Project Management Frameworks and Tools

This assignment delves into the fundamental principles and practical application of project management. It examines different project management methodologies like the Waterfall model and Agile, emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Students will analyze various project management tools, including Work Breakdown Structures (WBS) and Software Cost Reduction (SCR) tools, exploring how they contribute to successful project execution. The assignment encourages critical thinking about the selection and implementation of appropriate frameworks and tools based on specific project requirements and contexts.

OPERATIONS &
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................3
P1. A review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within
an organisational context........................................................................................................3
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................7
P2. Continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations management
principles within an organisational context............................................................................7
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................8
P3: Project Life Cycle for a new product...............................................................................8
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................14
P4: Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC.........................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

INTRODUCTION
Projects refers to the tasks assigned to the companies or its employees by different
organisation or clients. These projects are also assigned to the employees by their organisation
for achieving the organisational goals. For managing these projects carefully and effectively,
organisations uses the concept of project management which is helpful in monitoring the
progress of the project for timely execution. The taken firm in this assessment report is the
Jaguar which is a leading automotive organisation engaged in manufacturing innovative cars or
vehicles for their final users throughout the world. This report will discuss the operations and
operations management along with the review and critique of principles. This report will further
cover the Project Life Cycle, Business case, Project plan, Gantt Chart and WBS. In the end, this
report will evaluate the PLC along with the discussion on Cost saving technique, Review and
critique the effectiveness of the PLC.
LO 1
P1. A review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within an
organisational context.
Jaguar is a British multinational car manufacturer having headquarter in Whitley,
Coventry, England. The company is owned an Indian company i.e. Tata Motors after the merger
in 2008. Initially, Jaguar was known as the producer of high quality based Jaguar cars but after
the merger with Land Rover on 1st January, 2013, company is known by the name of Jaguar
Land Rover. The company was founded as a Swallow Sidecar company in the year 1922 and
started the production from producing the motorcycle sidecars. The name of the company
changed in 1945 from S.S Cars to Jaguar Cars. In the year 1966, company was merged with
British Motor Corporation which resulted in enlargement of the company and changed the name
again as British Motor Holdings (BMH). This merger resulted in heavy loss for Ford and later
the company was acquired by the Tata motors, India (Artto, Ahola, and Vartiainen, 2016).
The company is producing their new Jaguar A’ Type at the Halewood plant for the
customers of 21st century. The company had taken the decision for this car due to the massive
feedbacks from global consumer research programme. Through this programme, the company is
ensuring that the new car which will be developed is suitable for the customers and built

according to the requirements or expectations of desired clients in every phase in development of
Cars.
Operation vs operations management
Operation refers to the term which is generally used by the production team while
converting the raw materials into finished goods for providing them to the end users. Their main
aim is to develop creative products by using the help of several ingredients for meeting the
expectation of the customers (Binder, 2016). For example: Jaguar desires to eliminate or reduce
their wastage while producing the cars. For this, the company is planning to engage in new
project in order to satisfy the needs of desired clients. This project is based on development of
new cars i.e. Jaguar A’ Type. Operations management is helpful for the production team of
organisations such as Jaguar to reduce the waste while performing the operations. Through this
concept, Jaguar can manage various factors of operational department such as assigning of job to
various employees on the basis of skills, talent etc.
Operation Operations management
Operations refers to the process of converting
raw materials into finished products
Operation management refers to the process of
managing various factors during operations
management
There are various types of operations management principles which can be used by
Jaguar cars for the development of new cars. Some of the principles are discussed below:
Agile manufacturing: It is the method of embracing the use of technology and tools
through which the manufacturing process of an organisation can share data with other functions
for resolving the issues effectively (Lindström and et. al., 2012). This principle can be used by
Jaguar in production of new A type cars for gaining beneficial and improved results. This type of
technology helps in sharing data and information between various functions and finding out
effective solutions for problems.
Lean production: It is the process through which manufacturing firms focus on reducing
their wastage as well as simultaneously focusing on enhancing the productivity. This method is
beneficial for the Jaguar in eliminating the wastage in development of new A type cars. It is
based on principles of Kaizen, or continuous improvement. This type of process helps in
producing minimum waste and being productive for the company.

Implementation of operations management principles
Jaguar is a well known organisation in the business world which is famous for the
manufacturing of attractive cars having high quality features. The company is very concerned for
the implementation of principles of operations management in their manufacturing process.
Some of the principles adopted by the Jaguar are discussed below:
Reality: Jaguar is very serious for the issues that can impact the business performance
and always believes in analysing the problem rather then using the techniques for resolving the
issues. For example: Jaguar is focused on fulfilling the needs and expectation of their clients. For
this, the company is following the principle of reality. For example: The company communicate
with their customers for determining the reason behind the issues instead of understanding the
issues.
Accountability: Jaguar is a big company having operations throughout the world. The
manager of the company are assigning the roles to the employees according to the capabilities
for ensuring their proper functioning (Burke, 2013). The company also analyse the performance
of employees on a regular or weekly basis in order to determine the efforts they are investing in
the success of the company. The employees also take accountability of their job role without
blaming their errors on some other person.
Fundamentals: Jaguar is also using the Rule of Pareto in their operation management
which states that the 80% of success of an organisation comes from the maintenance of inventory
record whereas only 20% of success comes from the adoption of new techniques for the
processes. The company is maintaining the proper record of every things which is really
indispensable for the success of the company as the company can control their expenses up-to
some extent.
Agile manufacturing Positive aspects of implementation: For implementing the agile manufacturing, Jaguar is
using the principles of reality and accountability into their production process through
which employees are coordinating and coordinating with each other effectively so that
production can take place based on the needs of customers. Jaguar cars is also providing
new machinery to the employees engaged in production of new cars so that efficiencies
can be utilised in an effective manner in order to control the system and contingencies

(Lee and et. al., 2014). This new machinery is provided for improving the working of
employees so that objectives can be achieved properly. Negative aspects of implementation: However, the implementation of agile
manufacturing has resulted in enhanced cost for the firms as due to the use of reality
principle, company has to conduct market research which is a time and cost consuming
process. The company does not used the rule of fundamental due to which company
could not able to maintain the inventory properly. This has resulted in reduced
performance for achieving the organisational goals.
Lean production Positive aspects of implementation: Jaguar is using the principle of reality for this
implementation due to which the needs and demand of customers can be identified.
Jaguar is providing training to employees so that efficiencies can be used properly due to
the development of skills and knowledge. This development is beneficial for firm in
accomplishing the organisational goals.
 Negative aspects of implementation: Company failed in using the accountability
principle due to which communication couldn't took place effectively among the
employees (Strande and Brdjanovic, 2014). Company also failed in determining the
needs of their employees in providing the training due to which proper development
couldn't take place and their efficiency reduced. This ineffective development resulted in
delay in attaining the organisational goals.
Jaguar cars can use the six sigma and lean manufacturing for the development of their
new A type cars through which they can save their cost by reducing the material waste and
maximising the efficiencies. The company faced issues in production due to not implementing
these methods and the cost of company increased as a result.
Extent to which the operations management meets the requirements of the organisation
The operation management is very essential for the organisations such as Jaguar in
meeting the requirements of the business. The operation management is also useful for the
Jaguar in monitoring the progress of the production of new A type cars for improving the quality
and features as well as to eliminate or reduce the wastage in production of these cars (Floricel
and et. al., 2014). Through this concept, company can enhance the quality of their new cars for

improving the customer satisfaction as the needs and expectations of the customers get fulfilled
by the company through this new car.
LO 2
P2. Continuous improvement plan based on the review and critique of operations management
principles within an organisational context
Continuous improvement or KAIZEN refers to the process of identifying opportunities in
order to reduce the waste as well as to streamline the work. The companies are using this process
for improving their production process. This concept can also be used as the philosophy for
making changes in existing process. Lean principles is also an philosophy of continuous
improvement which is focused on increasing customer value, the elimination of waste and
optimizing operations (Gilbert and et. al., 2015). Lean principles are also based on the building a
harmonious culture in which employees respects each other so that they can pursue opportunities
for improving their work and share ideas for continuous improvement. Continuous improvement
model is a four step model which is used by the organisation for ensuring the quality in
undertaken project. This model is also known as deming cycle whose 4 steps are given below:
 Plan: In this, Jaguar needs to Identify an opportunity and plan for implementing the
change.
 Do: In this stage, Jaguar implement the change on a small scale for evaluating its impact.
 Check: In this stage, Jaguar should analyse the results of the change and determine
whether it is beneficial or not (Leach, 2014). Act: After analysing the change at small scale, Jaguar should implement it at large scale
and needs to continuously assess your results.
Continuous improvement plan based on review and critique of operations management
principles
Jaguar is using the continuous improvement concept for manufacturing the A type cars in
order to coping up with current demand of customers of 21st century. The company is using this
concept for eliminating the waste in their production process for controlling the amount of
losses. Jaguar needs continuous improvement plan for improving their market share in double
digits through the production of this new car in the upcoming 6 months. The continuous

improvement plan for Jaguar by considering the four step model of continuous improvement is
discussed below:
BASIS APPROACH/PRINCIPLE IMPLEMENTATION
Quality
Jaguar should use the Just in time
approach for enabling the quality in
new cars in order to make it more
flexible and suitable.
The company will use the Just-In-Time
method for improving the quality of their
new car which should be developed in
future.
Cost Jaguar can use variance for reducing
the cost in the development of new car.
Jaguar will use the principle of variance
for reducing the cost of their new car.
Delivery Jaguar can use Six Sigma for managing
the delivery of their products.
Jaguar will use six sigma in order to
deliver the product to customers
effectively.
Safety
Lean principle can be used by the
Jaguar for determining errors in the
new cars.
Lean principle will be used by Jaguar so
that errors can be identified and
eliminated effectively.
Technology Jaguar can use the agile manufacturing
for implementing the new technology.
BY implementing the agile
manufacturing, Jaguar can improve the
efficiency of their production process.
Recommendations for improving the operations function
The recommendations for the Jaguar for improving the operations functions are as
follows:
 By using the principle of Organisation, The company needs to ensure that the different
department are coordinating and communicating with each other which will assist the
company in enhancing the efficiency and productivity while producing the new A type
cars.
 By using the principle of Change, Jaguar needs to hire new employees having suitable
adaptability and technical skills so that they can work properly on the new and updated
machines for improving the processes while the development of new A type cars.

LO 3
P3: Project Life Cycle for a new product
Project life cycle is a stage by stage model which is used by the organisations for
determining the chances of success of a new product. This life cycle states 4 stage which can be
used for executing the undertaken project in order to ensure the successful execution. This is
very useful for the business organisations for ensuring the success of new project undertaken by
the firm. Through this cycle, management can ensure that employees are following the direction
provided to them for easily accomplishing the goals in a given time period without any
disturbance (Project Life Cycle stages, 2016). This cycle can be used by Sunshine Drinks
company for launching the new drinks as discussed below:
Illustration 1: Project Life Cycle stages
Source: Project Life Cycle stages, 2016
Project Initiation: It is first stage in which the company can use the total quality
management for development of new drinks so that managers can control the quality of products
provided to customers. This is the essential stage in which the project of new drinks is initiated
by considering the different ideas and suggestions.
Business case
Basis Description
Importance Flavoured spring water drinks are developed by the Sunshine drinks
for effectively combining the fruit drinks with the natural spring

water. This product will have various health benefits like increased
brain functions.
Target Market
The target market for the new product will be the people between
the age group of 18-50 who are having income of more than £1000.
These people are targetted as these people usually are health
conscious and are habitual of consuming energy drinks.
Project planning: In this stage, company can use the survey and questionnaire for
collecting vital information associated with market and customers. This is essential for
determining the effectiveness of the project which is development of new flavoured spring water
drinks in terms of benefits, prices etc.
Project plan
Project plan refers to the document in which proper execution of project activities is
mentioned which must be followed by the project team. This project management will assist the

managers of Sunshine Drinks company in defining the aims and objectives of company to project
team in effective manner (Mubin and Mubin, 2016).
Cost
It is the cost which will be used for determining the cost required for
resources, processes as well as technology for developing the new
drinks. The overall cost for these new drinks will be around £10,000 to
£15,000.
Communication
The company will use the internal, external, vertical as well as linear
communication channels for ensuring the smooth exchange of
information while developing the new drinks.
Quality The company will use the technology in developing the new drinks
such as Automation for ensuring the highest productivity and quality.
Scope
The scope of overall project is wide as company is willing to satisfy the
thirst of the customers which can be done by employing talented
individuals along with new equipments and processes.
Work Breakdown Structure
This is the process of breaking the huge and big tasks into smaller parts or segments for
executing the project in an effective and easy manner. The smaller parts or section are provided
to the individuals for executing the work desirably.

Illustration 2: Work Breakdown Structure
Work
Breakdo
wn
Structure
Project Project #
Project
manager Sponsor 0
Project
artefacts Updated

ID Task
Depen
dencie
s ID #
of
task
Stat
us
Effort
Hours Cost
Start
Date
Planned
Complet
ion
Estimat
e to
Comple
tion
Responsi
ble
person
Resour
ce
1
Planni
ng
12/0
5/19 48 £50
12/05/
19
15/06/1
9
20/06/1
9
Project
Manager
2
Design
ing
15/0
5/20
19 50
£12
0
15/05/
2019
18/06/2
019
21/06/1
9
Project
manger
3
Procur
ing
raw
materi
al
20/0
5/20
19 60
£ 30
0
20/05/
2019
25/06/2
019
27/06/2
019
Project
manger
4
Execu
tion
and
develo
pment
22/0
5/20
19 72
£ 25
0
22/05/
2019
27/06/2
019
30/06/2
019
Project
manger
5
Packa
ging
25/0
5/20
19 80
£20
0
25/05/
2019
30/06/2
019
1/06/20
19
Project
manger
6
Delive
ring
28/0
5/19 87
£27
5
28/05/
19
02/06/1
9
05/06/1
9
Project
manger
Gantt Chart
It is a type of chart in which project scheduled is designed for showing the dependency of
the relationships between activities and current schedule status. In this chart, tasks to be
performed are listed on vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis (Nenonen and
Vasara, 2013).

Project execution: It is the third stage in which project managers set milestones, targets,
deliverables, benchmarks etc. for monitoring the progress of the project (McArthur, 2015). These
are essential for determining whether the project activities are going according to the plan or not.
If variation are observed then project manager needs to modify the plans so that execution can
take place effectively.
Project monitoring plan

Activity Purpose Output/
Outcome
Reason Responsible
Persons for
checking
Product
development
Development of
new drinks for
enhancing the sales
and profit.
Yes product
development has
started according
to the plan.
None Project
manager
Resources
utilisation
To develop the
product by properly
utilising the
resources
The resources are
utilised properly
except the funds.
Extra purchased
raw material
leads to
ineffective
utilisation of
funds.
Project leader
Checking for
errors
To determine the
errors and flaws
None None Project tester
Feedback
from sample
customers
To determine the
effectiveness of the
product
Taste was bitter
which was
determined as little
sour.
Quantity of
ingredients
Sample
customers
Project performance: It is the last stage in which the project manager can use the key
performance indicators and key performance tool for maintaining the quality and cost of new
drinks. This is essential for maintaining the quality in the new drinks of the Sunshine drinks so
that the goals for the development of this new product can be accomplished.
Financial close out
Particulars Amount (€) Utilised properly/not
Salary of workers 50000 Yes
Purchasing the machinery 50000 Yes
Cost of raw materials 30000 No, extra raw materials
purchased which resulted in
wastage

Marketing of product 20000 Yes

Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Project Project #
Project manager Sponsor 0
Project artifacts Updated
Project
Development
and
Maintenance
Costs
Description FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 Total
Cost of Project Development
Salaries 20000 22000 25000 26000 28000 30000
Other internal expenses 2000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000
Consulting costs 1000 2000 3000 5000 4000 3000
Capital expenditures 2000 1000 2000 3000 4000 2000
Total project costs
£
25000
£
31000
£
35000
£
38000
£
39000
£
37000
Cost of Support 2000 4000 5000 2000 3000 1000
Operational costs 4000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Nonrecurring costs 2000 1000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Recurring costs 1000 4000 2000 3000 5000 2000
Total ongoing support costs
£
9000
£
12000
£
14000
£
14000
£
19000 £ 16000
Benefits/Savings
Current Process FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 Total
Total annual price
£
12000
£
15000
£
18000
£
20000
£
22000
£
25000
New
Process
Total annual price Total
annual
£ £ £ £ £

price 12000 15000 18000 20000 22000
Annual savings
£
25000
£
14000 £12000
£
15000
£
10000 £14000
Cumulative savings
£
3786
£
8978
£
6787
£
8876 £6788
£
5677
Cumulative costs
£
2345
£
6564
£
6778
£
8777
£
6688
£
6567
Cumulative total net savings £ 5896
£
8999
£
5466
£
9878
£
6887
£
9670
Future Value
Present Value Interest Rate # Periods Future Value
£ 9% 5 YEARS
£
208548
Present Value
Future Value Interest Rate # Periods Present Value
£ 9% 5 years
£
200000
Net Present
Value
Period Cash Flow Present Value
1 35000 32110.09 5
2 45000 37875.6
3 55000 42470.09
4 65000 46047.64
5 77000
50044.72
Totals
£
277000
£
8548.138307
6834
Project development cost £
208548.1380

7683
Net present value
£
8548.138307
6834
Project Monitoring Plan
Action Items
Project Project #
Project manager Sponsor 0
Project artefacts Updated
I
D Action Item Owner Status
Date
Entered
Plann
ed
Comp
letion
Actual
Completion
1 Product development Project manager
05/05/2
019
15/06
/19 20/06/19
2 Resources utilisation Project leader
10/05/2
019
18/06
/2019 21/06/19
3 Checking for errors Project tester
13/05/2
019
25/06
/2019 27/06/2019
4
Feedback from sample
customers Sample customers
20/05/2
019
27/06
/2019 30/06/2019
5 Product development Project manager
25/05/2
019
30/06
/2019 1/06/2019
Use of project methodologies, tools and leadership
Agile methodologies: The agile methodology used for this project is Scrum which is used
for guiding the team members. This is chosen so that the employees and team members can
communicate with each other in an effective manner as the structure of Sunshine drink is
complex due to which employees could not communicate with each other properly.
Tools: The company will use the tools such as advanced software and agile
manufacturing for ensuring that the project is executed in proper manner. Advanced technology
and agile manufacturing is used for this project so that improved productivity can be obtained
from the development of this product.

Leadership: The managers and leaders of the Sunshine drinks will use the participative
and situational leadership styles for taking the views of employees in decision making process in
different situations. These styles are chosen as the organisational structure of Sunshine drinks is
complex and managers are not capable of providing the information to employees regarding
every aspect so they are given some power (Schönsleben, 2016).
LO 4
P4: Review and critique the effectiveness of the PLC
It is essential for the Sunshine Drinks Company to review and critique their project life
cycle for ensuring that the company is using the best methods, techniques and processes for the
development of new product of company (Classic Waterfall Model, 2017). For this, the company
can use the Waterfall Model as an approach to evaluate their Project Life Cycle which is
discussed below:
Illustration 3: Classic Waterfall Model
Source: Classic Waterfall Model, 2017
Requirement: It is the first stage in which the Sunshine drinks should analyse the
required resources for initiating the project. In the initial phase, Project Life Cycle will assist the

Sunshine drinks in determining the essential needs of the project. The company has decided to
use the Six Sigma Methodology for defining the deliverables (Serra and Kunc, 2015). However,
the principles of this methodology are very rigid due to which these reduces the scope of
modifications in later stages.
Design: This phase is related with the development of a flexible and sustainable design of
the project. This stage reflects the planning stage of the PLC in which the Sunshine drinks used
Lean Principles for reducing the wastage. It is an effective method for eliminating or reducing
the waste. However, autocratic leadership is used in this stage by the leaders of the company due
to which participation of employees in business activities is ignored. This leadership style is a
threat for the company as it can lead to dissatisfaction among the employees which can hinder
the development of flavoured spring water drinks.
Development: This stage states the overall development and execution of the process.
Sunshine Drinks will use the Total Quality Management and democratic leadership style for
ensuring the effective participation and maximum productivity from the employees. Through
this, the company can focus on quality and not on cost. However, the firm can use the other
methods for saving the costs such as inventory management, Software Cost Reduction (SCR)
Toolkit etc. for the production processes (Software Cost Reduction (SCR) Toolkit, 2019).
Testing and Maintenance: It is the last stage of this model in which testing as well as
maintenance of the plan is done. This stage is used for assessing the project closure stage. For
this stage, Sunshine drinks can use the strategic leadership for evaluating their overall plan.
Through this, the project manager can deal with the assessment in an accurate and proper manner
(Simpson and et. al., 2015).
Effectiveness of PLC
Designing and implementing the project life cycle model is very beneficial for the
companies like Sunshine drinks as a well prepared and defined strategy is always required for
handling the problems which can arise in the different processes or projects. However, there are
always complexity and uncertainty involved which cannot be controlled in spite of having a
good life cycle model. Project life cycle is a step by step procedure which should be followed by
the project team instead of build up a project from scratch (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017).
Effective design and implementation of the PLC is useful for the companies in ensuring that all
the essential work is included in the initial schedule as well as to ensure that the project team is

following the proper course of action or not. Apart from this, the project manager can determine
the estimated time and risk involved in the project. Effective PLC is also important for the firms
in defining the predetermined standards or principles to the team members for effective
coordination in achieving the goals.
Ineffectiveness of PLC
The ineffectiveness of the project life cycle is that the company has to implement new
software and updated machinery in the production process due to which the cost for the company
will increase and this will leads to reduced profit for the sunshine drinks. Also the project life
cycle is a step by step complex process due to which complexity for the project manager of
Sunshine drinks will increase which will impact the execution and performance of the new
product. Also company has to recruit new employees for the project team which must be
provided with training and development sessions so that they can adopt to new working culture
and environment (Meredith, Mantel Jr and Shafer, 2017). Communication issues also arises
among these employees as they are not familiar with the existing employees. Also the project
managers stays focused on execution of the project and force the employees to execute their
work in given deadlines which can also results in reduced dissatisfaction among the employees.
Milestones: These are the tools which are used by the organisations in project
management in order to mark specific points with the project timeline. These points are
beneficial in determining the project start and end date, or for reviewing and checking the
budget. Milestone for this project of the Sunshine drinks is enhanced market share and sales
which will be determined in the first three months of launching the new product.
Targets: The target is the aim of project which is achieved through the execution of the
project. The target for the Sunshine drink for launching this new product is to enhance the
market share as well as sales of the company so that firm can sustain in the market.
Deliverables: The company will deliver the quality in the new product i.e. Flavoured
spring water drinks which is unique from the similar products of the rival firms. The product is
also nutritional due to which it can assist the firm in staying ahead of competitors.
Benchmarks: The taken firm which is Sunshine drinks will compare the nutritional value
and features of their new product with the product of competitors firm. Also prices will be
checked for determining the competencies.

Key Performance Indicators: These are used by the organisations for determining the
success of their projects or new products. The Sunshine drinks will use various KPI
measurements for measuring the success of their new product. These measurements includes the
comparison of past and future performance, difference in profit and sales etc. through which
company will determine the growth through new product.
Program theory: This theory states the ways through which an intervention contributes
to the intended or observed outcomes. This theory is divided into 2 components which are
Theory of change and theory of action (Fang and et. al., 2012). Theory of change is the process
through which change occurs among the individual, organisation or community. Whereas Theory
of action states the ways for constructing intervention in order to activate the theory of change.
This theory can be used by the Jaguar for determining how the interventions are beneficial in
gaining the desired outcomes. Whereas Logic model is the visual representation of program
theory which is usually shown in a diagram or in a table. These models can be used by the Jaguar
for evaluating their project life cycle so that improved results can be achieved.
Cost saving techniques which could be incorporated in PLC
The Sunshine drinks company is using various techniques for saving the extra costs
which can occur in the development of their new product i.e. Flavoured spring water drinks.
These techniques are essential for the company in eliminating the extra incurred costs for
improving the profit and revenue. Budget planning is one of the technique which will be used for
saving the extra cost. Through this planning, the company can estimate the cost which will be
used in the production of new drinks so that the funds can be allotted accordingly. Also the
company will use the Bottom-Up Estimating (Turner, 2014). In this method, the company will
determine the estimated cost of activities of the schedule, including labour and materials etc.
Through this, the company can determine the cost of each thing from lowest level to higher
levels.
Different techniques used to ensure quality, scope and tenure in the project implementation
Sunshine drinks company will use the KAIZEN theory and lean management model for
the development of new drinks in order to ensure the quality,s cope and tenure of project
implementation. This theory is also useful for the Sunshine drinks for analysing the effectiveness
of the PLC while the project is being carried out which is developing the new drinks. The
company will also use the lean principles for improving the quality of the drinks as well as to

eliminate the wastage in the production or development process carried out by the Sunshine
drinks for the launching of new flavoured spring water drinks. For ensuring the scope, company
is planning to use the agile methodology.
Different theories, concepts and models which can be used in small and big projects
There are various theories which can be used by the organisations for ensuring the quality
of the developed products. These theories are useful for the firms like Sunshine drinks for
developing the products with best quality by eliminating or reducing the waste generated by the
production department. The companies can use the Waterfall model for executing the large
projects in an effective manner as well as for the smaller projects, companies can use the agile
manufacturing which is helpful in eliminating the waste generated by the production department
in development of new products (Slack and Brandon-Jones, 2018).
Evaluation of the PLC
The project life cycle developed for the project for Sunshine drinks is very helpful for the
company in launching the new drinks i.e. flavoured spring water drinks. The developed project
life cycle is beneficial for the company in eliminating the wastages done by the production
department in producing the new drinks. Also the company can successfully place their product
in the market by using the discussed life cycle which will assist in enhancing the market share
and sales of the new product. However, this cycle does not ascertain that the product will become
successful in the market which is the biggest limitation of the project life cycle.
The project was successfully executed as the project life cycle was really helpful in
determining the stages through which the new product of the Sunshine drinks can be developed
in an effective manner. The project life cycle was used after evaluating the effectiveness and
ineffectiveness due to which company determined the flaws in their PLC and reduced the impact
of ineffective features or issues which ensured the success of the project.
The project discussed above was done in an effective manner and it was executed in a
successful manner. This was helpful in estimating various stages which are used by Sunshine
drinks to market it's products in market appropriately.
CONCLUSION
As per above discussion, from the above report that the operations and project
management is very essential for the companies in orders to ensure consistency and quality in
operations and business projects. Principles of OP can leads to improvement in the operations if