Organizational Behavior Theories and Concepts

This assignment delves into fundamental theories and concepts within the field of organizational behavior. It examines various motivational models, such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and explores team development processes using Tuckman's stages. The assignment also discusses essential organizational behavior topics like citizenship behavior, quality management, and social identity in work settings.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1) Impact of culture, politics and power on the behaviour within the organisation. ...........1
M1) Influence of culture politics and power on team behaviour and performance. .............3
P2) Role of motivational theory in bringing effectiveness in firm.........................................3
M2 Influence of Motivational theory on behaviour in organisation......................................5
D1) The relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation help in the success of
firm.........................................................................................................................................5
P3 Factors that make effective team.......................................................................................5
P4 Philosophies of organisational behaviour.........................................................................9
M4 critically analysing the philosophies of organisational behaviour on firm. ..................11
D2 Analysing development theories in context of organisational behaviours.....................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................................14

ILLUSTRATION INDEX
Illustration 1: Maslow motivational model......................................................................................4
Illustration 2: Tucks man team development model........................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
In current time there are many firms that has start focusing on the organisational
behaviour. It has become one of the important practice that is playing major role in bringing the
efficiency in firm. Organisation behaviour can be described as study that analyse how an
individual, team and structure of organisation affect and get affected by the behaviour that is
conducted within the organisation. The main purpose of this analysis is to apply this knowledge
in the organisational activity so that efficiency and effectiveness can be bought.
In current report 4Com Plc company has been taken into account which work in
telecommunication industry. The firm is known for providing the best communication service in
UK. The firm has more than 300 employees with annual turnover of £20 M to £30 M. In current
report the organisational behaviour and its importance will be discussed. It will provide detail
report of the impact of culture, politics and power have on the behaviour of organisation. Along
with motivational theory and its effect on the team performance will also be mentioned.
Different philosophy of organisational behaviour will also be in here.
P1) Impact of culture, politics and power on the behaviour within the organisation.
Operation and activity of business enterprise get majorly impacted by the culture, politics
and power that firm has. This three terms have major impact on the environment and efficiency
with which firm works (Alavosius, and et.al., 2016). This three are crucial in making of firm so
its necessary for 4Com Plc to understand the basic working of this three term so that no negative
use of it can have adverse impact on the working of firm.
Organisational culture can be described as a belief values principal practices etc. that
affects the way a person work. In simple term it can be described a way an individual completed
its task and interact with other people in firm (Barrick, Mount and Li, 2013). Having a great
culture no only help in creating healthy working environment but also act as mediator or glue
that make every one stick together and walk in single direction. There are many types of culture
that are maintained in entity few are mentioned below:
Handy's Model of organisational Culture
Power Culture
Power: Power play huge role in the way employees interact and the way decision are
made in the firm. There are two type of power that are mentioned below:
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 Positive: Politics can play important role in brining the efficiency and effectiveness in
firm if it used correctly and in positive way (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). People who are
aware of how the politics work are more productive than people who are unaware of it.
By providing employee aware of the politics and working of firm will not only encourage
them but will also enhance their efficiency.
 Negative: Politics can also have adverse effect especially if its used for self centred
purpose (Guastello, 2013). The greed of wanting and going beyond your reach what
make this all ugly. It also has adverse effect on the working of firm. Politics: Politics is mixture of many things such as power, practices, influence on other
behaviour etc. In simple words it can be described as power to influence other. Positive power: In this instead of using hierarchy method firm empower their employee
so that they can take necessary decision and also provide them with mentor or supervisor
so that they can grow and develop properly (Hashim and Wok, 2014). Negative power: When worker use forces making their subordinate work that when this
power turn negative. In such case they loose respect in the eye of subordinates (Hogg and
Terry, 2014). This have adverse effect on the working of firm.
Role Of culture
 Bureaucratic style: This style follow strict hierarchy which have strict distribution of
power and require each and every employee to follow the rules and responsibility given
to them (Denhardt, Denhardt and Aristigueta, 2015). Instead of maintaining inner
relationship it focuses more on making connection with external parties. Collaborative style: This style work on well structure method where employs are
empowered to make necessary decision regarding their task (DiPaola and Tschannen,
2014). Furthermore, this style focus on the principle of decentralization and divide the
power in small teams so that all issue can be handle effectively and efficiently.
Task Culture
In this next segment where this model explains about the task culture. In which
organisation make a team to address all specific goals and objectives. The task is very crucial
thing which have to be performed by the company in efficient manner. Team performed the task
into more appropriate manner and growth into more efficient manner.
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Person Culture
In this next term of Handy's culture which is person cultures, individuals are very much
see themselves as unique and superior to the organisation.
M1) Influence of culture politics and power on team behaviour and performance.
Culture politics and behaviour have major impact on the working of firm. Culture
promotes same belief and value which make it easier for employees to work together. Making
people aware of the politics and the way firm work help firm in gaining more investment and
also help in building the confidence and motivation of employee (McShane and et.al., 2015).
This help in bringing the overall efficiency and effectiveness in firm.
P2) Role of motivational theory in bringing effectiveness in firm
Employee is important part of organisation as they play leading role in firm and help
them so that they can achieve their goals and objectives. Motivation help in increasing the
productivity and efficiency of firm (Moreland, Levine and Wingert, 2013). It motivates
employees and help them in enhancing their skills and ability which has it impacts on the
performance of firm.
There are two type of theories that is
 Content theory
 Process theory
Content theory: Thsi theory focuses on the factors that comes from within the person that
energise, direct or sustain the behaviour of person it includes many theories such as Maslow,
Herzberg etc.
Maslow Motivational theory
This theory put emphasis on the basic need of employee. According to this theory if the
basic need of person are fulfilled than that person automatically feels motivated (Pan, Qin and
Gao, 2014). Maslow explain this model in the form of pyramid after meeting each level a person
move upwards. The basic need given by Maslow are as follows
 Psychological needs
 Safety needs
 Love needs
 Esteem needs
 Self actualisation needs
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By implementing this model in firm 4Com Plc can understand the need of employee and
can make sure that their needs are met this will not only motivate people but will also build their
confidence (Piaget, 2013).
Illustration 1: Maslow motivational model
(Source: Motivation and Personality. 2015 )
Overall, with the help of this theory motivation theory can help employees to performed
work in more systematic and effective manner. Motivation need hierarchy model is very much
effective for employees motivation through employees works into more energetic and efficient
manner.
Process theories : it focuses on different ways through which a person can feel
energised. Instead of activity it focuses more on the end result four theories are predominated in
this that is equity theory, goal setting, expectancy and reinforcement theory (Robbins and
Coulter, 2016).
Equity motivational theory
This model work on the principle of balance and believe that there should be equal
balance between the input and output. According this model. An employee feels dissatisfied
especially when he feels that the firm is not giving enough output to the input and efforts he his
putting toward the work. Workers input include their skills, effort hard-work etc (Schermerhorn,
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2015). while firm output include benefits, salary, recognition etc. Not balancing this two can
affect the working of firm as employees become dissatisfied and lose their interest and
motivation toward their work. This theory can help to maintained the proper balance between
resources and requirement that helps organisation to manage their cost and focus on the other
functional department.
M2 Influence of Motivational theory on behaviour in organisation
Motivational theory have major impact on the working environment as well as on its
performance. Motivating employees help firm in gaining their trust and their loyalties toward the
firm it also has major impact on the efficiency of firm. Motivate employee perform better and
efficiently. It also helps in maintaining stability in firm and promote healthy environment (West,
Tjosvold and Smith, 2013). This all factor help major impact on the behaviour of organisation.
D1) The relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation help in the success of firm
Culture politics power motivation are all interrelated to each other as they work for the
same motive of bringing efficiency and development of firm (Wood and et.al., 2016). By
promoting good politics and power culture of organisation improves which motivates employee
and has positive impact on the working of firm.
P3 Factors that make effective team
An organisation is made of different department that carry out various function so that
goals and objectives of firm can be achieved. David and Co is medium size and entity to make
sure that work can be carried out in smoother and efficient manner different teams are formed so
that each work or problem can be handled efficiently some teams are mentioned below. Department team: This team are permanent team of organisation that doesn't get dissolve
after their motives or aims are met. This teams do not get dissolve whether they have any
work or not. This team is generally made of expertise and specialised of the field
(Alavosius, and et.al., 2016). The team work together with many other team in order to
carry out the work that is assigned to them. e.g. of permanent team include marketing
team, developer team etc. Problem solving team: There are many business operation that are carried out in firm
every day (Denhardt, Denhardt and Aristigueta, 2015). There are many issues that
company faces during this operation to solve this problem's problem solving team is
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made so that proper analysis and solution can be found this team are temporary team and
get dissolve after they finish the work allotted to them. Self managed team: This type of team are provide with most power compare to others.
The firm give them ownership of project which make it possible for team to make all the
necessary decision which is required for the completion of this project (Barrick, Mount
and Li, 2013). Cross functional team: This team is made up from the different member of department
who need to work together so that objectives of firm can be achieved. They come
together so that they can tackle new project or the problem they are facing. Work force: This type of team are formed and made work in the continuous guidance of
an leader or a supervisor (DiPaola and Tschannen, 2014). They all work together so that
their task can be completed in efficient manner.
 Virtual team: This team are made with people in different geographical. With
development of technology and wide internet team despite of great geographical distance
has become possible. The basis of the formation of this team is not made on the basis of
its geographical location but its based on the basis of the qualification of the person.
Virtual team is becoming important part of organisation and many firms has accepted this
team in their working.
Team dynamic and team work
A team is made up of different people who are expert in their field but a great team is
made by the collective efforts that a team put in coordinating and completing their task. Teams
are important part of an entity. 2Com Plc has many team that work for the benefit of firm
(Goetsch and Davis, 2014). In order to support and enhance the efficiency of team its necessary
of firm to understand the basic dynamic of team so that help in brining the efficiency in firm
which may have positive impact on the overall performance of the firm.
Difference between team and group
Before understanding the dynamic of team working its necessary to understand the basic
difference between team and group. Many people uses this term as synonym but this both term
are quite different from each other (Hashim and Wok, 2014). A group is formed when more than
two people come together complete a task while a team is formed when more than 2 people
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come together and get linked to each other so that single goal and objective of firm can be
achieved.
A corporation requires a good team that can help them in achieving their goals and
development. The basic difference between these two are the way they work a team work in
qualitatively way which help in enhancing the performance of firm (Guastello, 2013). A group
work for the benefit of individual or the development of self. On other hand team work in the
benefit of whole team so that proper development of not only team but of whole organisation can
be made. A task completed by team is more effective and efficient compare to an individual or a
group.
To bring efficiency in firm its necessary for them to understand the basic dynamic and
principle of team working. This will help firm in bringing efficiency in the working and will also
help them in resolving different issues that occurred while working in the team. 4Com plc can
adopt different team theories to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of team working.
Tucks man team development model
This model provide with different stages that a team has to go through so that they can
emerge as an effective team (Moreland, Levine and Wingert, 2013). Team formation is not a
simple process and require time in this stranger come together and formed a strong bond that
help them in working in efficiently manner. Forming: This is the first stage of team formation where basic details of projects it
strength and weakness are discussed. In this stage motivation and excitement are at its
highest level (Pan, Qin and Gao, 2014). People behave politely and work within the
defined line. On the other side, ineffective team members are never interested to know
about any other employees that reduced the level of effective team. Ineffective team
never contribute to the development process in order to meet out the results and long
lasting developing results. Storming: It's the next step of progress where people come up with different ideas to
complete the project. In this stage boundaries are crossed so that their views can be put in
front. In this stage team fails because of lack of coordination. In the contrast, ineffective
team members never shared any idea and always using the same constant ideas into their
work performance. In effective team members also stop other team members in order to
perform the job.
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 Norming: In this stage team try to resolve different issues they are facing. This also the
stage when the respect for other member start forming (Piaget, 2013). or on the other
side, in effective always create issues and conflicts.
 Performing: This is the last stage where harmony is settled between team and all member
work efficiently and competently. In this stage member become highly knowledgeable
and motivated. In the contrast, ineffective team members never perform in efficient
manner.
Illustration 2: Tucks man team development model
Belbins typology:
This theory believe in balancing and stated that an efficient team require a perfect balance
of people who can strengthen each others' strength an eliminated each other weaknesses
(Robbins and Coulter, 2016). The theory gives different type of people that are required to make
an effective team. Implementer: These people are action taker, and take necessary action require for team
who has come up with different strategy for projects (Schermerhorn, 2015). It also
ensures that all member understand their role and are doing their work efficiently.
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 Plant: These people are part of thinker and are responsible to come up with innovative
idea so that necessary progress can be made.
 Coordinator: they are responsible to see that each and every employee is working while
coordinating with other and doing there work efficiently (West, Tjosvold and Smith,
2013). They are also responsible for the delegation of responsibilities among team.
4Com Plc can adopt this typology to ensure that effective teams are made who can
balance each other pro's and con's so that best results can be achieved by firm.
Role of team development theories to support development of dynamic operation
Team development theory play important role in making of team Belbiens typology and
Tucksman development theory help firm in creating effective team that can carry out the
dynamic operation of firm (Piaget, 2013). It helps in maintenance of three C that help firm in
their activity. Communication: This model help in creating better communication among team so that
no misunderstanding occur and team can perform effectively and efficiently. It also
promote two type of communication that is soft skill and hard skill (Moreland, Levine
and Wingert, 2013). Hard skill include expertise on single subject like typology while
soft skill focuses on interpersonal skill which is necessary for the development. Cooperation: For smother and efficient working its necessary that all member in team
work effectively and cooperates so that goal and objective of firm can be achieved.
 Competition: This model help in generating healthy competition that help firm in
motivating their employees (Denhardt, Denhardt and Aristigueta, 2015).
P4 Philosophies of organisational behaviour
There are many philosophise of organisational behaviour which are based on certain
beliefs and assumption. Some of this are mentioned below
Path goal leadership theory: This is the model which defines the style in which
employee feel satisfied and brilliant in order to working in the environment. The main objective
of this theory is to motivate the employees towards the work objectives. Through which
satisfaction level of the employees will also increase in terms of productive work (Hui, Lee, and
Wang, 2015). This helps to enhance the productive team members. Adidas gives productive and
healthy working environment to the employees so that they all work for better productive way.
This model strictly work on the power. The subordinate have to follow the rules and regulation
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implemented by higher authority. In case they do not do so they are required to serve penal;ty
that are pre decided. In these workers are totally depended upon their employer (Goetsch and
Davis, 2014). As they have the main power of recruiting and suspending someone. The
performance of employees are not that great as they work in the fear of suspension. On the basis
of dealing with new advantageous group level that affect the best effective. Path goal theory is
most effective and productive at the time when company required to solve the conflict
management issue. This management leading theory help to understand the work into more
appropriate manner.
Contemporary Barriers to effective behaviour: This theory helps to get over from the
challenge and conflicts which helps to take the uncertain situation in efficient manner.
Organisation facing many issues and challenging situations in terms of employees feedback,
customer feedback, dissatisfaction of shareholders etc. so these are the challenging situation
which makes negative influence to customers minds. With the help of contemporary theory
manager can take quick problem solving techniques to reduce negative factors. This theory or
organisation application can help to manage the different barriers to effective behavioural goals
and objectives.
Social Capital theory: it is the another theory which helps to focus on the nature,
structure and resources of leadership. This mainly focus on the quality of employee interaction in
order to enhance the productivity level of performance. Social capital theory helps in the
situation of managing work effectively within the organisation.
Contingency theory: Contingency theory is the target market goals which helps to
improve the overall effectiveness. They analyse the internarial and external sources on that basis
makes the best strategies to deal with uncertain situations. That helps to reduce the risk
management goals and brings leading development task.
The supportive model:
This model focus on leadership and pay no attention to power or money.
This model provide employees with a chance of development and work for the benefits of firm.
According to this model the resistance of staff toward the corporate is not because of their nature
but because of unsupportive environment of firm. This model focuses on the development of
employee instead of benefits and payment (Guastello, 2013). 4Com plc has adopted supportive
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philosophy so that firm can support the growth of employee and can work for their benefits this
will increase the loyalty of employee towards their firm and also work.
M4 critically analysing the philosophies of organisational behaviour on firm.
There are two type of theories that has been discussed above if firm adopt supportive
philosophy than it will provide many benefits to firm. Employees will become more loyal, they
will start taking initiatives for the development of firm. If its autocratic style that is used by firm
than instead of respect employees will look toward their senior with fear which will affect tehir
working they will not be able to do their work properly (Hashim and Wok, 2014). It was created
negative working environment.
D2 Analysing development theories in context of organisational behaviours
By implementing this theory in working firm can promote team working and can resolve
many conflicts that arises while working in the team. This theory not only help in the
development of firm but also of individual. This theory promotes supportive philosophy and
provide appropriate platform for the development of individual. But sometime bringing different
people together cause many conflicts because of different views and values in order which affect
not only the performance of individual but also whole firm (Hogg and Terry, 2014). 4Com plc
required to see that thesis theories are used in right way so that no problem can be occur.
CONCLUSION
From above report it can be concluded that organisational behaviour has major impact on
the efficiency and working of firm. Culture politics and power can have many benefits but if they
are no use properly they can have negative effect on the working of firm. Its necessary of firm to
make sure that this three practices are done while keeping ethics and morals in mind so that it
can have positive impact. 4Com Plc can adopt various motivational method like Maslow and
equity theory so that they can motivate their employee who can work efficiently. Team
effectiveness has also been discussed along with different factors that can help in the making an
effective team. Different philosophy like autocratic and supportive models are also mentioned in
this project.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alavosius, M., and et. al., 2016. A functional contextualist analysis of the behavior and
organizational practices relevant to climate change. The Wiley Handbook of Contextual
Behavioral Science. pp.513-530.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The
role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics. Academy of Management
Review. 38(1). pp.132-153.
Denhardt, R. B., Denhardt, J. V. and Aristigueta, M. P., 2015. Managing human behavior in
public and nonprofit organizations. Sage Publications.
DiPaola, M. and Tschannen-Moran, M., 2014. Organizational citizenship behavior in schools
and its relationship to school climate. Journal of School Leadership. 11(5). pp.424.
Goetsch, D. L. and Davis, S. B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: pearson.
Guastello, S. J., 2013. Chaos, catastrophe, and human affairs: Applications of nonlinear
dynamics to work, organizations, and social evolution. Psychology Press.
Hogg, M. A. and Terry, D. J., 2014. Social identity processes in organizational contexts.
Psychology Press.
McShane, S., and et.al., 2015. Organisational Behaviour 5e; Emerging Knowledge. Global
Insights. McGraw-Hill Education Australia.
Moreland, R. L., Levine, J. M. and Wingert, M. L., 2013. Creating the ideal group: Composition
effects at work. Understanding group behavior. 2. pp.11-35.
Pan , F. X., Qin , Q. and Gao, F., 2014. Psychological ownership, organization-based self-esteem
and positive organizational behaviors. Chinese Management Studies. 8(1). pp.127 – 14.
Piaget, J., 2013. Behaviour and evolution. Routledge.
Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. 2016. Management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Schermerhorn, J. 2015. Management. New York: J. Wiley.
West, M., Tjosvold, D. and Smith, K. 2013. International handbook of organizational teamwork
and cooperative working.Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
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Wood, J.M. and et.al., 2016. Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John
Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://contactzilla.com/blog/5-psychological-theories-motivation-increase-productivity/
http://the-happy-manager.com/articles/teamwork-theory/
https://blog.nus.edu.sg/audreyc/2015/04/01/what-philosophy-has-to-say-about-organizational-
behavior/
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