Operations and Project Management

This study material explores the concepts of operations management and project management. It covers topics such as objectives of operations management, principles of operations management, continuous improvement, project life cycle, and more. The content also includes a case study on Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK. Get expert assistance for your assignments and essays at Desklib.

Operations and Project
Management

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
P1. Objectives of operations management.............................................................................3
Principles of operations management:....................................................................................3
M1. Approaches to operations managements.........................................................................3
Activity 2.........................................................................................................................................4
P2. Concept of continuous improvement...............................................................................4
Continuous improvement plan...............................................................................................4
M2. Analysis of effectiveness of the continuous improvement plan.....................................7
D1. Strategies for achieving continuous improvement and efficiency at Toyota..................8
Activity 3.........................................................................................................................................9
P3 Project life cycle................................................................................................................9
M3. Analysis of the rationale for use of WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path, and leadership for
the Project.............................................................................................................................13
P4. Application of the PLC, WBS, Gannt Chart and Critical Path......................................13
M4. Analysis and critiquing of the use of PLC, WBS, Gannt Chart and Critical Path in large
and small scale projects........................................................................................................13
D2 Practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC.........................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
References:.....................................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operations Management systematically addresses daily and strategic business challenges.
The management of projects covers the planning, organization, motivation and management of
resources for the achievement of specific objectives (Heizer, Render and Munson, 2017). Project
management comprises the development of project plan to describe and ensure project aims and
targets, to determine how they'll be accomplished, to define job duties and to evaluate required
funds, and to determine budgets and schedules. It includes management of project plan
implementation along with regular checks to ensure accurate as well as objectively informed
performance of plan and structures for implementing recovery measures if need be.
The study examines and criticizes operations management concepts and principles for
their effectiveness, and in operational context, pertains concept of continuous improvement in
relation to Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK. It was founded in Dec. 1989 and In UK, company
has 2 manufacturing plants account for a combined expenditure of £2.75 billion, as well as
employ around 3,000 employees. The motor manufacturing facility is based in derbyshire at
Burnaston and engine production plant in northern Wales at Deeside. Study
evaluates implementation of Six-Sigma methodology and Lean principle related to operations
management within the framework of Toyota. Further the study consists of application of project
life cycle and review of uses of it in context of Toyota.
MAIN BODY
P1. Objectives of operations management
(Covered in PPT)
Principles of operations management:
(Covered in PPT)
M1. Approaches to operations managements
(Covered in PPT)
Activity 2
P2. Concept of continuous improvement
Continuous improvement can even be described as a mechanism that aims to optimize
operational practices and tasks. That is a very critical aspect of management, as it assists in the

business performance and progress and also the achievement of expected outcomes. Continuous
improvement defined as a business method which will contribute to maximizing operational
efficiency. Manager will concentrate on development as well as gradual change in the company
cycle in order to promote quality progress of organisation. This seems to be helpful in improving
staff productivity and transparency. Organization needs to adjust the operating structure and also
develop it to remain competitive with the competitors. Continuous improvement could very well
help Toyota to gain economic benefit over rival firms dealing in automobile industry (Harrison
and Lock, 2017).
Continuous improvement plan
Continuous plan for improvement involves a series of objectives and projects intended to
increase organisation's performance. This cycle includes the continual development of both the
goods and the facilities. In this corporation, aims to improve the sales cycle to meet targeted
objectives and operational goals. There are 2 structures in this sense, i.e. PDCA cycle and Kaizen
that also encourage the continuous improvement schedule theory. This strategy is a vital aspect
integrating consistency structures and approaches such as Baldrige, Six sigma, etc. By executing
this strategy, Toyota management should be able to redesign the consistency of their goods and
services in order to achieve high customer loyalty.
A strategy is proposed here below in regards to continuous development of Toyota:
Objectives Resources
Required
Cost
Involve
d
Time
require
d
Who is
responsibl
e
Review time Results/
Follow Up
Growing car
demand by 7
percent.
Workers,
Machinery,
Administration,
Provisions,
$20000 Around
6
months
The top
level
manager,
production
department
and sales
team.
After
completion of
production
and
marketing
functions.
The
management
observed
growth in
sales revenue
generation.
To eliminate
deficiencies
Advance
technology,
$32000 Around
15
Internal
quality
On regular
basis
There are still
deficiencies

in 20 percent
of products
manufacture
d
Management,
Raw Resources
months assurance
officer and
project
team
whenever the
production is
completed.
due to delay
by worker
and mis
management
of stock.
To lowering
output costs
by 2 per cent
per unit
R&D Division,
Improvised
technology,
Expert
Workforces,
Effective
direction,
$8000 Around
10
months
Cost
accountant,
technical
advisors
End of month
when
analysing
monthly
budget.
There have
also been
changes in
this area but
there is also a
need for
further
development.
Add
additional
benefits to
increase
customer
base
Marketing
department,
R&D team,
Senior manager
$25000 Around
12
months
Sakes
officers,
Skilled
workers
Regular
research of
market to
analyse new
trends in
market
In the recent
time it has
been
observed that
due to
additional
benefits such
as lounges
passes, free 2
year vehicle
customer base
have
increased.
Six Sigma contributes to the predictive data-based guided methodology that is used to
constantly enhance the flaws of an organization's services and goods. The following method
relies on five main concepts and has a basic and straightforward aim of providing near-perfect

market improvement products and services for optimum customer satisfaction. Definition of
several of the Six Sigma's main concepts is given as follows:
Focus on Consumers: The core concepts of this strategy are to concentrate the
organisation's resources on their clients' desires and demands. First, it is crucial for companies to
learn regarding their customers' needs and wants in order to evolve the service or product as per
the customers' tastes and expectations to suit their requirements and demands.
Measure the Value Stream and Find Your Problem: With the aid of this all the clearly
specified targets, the organization should be able to strengthen its waste management, because
the structure, duties and obligations of workers will be well specified.
Get Rid of Junk: Due to this problem it was detected by the organization, it is therefore
not only necessary for the corporation to eliminate the problem, but it is also essential for the
firm to ensure how such anomalies are supported.
Keep the ball rolling: This is not directly relevant to any individual; however there are
different individuals participating in the organization's work.
Ensure Flexible and Responsive Ecosystem: As there are various procedures in the
corporation, including some that demonstrate to be defective and wasteful, it is crucial for the
firm to implement adjustments to its business operations and also to staff methodologies such
that the social structure of its organization can become adaptable.
Cycle PDCA
The process PDCA is referred as the process Plan-Do - Check-Act. The process involves
four stages that will help Toyota's management team in deciding not whether the continuous
improvement program they are formulating is successful. Those phases are shown below:
 Plan: This is the planning stage wherein Toyota's management team must monitor and
evaluate modern standards, and consider new suggestions for improvement. This move
will assist to find what changes need to be made. In the form of Toyota's development
program, challenges are found with existing solutions such as additional expense, more
time, inadequate efficiency such that alternative strategies can be implemented to solve
the issues.
 Do: this really is the second stage wherein new methods are introduced, i.e. the
introduction of Robotics, Maritime Distribution or just in time, such that defined

problems can be addressed without infringing on operational efficiency (Maylo and
Turner, 2017).
 Check: At this point, Toyota Plc manager must calculate the improvements that can be
made by combining existing methods and techniques with the methodologies suggested.
As per the current context, all the previously problems encountered by Toyota are
addressed in a proper way by the application of suggested techniques.
 Act: This step will determine whether or not the improvements introduced are to be fully
followed. In Toyota's situation, the corporation should make those improvements because
they profit from addressing all the problems that diminished the brand’s profitability.
M2. Analysis of effectiveness of the continuous improvement plan
Mostly with assistance of multiple modelling techniques, technologies, ideas, or principles,
it was greatly enhanced to meet the targets of the strategy for development properly. There are
numerous ideas and methods that are used in an organization's work that achieving quality the
organization's overall performance (Binder, 2016). The strategy should be redesigned
concurrently with this in order to meet goals that have not been completely accomplished. This
time, the emphasis would be on certain fields where the differences have previously occurred so
this moment the discrepancies will not be detected because they've been excluded from the
organization's working methodologies (Sterman, Oliva Linderman and Bendoly, 2015). Both of
these strategies concentrate on making progress in the organization’s overall results.
All has been done with the goals. They aren't entirely done, however. There were some
anomalies owing to which the efficiency of the company wasn't really up to the mark of the
business applications. But with the aid of these methods, models, and principles, information
about the regions of divergence has been accomplished. Therefore, by learning about these fields
of anomalies, it could be important to enhance overall efficiency, such as implementing practices
and regulations with the aid of which the problems could be avoided. This will not result in any
significant changes in the organization's working procedures or in the needs and interests of
consumers, although it is essential for the organization to sustain on the market for some time.
But for the businesses, the consistency factor is most essential in order to maintain their
partnership with the workers successful for a long period of time. In fact, the association's
comparative edge over its rivals would still be possible.

D1. Strategies for achieving continuous improvement and efficiency at Toyota
1. Manufacturing costs could be efficiently handled with the aid of computerization, without
losing the price and time required to manufacture products. Work involving human time
and effort could be done in this methodology with the aid of computers, as a result of
which fewer labour would be needed and labour expenditures will be minimized. It will
decrease the total expenses of the business and result in more profit margins.
2. By following Just-in-time strategy, ensuring the standard of logistics and goods would
become simpler even though the organization does not replace its older equipment with
creative hybrid equipment capable of utilizing current capital in a high-quality way.
That's because raw material would be arranged according to need throughout this method,
because only the necessary material would be used for manufacturing. This would the
resource amount of waste and that product consistency can be scheduled (Parisio, Rikos
and Glielmo, 2016).
3. Maritime travel will assist the business satisfy its clients by providing timely and efficient
services. If Toyota's logistics network is stable otherwise people across the globe won't
have any trouble consuming Toyota's goods. This will enable the company to profitably
receive full revenue and profits (McArthur, 2015).
4. The respective company however has partnered with Softbank, an organization that
specializes in Artificial Intelligence to enhance the organization’s interface and service to
customers. Toyota also took this move to boost productivity with the goal of furthering
mobility. The relationship has always centred on delivering efficient quality delivery,
patient care services, and even further with the aid of which unique products will be made
available to the relationship between customers.
5. It is necessary for Toyota also to take into account the needs and demands of the
customers. First reason to do is analyse for the achievement of the organizational
objectives and demands. Assessment of their client's needs and demands because people's
existence is distinctive; it is therefore valid to assume that their desires and expectations
would be distinctive from each other. In order to increase employees' passion and
commitment and motivation level to keep them motivated with the organization for a
long time, it is crucial for the firm to properly analyse their requirements and wants in
order supply them with the same.

6. Innovation is also essential in the enterprise's procedures or goods & services. With this
support, the business can provide unique product and services to its customers that the
competition do not provide. It will enable Toyota establish long-term connection both
with its consumers and employees. These are therefore two of the key steps that may be
used to keep staff in the company for a long time but also to preserve strong and long-
term client relationships (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013).
Activity 3
P3 Project life cycle
Penny and Paul have such a community facility in Clapham, and there are construction
works going through at a Crodyon location and enterprise can be effectively extended. Their
economic success depends on improved health promotion education, public health programs etc.
In this case, PLC is used to classify project phases so that assessment can be performed for their
effectiveness. There have been four PLC stages that are described related with the case:
Stage 1: Project Initiation
The programme was undertaken to boost the average efficiency of the workforce in order to
maximize the competitiveness and sustainability of the company. The aim and scope of this
project is to ensure employee professional and personal development (Parisio, Rikos, & Glielmo,
2016). The purpose behind the whole is to also change the entire operation boost together with
the company’s growth. Innovative concepts and coming up with ideas are needed at this point so
that market priorities can be clearly represented and so successful plans can be devised. A
business case is provided in this sense, below:
Business case
Importance
At the middle, there will be a number of fitness-related events,
athletics and other programs that can help the public by ensuring
good health because they can lead a healthy, disease-free and
productive life.
Objectives
Growing their client base by 20 per cent after the Leisure Centre
extension.
To popularize the community centre in order to reach full revenue by
opening it at a new venue

Target market
People between the ages of 15 and 60 should be targeted because
people in this age category tend to be healthy and fit so how they can
enjoy their disease-free lives (Pheng and Meng, 2018).
Strategies
Business has to provide comprehensive advertisement and publicity
campaigns such as social media ads etc. to accomplish the target
results such that maximum customers can understand the leisure
centre.
Cost Benefit Analysis
Particulars Situation 1 Situation 2
Costs 100000 120000
Benefit 0 20000
(BEP point)
There the project manager is expected to request a report for further consideration to the
administration of the company. Firm should use methods such as Microsoft Project 2019 and
follow six-sigma approach. Such factors will assist in undertaking impact assessments. This
technique would aid in reducing wastage and will reduce unnecessary costs (Martins and
Martins, 2012).
Stage 2: Project Planning
The aim of using this process is to make the project, something the organization has
completed, successfully complete. This is important not only to enhance the company's
organizational operations but to also render the personal and professional growth of its workers

possible (McArthur, 2015). This is also crucial that this project is undertaken as it lets workers
learn new ideas in order to enhance the organization's organizational operations and have a
positive effect on the organization's competitiveness and efficiency.
Gantt chart
Gantt chart is a fixed sequence of horizontal lines indicating the quality of work
completed during a specified period of time. This map gains in denoting the timetable of the
project, ensuring that all project operations are carried out in a reasonable fashion. It also
contributes to achieving those within such a given timeframe in managing obligations among
tasks. It also helps in managing, plan and monitor unique project activities.

Work breakdown structure
WBS is a methodology in which complicated project operations are split into easy and
achievable parts (Martins and Martins, 2012). This system assists in modifying the execution of

programs. With the aid of WBS, Leisure Centre project manager will plan and execute critical
tasks in the planned timeline. WBS is related to as project planning which help to explain both
ideas and thoughts. It helps project managers and employees in quickly and accurately handling
and defining the job. It really is the best-possible interconnectedness for multiple delegated
project work. Trying to divide the job into basic makes it quick and fast to produce successful
outcomes.

Leadership in Project
To accomplish a given project task, it is very essential for the leader to separate the job and
tasks in the best possible way so that priorities and targets can be accomplished. This is
important to handle all activities by the boss, so that team leaders can work efficiently and
produce successful outcomes. When carrying out some project work, it is important to provide
project leadership to achieve within a specified amount of time.
Stage 3: Project Execution
This is the most critical stage of PLC, where established concepts are properly implemented.
Leisure centre management should assign various people specific duties so they can accomplish
all the assignments in a timely manner. Various activities will be conducted at the time this
initiative is successfully accomplished. For instance, one team is assigned the duty to plumb
whereas the other group will be able to handle wire & fittings. Refurbishment efforts in this
sense should be conducted in a reasonable time (Verzuh, 2015). Company is needed to track
their spending, efficiency, time and manual activities at this point such that any necessary
adjustments can be done properly. To execute a proposal, you can use software such as Zoho. At
this point, managers should enforce consensus leadership such that subordinates' viewpoints
should be accepted and adopted because they are reasonable alternatives. TQM would be most
successful in implementation, because it will enable the project will be completed while
interfering with quality requirements (Lock, 2017).
Stage 4: Project Closure
This is the final stage in which project success is evaluated. Good contact between team
members is expected prior to project completion, so that any information can be adequately
tracked and reviewed. Project managers should use the Basecamp framework to ensure good
project efficiency. Here, managers should follow effective direction that will direct each
workforce to perform optimum productivity in their mission (Kerzner, 2019). There have been
some important goals for which these kinds of projects have been planned out and timely
evaluation of their results is critical for the successful accomplishment (Kundu and et. al., 2015).
In the implementation process of the PLC, the Leisure Centre should be able to assess critical
project specifications. Business has been applying six sigma is to describe deliverables. This
technique is inflexible and changes in resists in additional stages:

1. Design: This stage of concept is associated with the creation of a safe and scalable
overall design process. It is planning stage in PLC in which the business involved has
adopted lean theory to ensure less waste. Autocratic law is applicable here, since workers
were limited to sharing their views.
2. Development: This stage signifies the production and implementation of project-linked
systems. In PLC this is the implementation process of the project wherein TQM has been
used to control the product output. Here, the team leader used leadership style as a result
of which workers shared their opinions and engaged in decision taking. Thus, TQM only
leads to efficiency and not on cost savings.
3. Monitoring and Maintenance: This is the last step of the waterfall methodology in
which various experiments are carried out in order to manage the project and the
operation without any complications. There, the success of the entire initiative is
measured without any secrecy. This operational stage assists a firm's boss when grappling
creatively with project uncertainty. There are different methods that the project manager
can enforce to obtain its scope, quality, etc., for example, implementing agile
methodology could very well assist to broaden the scope of the project alongside efficient
implementation (Kerzner, 2019).
M3. Analysis of the rationale for use of WBS, Gantt Chart & Critical Path, and leadership for the
Project
WBS: In the sense of the technique used for a particular task, WBS separates task into
smaller or basic parts in order to be able to execute and accomplish within a specified amount of
time. The advantages of WBS include: organizing and defining the required work, facilitating
scheduling development by assigning attempts to approximate specific results. This works
mainly in the areas of activities, costs, distance, purpose, obligation etc. This time-frame has
both positive and negative implications.
Gantt chart: That is the method used by the chosen organization to complete timely work
on a given project. This can define job and activity and allocate duration to each of them, thus
work can be done within a defined amount of time. Project management is critical because it
provides consistency in finishing work, effective communication, teamwork among team
members, innovation, and much more. It includes timeline leading to preparation, monitoring,
and organizing specified project activities.

Network Diagram: It is characterized as a graphic illustration of all project roles,
assignments, and work flow. This seems to have different markers and boxes on the map. This
helps project managers in organizing tasks and events in the easiest way possible. It is used to
monitor project management and also project preparation from initial to final level. This is also
known as a crucial route for project research and its scale (Kundu and et. al., 2015).
Leadership: It is characterized as a graphic illustration of all project roles, assignments
and work flow. This seems to have different markers and boxes on the map. This helps project
managers in organizing tasks and events in the easiest way possible. It is used to monitor project
management and also project preparation from initial to final level. This is also known as a
crucial route for project research and its scale.
P4. Application of the PLC, WBS, Gannt Chart and Critical Path
There are various types of methods and strategies that are used to make this project full
successful. Of example, the use of Gantt chart and Work Breakdown System was often
formulated in the following project which also played a significant role in effectively finishing
this project. The above tools have different advantages for the company and helps accomplish
the work in a fast and effective manner. It is helpful because it distinguishes the various activities
and tasks that need to be done in the proposal and this makes it abundantly clear to the boss to
evaluate the work properly. There really is no major issue for the organization to complete the
project successfully on something that is trying to work when these sort of problems are
addressed. Extermination of problems relating to job duplication is often resolved as the staff or
members of the team are already constantly reminded of their own duties and obligations that
they need to fulfil and that there are no concerns relevant to the jobs they are entrusted with or
they intend to do.
In the other hand, there are still several big pitfalls that make this technique have negative
effects in the project's implementation and efficacy as well when the employees' duties and
obligations are not well established, and when the activities that need to be completed are not
well described. It is therefore necessary to remove this inherent problem such that the project is
delivered efficiently and the program's goals can be achieved. Using tools like Gantt Chart,
Network Diagram and more, it was sufficient to accomplish the project's goals as they definitely
helped to accomplish the project ’s objectives. In this project which really is important for most
kinds of projects, the use of leadership efficiency has indeed been made. Through this, it was

important to inspire the team in a constructive manner, create communication and collaboration
between them because that team leaders could work together and collaborate in order to attain
the project's goals.
For instance, leading to a shortage of careful assessment of the capital available to a
company, there had been two hospitals whose building process was delayed lack of financial
support in between. This is therefore critical for organizations to give those lots a proper
assessment of their various resources, with the aid of which they will be able to finish the
projects they began successfully (Kundu and et. al., 2015).
M4. Analysis and critiquing of the use of PLC, WBS, Gannt Chart and Critical Path in large and
small scale projects
There have been different kinds of projects that can be small or big programs. Large
projects were those who were not so revolutionary so attributing them to particular infrastructure
development is not simple. In these programs, it's always difficult to estimate benefits, expenses
and timelines. They are not scalable and have a very significant drawback because in the case of
these programs it is not possible to estimate the total profit and expense to incur. Since there are
various ways of assessing an organization's motivation, like Checklist and Self-Assessment by
which the results may be assessed and enhanced. Self-Assessment Testing will be useful for
individual analyses because with the aid of this testing, an individual will gotten to realize the
advantages and shortcomings with the aid of which positive progress may be made. At the
corporate or technical level, the use of the checklist would be effective because with the aid of it,
the boss will note the places of progress and the strong points of an employee so that specific
assignments can be successfully accomplished.
Different Uses of Methodologies for Large and Small Scale Project
Methodologies Small-Scale Projects Large-Scale Projects
Six Sigma For small projects like service
delivery or product descriptions,
six sigma should be used because
it will allow operation to be
carried out sustainably
(Elghondakly, Moussa and Badr,
This theory should be applied in
regards to big projects in order to
assess the overall project as well
as its methods and techniques
such as conceptual description,
analysis and calculation of capital

2015). etc. This concept is best suited for
large projects.
Lean Principles
It is acceptable to use lean
methods for smaller tasks such as
bottle labelling etc., because it
would reduce unnecessary
duplication. This would be
helpful in rising manufacturing
and labour prices.
These ideas should be applied in
large initiatives such as product
creation or market growth,
meaning that additional costs and
inefficiency can be avoided
without any confusion.
D2 Practical and theoretical effectiveness of the PLC
In the following task different hypotheses and models are used. As being such, the concepts
are mostly Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, Total Quality Control Methodology with the aid of
which emphasis is placed on enhancing the organization's operations, goods, and services.
Throughout the current market situation, this is necessary in order to give the rivals part of the
selection process and also to gain competitive edge. It is crucial for the firm to start making use
of such methodologies when carrying out multiple activities so that improvements can be made
throughout the projects and improve results that could have been anticipated from the
finalization of that project. So it may safely be assumed that the use of enhancement strategies
would be advantageous and successful for Toyota as well as other businesses. WBS benefits
include boosting efficiency, clear measures to complete project progress, enhancing openness &
responsibility, allocating time & expense forecasts, defining risk etc. Likewise, on the other side,
major disadvantage usually involve process, requirement specification issues, no purchasing is
used, multiple tasks to execute, attraction, seriously lacking accurate address etc. for a project.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion it have been founded that management operation is regulation of corporate
procedures in order to achieve optimum productivity in an organisation. The goal is to transform
resources and work in products/services to increase the benefit of an entity as effectively as
possible. This is used for planning and also organizing tasks that help with the time needed for
project implementation, deciding the necessary funding, preparing the task to be done. Specific
activities may take place mostly during execution of this project, such as determining roles and

duties, supervision, staff instruction, direction, identifying anomalies and several other functions
that are crucial for the smooth fulfilment of the various project tasks. It is therefore necessary to
use the Project Management Tools to successfully complete the already started project. The
purpose of the project network monitoring is critical to an organization as it is necessary to look
only at project's performance and efforts with the assist of this tool. The objectives of the
company were about to maximize efficiency, minimize merchandise errors and decrease cost of
manufacture per component. However these goals will be accomplished with the aid of
approaches like Six Sigma, Lean Production and Total Quality Management method, with the
assistance of which enhancement in the success of the company was already made necessary.

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