers (Harrison and Lock, 2017). Work break down structure which is develop by
XYZ company is given below:

Gantt chart- Illustrating a schedule of a project with the help of horizontal bar chart
framed as a production tool, maintaining the balance of a company in an appropriate manner. It
helps in scheduling, planning and coordinating the given task in a project (Jacobs, Chase and
Lummus,2014). Gantt chart which is develop by respective company according to their
activities or work is mentioned below:

Project methodologies, tools and leadership within project life cycle helps in effectively
carrying out the project. It provides structured approach to manager for delivery of project. It
allows them to link progress directly to every stage and recognise its completion. For success of
TV manufacturing project, use of right tools and project methodologies helps manager of XYZ
to make the project easy and effective. Also, leadership is very important as it is about

motivating people. The project leader takes formal and informal decisions in initiation phase to
attain agreed objectives and goals. Firm's manager use hybrid and agile project methodologies to
launch new 52” TV in the market successfully. Different tools like project review, work
breakdown structure and Gantt chart are being use by project manager of XYZ to keep detailed
record of project plans. All these project methodologies and tools help in making the project
more successful.
M3 Analyse the rationale for the project methodologies, tools and leadership within the PLC for
the given project
While launching any new product at market place, it is very important to analyse product
life cycle so that goal and objectives can be achieved in effective and efficient manner. This can
helps in knowing about better plan for new products at marketplace. There are different
methodologies, tools and leadership which are used within PLC for assigned project. The
methodology guide organisation about requirements of consumers in an effective and efficient
manner. Here, cost, communication, scope is known before launching of product in market. This
PLC described about introduction, growth, maturity and decline stage of goods. Therefore, it is
very important for respective organisation to study PLC cycle before manufacturing new product
at marketplace.
TASK 4
P4 Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC with help of appropriate to operation and
project management theory or model
When respective company use autocratic leadership style they able to take decision
quickly or in effective time. Along with this they able to motivate and encourage employees to
conduct task in appropriate manner in order to attain goal and objective. But they also face some
limitations like it sometime generate conflict situation which hamper work of all staff and team.
operation and project management While using goal setting method XYZ company able to
identify their priority work which they have to conduct first. Along with this they able to identify
their strength and weakness for conducting work in appropriate manner (Larson and Gray, 2015).
Limitation which they face are like it in some situation it generates feeling of failure and
depression in a person. When manager of XYZ use force field method they able to identify
hurdles and problems which help them in designing strategies and plans accordingly. But it

required participation of all employees in decision making process which is come up as an issues
in respective company. While adopting 5 stages of team development XYZ able to from
appropriate and effective team according to requirement and skills. But it required huge amount
of time to identify skills and ability of each person to form effective team. By adopting all these
method XYZ company able to achieve long term and short term goal in effective and appropriate
manner.
For the purpose of measuring effectiveness of project life cycle the theory of
effectiveness measurement can be used by the managers of XYZ because it helps to take
feedback and follow up of all activities that are performed by the organisation.
In PLC, use of appropriate theories, concepts and models helps in improving efficiency
of project. Use of agile methodology promotes constant iteration of testing and development
throughout the life cycle. This approach emphasize on incorporating client's feedback and
constantly releases with each iteration of television development project. Depending on the type
of project, different methodologies can be used by project manager. For example: Waterfall
model is preferred to use in large projects as it has series of procedures for managing work,
issues and risks. Whereas, agile methodology use in small and medium projects like TV
manufacturing project of XYZ as it is highly transparent methodology and provides an
opportunity to company for continuous improvement in its product. This enables firm to meet
customer's request and constantly focus on delivering them value.
The PLC which is proposed by the company is very effective because with the help of it
the enterprise can launch new products in the market successfully. If theory of effectiveness
measurement is used by the enterprises, then it can different between large and small
organisations because in huge firm’s effectiveness is monitored with the help of appropriate
methods. In tiny businesses owners does not prefers to use models to analyse effectiveness of the
project. The PLC has a negative point because if it is not formulated appropriately then it will
affect launch of new products.
In order to review and evaluate project life cycle, XYZ has to use Waterfall model which
is described below:
Requirements- It is very important for XYZ organisation to analyse requirements of
resources for their new products which is going to be launched at market. This assist in
developing effective strategies and plans.

Analysis- In this stage, evaluation will be performed for reliability and feasibility of
process that assist respective organisation for promotion of new products at market place.
Design- At this stage, management has to design strategies in order to promote their
products and services for attracting large number of users.
Coding- The coding programmes and systems has to be performed in this stage for new
launching of products.
Testing- The manager of XYZ organisation has to perform test for their new launching in
order to promote new television. It helps business to know about requirements of consumers.
Operation- It is the stage, evaluation will be performed for changing of strategy or
improving it.
Maintenance- XYZ organisation has to perform innovation or changes in their
requirements in order to attract large number of consumers in an effective and efficient manner.
M4 Critically analyse how the use of appropriate theories, concepts and models in the PLC will
differentiate between large and small-scale projects
There are mainly two types of project which are carried by organisation such as large and
small scale projects. When task is carried out at high level then it is called large project and if
project is at initial or small level then it is called small project. There are different theories and
concept helps in knowing about size of project which has to be carried out in organisation. As
per nature and size of project, PLC is developed. This theory take feedback and follow up
activities of organisation in an effective and efficient manner. This theories can be both positive
and negative for firm. If market analyses has done properly for huge level then large projects can
be carried out easily. Similarly, if market has not analysed properly then it is suitable for small
projects. Therefore, both project requires theory and model to carry out work in proper manner.
D2 Critically evaluate the PLC through a practical and theoretical exploration of its effectiveness
Product life cycle is very important for all types of business and project. The PLC carry
step which includes introduction, growth maturity and decline where product is firstly introduced
in market, after that there is growth of that project and at some point of time it reached to
maturity stage and decline. This PLC guide organisation to improve and make changes in
product as per requirement of consumers. This PLC helps in better planning of goods and
services and assist manager in avoiding pitfalls of various stages. PLC is self fulfilling stage and

product can go beyond introduction stage and others. Therefore, in this PLC carry both positive
and negative impact to business for effectiveness of products and services.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussed point it can be conclude that for conducting day to day work
effective operational and project management is necessary and by this company able to conduct
work in appropriate manner. There are various principles which is use by an organisation when
they want to conduct operational management in proper way such as lean principles and six
sigma. For effective working company design and develop continuous improvement plan in
order to enhance quality of work and productivity. Along with this company also develop
various other factors like business plan, conduct PLC, break down structure and many more. For
conducting project life cycle company use various approaches which help them in achieving
short term and long term goal.
REFRENCES
Books and journals
Fleming, Q. W. and Koppelman, J.M., 2016, December. Earned value project management.
Project Management Institute.
Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and
analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2). pp.687-701.
Harrison, F. and Lock, D., 2017. Advanced project management: a structured approach.
Routledge.
Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B. and Lummus, R. R., 2014. Operations and supply chain
management (pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Larson, E.W. and Gray, C.F., 2015. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge:
PMBOK (®) Guide. Project Management Institute.
Morris, P. W., 2013. Reconstructing project management. John Wiley & Sons.
Nicholas, J. M. and Steyn, H., 2017. Project management for engineering, business and
technology. Routledge.
Olson, D., 2014. Information systems project management. Business Expert Press.
Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-
based organisations. International Journal of Project Management. 31(1). pp.31-42.
Ramasesh, R. V. and Browning, T. R., 2014. A conceptual framework for tackling knowable
unknown unknowns in project management. Journal of Operations Management. 32(4).
pp.190-204.
Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy
Process in operations management. International Journal of Production
Economics. 138(2). pp.215-241.
Turner, J. R., 2014. Handbook of project-based management (Vol. 92). New York, NY:
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Van Wassenhove, L. N. and Martinez, A. J. P., 2012. Using OR to adapt supply chain
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Online
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<https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/what-is-the-professional-services-project-life-
cycle>.