Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Work-Life Balance

This assignment delves into the complex interplay between work-life balance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and organizational commitment. It examines how these factors influence each other within an organization and analyzes relevant research studies that shed light on this relationship. The assignment explores various theories and models, including Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, to understand the motivations behind OCB and the impact of work-life balance on employee behavior. It also considers the role of organizational commitment in shaping both work-life balance and OCB.

Organisation and Behaviour

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
SECTION 1: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND CULTURE................................................1
1.1 and 1.2 Comparing organizational structure and culture that exists within Sa Sa and Dairy
Farm International Holdings organization. Also discussing organization structures and
cultures impacting on the businesses performance................................................................1
1.3 Discussing factors that influence individual behavior at work. ......................................3
SECTION 2 LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ....................................................................4
2.2 and 2.3 Evaluating the management approaches used by those organizations. Explaining
management ‘theories’ that influence day to day activities and practices. ...........................4
SECTION 3 MOTIVATION...........................................................................................................6
3.2 and 3.3 Comparing Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ theory and Herzberg’s Motivation
Hygiene method applied within organization. Evaluating the usefulness of the theories that
could be implemented in practice...........................................................................................6
2.1 and 3.1 Identifying two different types of leadership style in managing the employees in
the organization. Discussing the impact of each of the leadership styles on employee
motivation during a specific time of change. ........................................................................9
SECTION -4 GROUPS AND TEAMS.......................................................................................11
4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 Evaluating use of technology that promotes or inhibits the development of
effective teamwork, ensuring about explanation of the nature of groups and group behavior in
organizations.........................................................................................................................11
4.2- There are many factors that impacts in the development of the team work and motivate
them to work more................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour refers to the study of an individual behaviour in the company.
This is a scientific approach to create more efficiency in the organisation. Organisation and
behaviour also includes to the study of an individual interactions with other people in the
society. OB is a scientific method which can be adopted for managing the employee's. Moreover,
organisational behaviour relates to the main purpose of the organisational understanding in terms
of staff and management people. It performs in relation to the company with other groups within
the organisation.
The below report aims in specifying the organisational structure and it's culture that runs
within Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings organisation. In addition to this, the report
also determines the impact of culture and structure on performance of the business. Moreover,
Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene and Maslow's Theory is discussed in the below context.
However, the management approaches used by the organizations and ‘theories’ that influence
day to day activities and practices is evaluated below. In addition to this factors that influence
individual behaviour at workplace is also specified in the context.
The report also aims in showing the effectiveness of different leadership styles in the
organization. Moreover, organizational theory that underpins the practice of management is also
explained as under. Further, the nature of groups and its behaviour within organizations is also
specified. The report also describes nature of groups and it's behaviour in the Sa Sa and Dairy
Farm International Holdings organisation. Lastly, factors that impact on team functioning in
organisation is also mentioned in this summary.
SECTION 1: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND CULTURE.
1.1 and 1.2 Comparing organizational structure and culture that exists within Sa Sa and Dairy
Farm International Holdings organisation. Also discussing organization structures and
cultures impacting on the businesses performance.
There are different organisations which has its own culture and structure. culture
relates to the company’s status and structure refers to level of hierarchy and status of the
organization (Saif, Khatak and Khan, 2016). Comparison between Sa Sa International Holdings
and Dairy Farm International Holdings organization is discussed below:
Organizational structure: In the organisation there are structures like Functional, Divisional,
Product, Matrix, Hierarchical and Geographic that supports the company in achieving the
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objectives. Sa Sa International Holdings uses Divisional structure as it helps in overcoming the
problems that is related to products and services of the management. In addition to this, there are
different departments in this structure which involves in fulfilling the needs and requirements of
its market strategy of businesses performance. As per Hierarchical structure, this both
organisation performs in maintaining business performance from top to bottom level. This
Hierarchical impacts on business performance by motivating employee's in the firm. Further,
this structure promotes in developing worker's as a specialists in improving their business
performance. Also Sa Sa International Holdings organization adopted divisional structure as
there are individual managers in business that has been assigned to each of the department
which have great ownership to own their teams in business enterprise ( Young and et.al, 2015).
As there are different team in the divisional structure which works in widening the business
performance and it is flexible that moulds in motivating employee's to achieve objectives of the
enterprise. Divisional structure is also helpful in sharing knowledge and providing the training to
employee's that improves business performances. On the other hand, Dairy Farm International
Holdings uses Functional structure as it helps in delivering the skills and training to an individual
and teams in the business enterprise to maintain their performance level. In addition to this, it
benefits in providing training to leaders and managers in operating various activities in
management.
Organizational Culture: According to this Handy culture, it has four types which includes
Power, Role, Task and Person in the organisation (Khan, Rashid and Vytialingam, 2016). Sa Sa
International Holdings performs with the Person culture as it is focused on developing
uniqueness in individual and team along with the improvement in business performance. In the
Person culture, each individual and group has its own power that helps in believing that they are
superior to the organization. On the other hand, Dairy Farm International Holdings adopted Role
culture in which people of management have the authority in decision-making process
(Subramani and et.al, 2015). Based on this culture, the employees are controlled for
improvement of business performance and the power is determined according to the position of
person's. In addition to compare the culture and structure, it reviews that structure is followed in
order to Functional, Divisional, Product, Matrix and Geographic manner. But culture is
performed in terms to task, role and power. Sa Sa International Holdings uses Person culture
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while Dairy Farm International Holding adopted Role culture in their organizations that impacts
on business performance.
Different organisational structure and culture are synchronised to each other and
moreover, they are the backbone in improving the business performance. This helps in creating
various strategies that affects the planning in the organisation. In addition to this, structure and
culture affects Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings in the positive manner and
moreover, it also helps in identifying the limitations of the particular firm for better business
performance. Further, this organizational Culture and structure also helps in achieving the
success of the organisation. Both structure and culture helps in maintaining stability of business
enterprise (Blyton and et.al, 2017). This impacts on the business positively as it helps in
providing appropriate standard to the people at working place. Appropriate formation of culture
and structure must be adopted that impacts in following the regulations and policies of company.
This rules impacts on maintaining the business performances of both the organization. Moreover,
it affects the employee's in company to communicate effectively and smoothly with others. In
addition to this, it affects decision-making process of management which results in betterment of
the people who are working in Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings. The relationship
between structure and culture is such that it affects the business in centralized and distinctive
way to achieve the objective of the organisation that helps in business performance (Temminck,
Mearns and Fruhen, 2015). The relationship between culture and structure also shows the power
of manager and leader that motivate workers to achieve the goal of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm
International Holdings company.
1.3 Discussing factors that influence individual behaviour at work.
People differs in their behaviour and performs accordingly at the workplace of Sa Sa and
Dairy Farm. In addition to this, there are different factors which influences internally or
externally the behaviour of an individual which can be:
Leadership: In form of leading employee's, leaders and managers play a vital role in influencing
an individual's behaviour. Guidance to the worker's must be provided efficiently that helps in
setting a clear image of direction for team. Employee's must also be trained in order to improve
their skills and moreover, it also increases the knowledge of an individual in an organisation.
Leader and manager must always be attentive to their worker's which makes them feel special.
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Relationship at workplace: Individual's and team member must have a healthy relationship
with others in the organisation. In addition to this, it helps in sharing experiences and also
increases knowledge of an individual. In the workplace, people need to talk and interact with
other teams which influences them to work more effectively.
Culture of Workplace: There should be systematic and appropriate work culture that influences
the employees to achieve higher objectives (Pradhan, Jena and Kumari, 2016). At workplace
there should not be any kind of discrimination amongst people that negatively affects an
individual behaviour and moreover laws and policies should be equal for every individual. In
every departments of organisation transparency must be maintained that helps in influencing
standard of the worker's according to their skills. Culture of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm is flexible and
comfortable for an individual that makes them feel important at workplace. Leaders and
managers in this organisation is always supportive to the people at times of their any crisis and
problems that influences worker's in working more effectively.
SECTION 2 LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
2.2 and 2.3 Evaluating the management approaches used by those organizations. Explaining
management ‘theories’ that influence day to day activities and practices.
There are different theories like Decision, Scientific, Contingency, System and
Situational that influences the manager in their daily operational activities. Sa Sa International
Holdings and Dairy farm organisations uses these theories in their organisation which helps their
manager to accomplish the objectives and goals of the company.
System Approach
This is the theory which focuses on total work in organisation and in addition to this it
views the management as entire group which have the common objective to be achieved.
Moreover, system approach helps in bringing all the departments together and integrate them to
work universally at each and every level of organisation. This helps in motivating team to work
more as their workload is divided in different teams. System Approach emphasizes to perform in
one team with single purpose of achieving objectives.
Decision-making Approach
This theory is mainly focused on managerial decision-making which affects both the
organisation of Hong Kong. Moreover, it works in making company more developed by taking
effective decisions in the firm (Salas‐Vallina, Alegre and Fernández, 2017). Decision-making
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approach helps in resolving the conflicts of management. Sa Sa and Dairy Farm uses this
approach as it is effective in solving issues of firm.
Contingency theory
This is one of the effective theory which helps in encouraging leaders to achieve the goal
of the organisation. In addition to this, leaders become more successful by implementing
innovative ideas and techniques for solving the issues in Sa Sa International Holdings. Leaders
are more focused in developing their own visions and values in the management. This theory
plans to help the manager in realising the limitations of organisation (Honkala, 2014). In addition
to this, Dairy Farm also applies this theory as it helps in solving the issues with adequate
potential at the workplace. Contingency theory also helps in controlling the risk factors and
moreover it is concerned with leaders in achieving higher goals by performing better.
Scientific theory
This theory helps leaders in guiding and inspiring the employee’s in the organisation.
Knowledge and skills in the workers can be developed more with the help of advanced
techniques and research (Kidron and Vinarski–Peretz, 2017). Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International
Holdings also performs scientific theory as it supports the analysis and data in the organisation.
This leadership theory also helps in determining the effective way to achieve the objectives in Sa
Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings organization. The clear understanding about the Sa Sa
and Dairy Farm organisation can be known from different approaches which are applied in the
firm (Bartels and Reinders, 2016). There are various approaches like classical, system,
contingency, decision-making, etc.
Theories influencing day to day activities and practices:
Sa Sa International Holding organization uses the scientific theory that influences the
workers knowledge and skills for higher performance level. Further, it helps in achieving the
aims of the company. Dairy Farm International Holdings organization uses the contingency
theory which makes possible in controlling the risk factors. Additionally, to develop their own
standards and values contingency theory is highly affected in daily practices.
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SECTION 3 MOTIVATION
3.2 and 3.3 Comparing Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ theory and Herzberg’s Motivation
Hygiene method applied within organization. Evaluating the usefulness of the theories that
could be implemented in practice.
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs, Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene, McClelland's Need,
Porter and Lawer's, Vroom's expectancy Theory are some of the top most motivational theories.
In this below summary, Maslow's and Herzberg's motivation theory is being compared within the
workplace.
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs:
This is the well-known theory in terms of motivation and moreover, it relates to human
basic needs (Saif, Khatak and Khan, 2016). In addition to this, the requirements of people are
classified in the order from low to high.
1- Physiological Needs: In this first step of theory, needs like food, shelter, clothing, air and
other basic necessities are included. This all requirements help in survival of the humans which
widely influence on the behaviour of an individual.
2- Safety Needs: After the physiological need, humans’ safety and security requirement is to be
satisfied. In addition to this, it helps in motivating people by providing economic security and
their protection from any danger in physical terms (Young and et.al, 2015). In this term, it
requires money and individual is influenced to work more.
3- Social Needs: As an individual they are interested in interacting socially with other people
(Saul, 2018.). In addition to this, they are concerned to work in social group and also aged
people joins in it as they meet number of people in the workplace.
4- Esteem Needs: This needs refers to the people's self- respect that is to be maintained. In
addition to this, it also refers to self-confidence, independence, achievement and knowledge of
an individual (Khan, Rashid and Vytialingam, 2016). However, if this needs are fulfilled than
people are motivated towards working more.
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5- Self-Actualisation Needs: Lastly comes the final point that refers to fulfil an individual
requirements. Moreover, it refers to make the person more potential in the work they are good at
their performance.
This Maslow's theory is easy and flexible to understand and moreover it has received
better recognition from individuals.
Herzberg's Motivation Hygiene Theory:
Further, Herzberg's Motivational theory is discussed in terms of individual job
satisfaction. In this theory, people reflects stheir job significance positively and in addition to
this, individual expresses good feelings about their job satisfaction. This theory is reflected in
order to remove the dissatisfaction from an individual's job which motivates them for working
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Illustration 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Source 1: McLeod, 2018

more. In this, it also implies to the Hygiene factor of people which helps them in getting healthy
atmosphere at work (Subramani and et.al, 2015). Moreover, people are satisfied at their job but
this theory does not motivate them. Lastly, Herzberg’s theory is not motivational as it avoids the
situational variable of an individual.
As comparing Maslow's and Herzberg's theory of motivation, Sa Sa and Dairy Farm
International Holdings uses Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs as it supports individual in terms of
job satisfaction and also in motivating them to work more (Blyton, and et.al, 2017). In addition
to this, Hierarchy needs is flexible and is easy for better understanding and moreover, Herzberg's
theory does not motivate people and neglects their basic variables of situation. In order to
motivate employee's there are many theories which are applied by manager in the workplace.
This models help in understanding the human nature and it's behaviour towards the work.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory: This theory of Hierarchy is useful to manager which
helps in motivating employee's of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings in easy way and
moreover, this is flexible in order to understand individual's behaviour. In addition to this, by
applying Maslow's theory in Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings, it impacts in
satisfying an individual's choice. Also there are five steps in this model which has been
explained in the above point which helps in fulfilment of human needs and requirements.
However, it is also useful to manager of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings in
inspiring people to work more and this results in increasing the productivity of the company
(Temminck, Mearns and Fruhen, 2015). Hence, this theory have impact on manager as they are
focused to achieve higher objectives and goals by motivating the worker's. Further, it is a
necessary tool for managers that helps in satisfying needs of employee's such as safety,
Physiological, esteem, social and self-actualisation. If manager of both the organization fulfil all
these needs, then they are successful in motivating employee's through this model.
Herzberg's Hygiene Theory: This is a next theory which is useful to manager in order to fulfil
needs of employee's including two factors such as motivation and hygiene. In addition to this,
manager of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm International Holdings motivate employee's formally
according to their job performance with the help of this motivational theory (Pradhan, Jena and
Kumari, 2016). Moreover, it impacts on manager in two terms that is hygiene and motivation of
an individual in both the firm. Further, by applying Herzberg's Hygiene theory in the Sa Sa and
Dairy Farm International Holdings company it helps their manager as they can create supportive
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and respectful atmosphere for the employee's. Lastly, it helps in providing advanced
opportunities and in recognising the worker's contributions in the business performance.
2.1 and 3.1 Identifying two different types of leadership style in managing the employees in the
organization. Discussing the impact of each of the leadership styles on employee
motivation during a specific time of change.
Leadership is a process that helps in providing guidelines and direction to the individual
at workplace. In addition to this, it also refers to the vision that brings a better change for future
in Sa Sa and Dairy Farm organizations ( Nardon, 2017). Moreover, leadership is also concerned
with the increase in organizational production and also helps employees to work enthusiastically.
There are various styles of leadership which are effective in organization.
Autocratic leadership: In this style, owner has the power of managing all the activities and to
make decisions related to various strategic departments of company. This leadership is based on
controlling the firm and moreover, it is effective in achieving high turnover in the company.
Further, in this style the autocrat motivate employee's in organization which promotes them at
higher positions.
Democratic leadership: This leadership style is most effective to the owner of Sa Sa firm who
is the responsible in practising all the activities in management (Olivier-Pijpers and et.al, 2017).
In addition to this, the authorities of making decisions is widely distributed among the worker's
which influences them in achieving higher goals. In Sa Sa International Holdings this style is
adopted as it is most effective in managing the employee's and moreover it has a great impact on
productivity of business.
Transformational leadership: In this style, most of the employees are satisfied which helps in
achieving the aims and moreover all the operational activities are performed well. This
leadership mainly focuses on improving skills of an individual and team (Jain and Sharma,
2015). The organization Dairy Farm International Holdings uses this style as it is effective in
training worker's and to make them perform in their own way.
Different leadership styles play a vital role in motivating employees of company. In
addition to this, success of an individual depends on how their leaders are leading them in the
organisation. Leadership style must be selected wisely by the leader as it impacts positively in
motivating employee's of Sa Sa and Dairy Farm organisation.
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Transformational Leadership
This style of leadership is similar to the visionary type that helps leader in motivating the
employee's in the firm. This transformational leader leads an individual by providing them a
proper way of achieving objectives. This is an effective style as leaders perform for inspiring
workers to achieve the particular goals of the company. Moreover, it results in attachment of the
employees towards the leader (Singh and Srivastava, 2016). Transformational leadership also
impacts in motivating the workers positively and also build trust in employee's towards the
management. Leaders who are following this style always listen to their employee's and solve
their issues which motivate workers in achieving higher goals. Transformational leaders motivate
the employee's such as they also move ahead beyond the rewards.
Transactional Leadership
In this style, leaders are highly concerned with the achievement of objectives and goals.
Leaders in this process are stick to their decisions in achieving higher productivity in
management. Leaders focuses in completing their tasks and in resolving the issues of employee's.
Along with the innovation but are highly concerned with the completion of task on proper time
(Sherif, Furnell and Clarke, 2015). As the performance of the employees are recognised
positively and moreover, this helps in motivating the worker's. In this style, leaders try to solve
the issues of employee's in order to motivate them highly.
Further, leaders work with the existing team to identify the efficient change in firm and in
addition to this they guide and motivate workers to execute the change in company. However, it
is reviewed in form of scientific management that motivate employees by rewards. Moreover,
extra pay, overtime money and bonuses can be translated into rewards to workers.
SECTION -4 GROUPS AND TEAMS
4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 Evaluating use of technology that promotes or inhibits the development of
effective teamwork, ensuring about explanation of the nature of groups and group
behaviour in organizations.
The aim of this point is to refer nature of the group in the organisation which can be
formal and informal (Organizational Behaviour Explained: Definition, Importance, Nature,
Model, 2017). Formal group are established in order to achieve goals of the company.
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Nature of Groups- Formal and Informal:
Moreover, formal groups include command, functional and task in the firm.
Command Groups: In this, employee's work as per charts prepared organisationally by their
subordinates and further it is reported to the supervisor of their group (Nardon, 2017). The
objective of this group is performed under policies and laws of the company.
Task Groups: As per task is concerned people work together to achieve single goal and also
includes the completion of a particular task in the organisation. In this task group, people are
brought together for accomplishment of the task in the given time period. Project work, standing
and ad- hoc committees are the part of this task groups.
Functional Groups: This is a group of people who remains for long time in the existence even
after the achievement of goals (Olivier-Pijpers and et.al, 2017). The members in the functional
group work together to achieve specific aims within the given time to them.ss
Informal groups can be in terms of friendship, reference or may be interest groups. This
all groups are classified as:
Interest Groups: The goal of this group depends on personal interest of people which does not
includes the aims and objectives of the organisation.
Friendship Groups: This is the part in which people are brought together for similar type of
enjoyment that is achieved through social activities, religious values, common bonds and
political beliefs.
Reference Groups: This is a group in which members evaluate themselves and moreover they
achieve goals which involves social comparison and it's validation.
Group Behaviour
Different individual's brought together to perform in a group and the behaviour of this
group depends upon their nature. ( Jain and Sharma, 2015). Moreover, Tuckman's model explain
the group behaviour which changes over time.
Forming: In this stage, people are equally informed about the resources and they perform the
task collectively in organisation.
Storming: In this stage, issues are identified and in addition to this, individual's questions and
confront themselves in order to solve their problems. Storming refers to the personal feelings of
an individual.
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Norming: After the issues are solved, the new concepts are developed by the people in
organisation (Honkala, 2014). This makes a mutual agreement among members which help in
working co-operatively.
Performing: As the team is developed, people work together with mutual co-operation and
achieve their agenda in democratic manner.
Adjourning: Last step reflects to the people who move on to other group after completion of
the purpose in the job. Here the group is dissolved after the task is performed and members move
on to other organisation.
4.2- There are many factors that impacts in the development of the team work and motivate them
to work more.
Communication: To develop the team one needs to communicate effectively in organisation
(Kidron and Vinarski–Peretz, 2017). To foster employee's motivation company must implement
resolution procedures for better communication which develops team work.
Group- think: To develop the group work, company should focus that people must believe in
tendency of making one mutual decision.
4.3- The impact of technology in team functioning.
In Sa Sa and Dairy Farm organisation, they use different innovative techniques which
impacts in functioning the group effectively. In this changing world, company needs to update
themselves which may increases knowledge and skills of the members in the team.
Internet: Both the organisations performs with internet service that develops each member in
team and in addition to this team applies this facility by sending email's to their team members
and to be connected with each other (Bartels and Reinders, 2016). This helps in functioning team
effectively.
Wireless Connections: Sa Sa and Dairy Farm has also implemented wireless phones technique
through which team members are connected with each other at every stage which helps them
functioning easily.
Video Conference: Both the companies also uses the technique of video conferencing which
brings team members together (Salas‐Vallina, Alegre and Fernández, 2017). When the members
are not at one place and in addition to this communicating to each other through video
conference helps team to function effectively in order to achieve goal of the company.
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CONCLUSION
It is analysed from the above report that Sa Sa International Holdings uses Divisional
structure and Dairy Farm International Holdings uses Functional structure that helps in
development of the organisation. In addition to this, this report also concludes that culture and
structure are the backbone of the management which also affects in a centralized and distinctive
way. Moreover, it is analysed that culture of workplace widely have impact on the behaviour of
an individual. This summary also analysis that Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory is applied in
both the organisations to motivate employee's. It is also concluded that effectiveness in group
behaviour is maintained through Tuckman’s model. Lastly, this report can be concluded by
video-conference technique that is effective in impacting the organisations to develop teams.
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