Organisational Behaviour and Management Studies

The provided assignment is a collection of research papers on organisational behaviour and management studies. It includes papers on topics like talent management, certified management systems in the hotel industry, high commitment performance management, and the impact of workplace spirituality on employee behaviour. The assignment also discusses the role of perceived organisational justice and identification in predicting pro-change behaviour. Additionally, it covers small businesses in creative industries, group collaboration using Adobe Connect, and the impact of knowledge sharing on job attitudes and organisational citizenship behaviour.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ........................................................................................................................................1
P1. Way in which organisational culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................1
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................3
P2) The process and content theories of motivation and motivational techniques which
enables effective achievement of goals and objectives. .............................................................3
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................7
P3) The measures of creating an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team...................7
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................9
P4) Concept and philosophies of Path Goal Theory of leadership styles .................................9
CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
In the modern scenario, organisational behaviour plays the most effective role at
workplace. As it can be described as an important term which is related with human science and
refers different factors like behaviour, norms and attitude of people in the working environment
and what they thinks or many more (Acharya and et. al., 2011). Organisational behaviour can be
considered as an effective process which involves identifying, recognising, explaining and
predicting behaviour of employees towards any kind of task and activity provided by any firm or
organisation with respect to reach at desired goals and objectives. 4Com Plc is a popular small
telecommunication company that provides various telecommunication services to business in the
United Kingdom. The present report includes study about influence of culture, power and
politics on individual and team behaviour in organisation along with various motivational
theories are. The effectiveness of team building and the concept of organisational behaviour will
also be evaluated in effective manner.
TASK 1
P1. Way in which organisational culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance
In today’s scenario, basic purpose of each business organisation is to gain high
competitive advantage at the market place through providing variety of goods and services in the
target market. Politics, culture and power can be considered as the most essential elements in an
organisation that highly affects the individual’s behaviour and performance at workplace.
Handy's cultural typology is the most effective in describing organisational culture in an efficient
manner as it is more suitable in evaluating the all important aspect which are connected with
organisational culture. This typology can be described through four major elements which are
discussed in detail as below: Power Culture: This can be described as the most essential aspect of an organisation
which plays an effective role in explaining power within the firm. The basic purpose of
each business organisation is to gain high profit and revenue at market place. In this
modern era, mostly business organisations are divide their firms activities among
different departments in which they assigned some power and responsibility to some
specific employees who are capable to handle them in efficient manner (Adeniji, 2011).
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4Com Plc is a British telecommunication company that deals in various
telecommunication products and services in the UK. Role culture: This is also considered as the most essential part of culture typology. This
component is based on various roles and responsibilities that are performed by manager
in an organisation. The major aim of role culture is to providing appropriate utilisation of
available resources in respect to enhancing organisational performance at market place.
As a small business organisation 4Com Plc is focused on utilising their tools and
techniques in effective manner so that goals can be attained in positive manner. Task culture: This evaluated as the most effective culture of firm which is based on
different task and duty that helps in gaining high growth and success at market place.
This culture is very much important for making proper solution of issues and conflicts
that are arises within and out side of he firm and has a huge impact on firms performance.
 Person culture: In a business firm humans resources can be considered as the most
important assets for organisation who are responsible for all task and duty which are held
at work place. In such type of culture employees and workers are more goal oriented in
nature and they are focused on gaining their own goals and objectives rather than the
desired goals of firm. In this type of culture organisation put their employees in different
challenges as per the skills and ability of people (Coccia, 2014).
Organisations can be identifies as a group of people who are contributing their significant
efforts in order to gaining some common goals and objectives which are beneficial for growth
and success of any particular organisation. Power and politics also plays most efficient role
which is helps in generating some appropriate plans and policies in order to setting up an
effective connection within the culture of firm or its employees. In small and large business
organisation managers are concern on creating some positive as well as negative power that have
some effective influence on organisational employees or subordinates who are contributing their
significant strength and power in achieving goals and objectives of firm. As a small
telecommunication company 4ComPlc is focused on assigning some power to their higher
authority in order t manage firm activities in right manner. In business firm manager and higher
authority is responsible for taking decision that are beneficial for implementing growth and
success at market place (Collings, Scullion and Vaiman, 2011). Politics takes place in each small
as well as large business enterprises and has a cast impact on firms growth and productivity. This
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can be described as the most essential issue of firm which may take place due to personal or
professional issues, dissatisfaction or lack of knowledge. Politics has negative impact on
employees performance as they are not feeling comfortable at work palace. It is essential for
each people of firm to work in friendly manner and use power as a tool for implementing right
strategy at right place. As per the view point of E.M. Rawes, 2017, power, culture and politics
are some major influencing elements that has a huge impact of firms over all performance. The
culture of organisation is based on its internal as well as external environment in which
employees are contributing their efforts for gaining some knowledge and goals. The behaviour of
individual needs to be positive and polite because it has a direct influence on satisfaction level of
firm or its other employees (Del Mar Alonso-Almeida and Rodríguez-Antón, 2011). In an
business organisation powers are assigned to employees who are having significant skills and
ability to use the power in right direction, so productivity of firm can be increased through
utilising available resources in right manner. Politics may arises due to demotivation and
dissatisfaction among employees.
TASK 2
P2) The process and content theories of motivation and motivational techniques which enables
effective achievement of goals and objectives.
The basic purpose of each small as well as large business organisation is to attracting
more customers towards firm through offering variety of products and services in their target
market as it helps in gaining high growth and success at market place. In an organisation
manager is very much close to their employees and plays most effective role in encouraging
employees at work place in order to developing their working ability for perform any task and
duty (Farndale, Hope-Hailey and Kelliher, 2011). Each small as well as large business enter[rises
are focused on adopting different theories at work place in respect to gain high growth and
success within the market place. 4ComPlc is a British telecommunication company in UK, and
they are focused on exploring their business activities at very large scale in order to providing
high range of services to large number of customers. The theory of motivation is categorised
among two major components such as content and process theory of motivations, which are
evaluated as below:
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Content theory of motivation:
this consist as the most appropriate theory of motivation, which classified among
different components in which some are explains as below:
(Source: Content theory of motivation, 2010)
Maslow's need hierarchy theory: This can be considered as the most effective and popular
theory of human motivation. It helps in explaining various needs and wants of employees which
is evaluated through pyramid and it is useful in performing all business activities in positive
manner (Fuchs and Edwards, 2012). In this humans fundamental needs such as cloths, food and
shelter as well as safety or security are involved.
Alder's ERG Theory: This theory of motivation is categorised among three major elements like
growth, existence and relatedness needs. Growth need is based on individuals growth through
their creative and productive nature. Existence needs are the fundamental needs of people which
are required to fulfilled by organisation in respect to gaining growth. Relatedness needs are
consist as the social and external wants which is fulfilled by managing proper and friendly
relationship with their co-workers, subordinates and higher authorities.
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Illustration 1: Content theory of motivation

Herzberg's motivational hygiene theory: This theory is based on different factors such as
supervision, company policy, recognition, employees salary, relationship with subordinates or
peers, responsibilities, working condition and growth. This is widely used by higher authority or
manager in order to encouraging their employees for developing their skills and working ability
at work place (Hotho and Champion, 2011).
Process theory:
This theory is based on various components that are essential for encouraging employees
for enhancing their performance at work place. This theory is divided among various parts that
are described as under:
(Source: Process theory of motivation, 2010)
Adman's equity theory: This consist as the most important theory of motivation which is based
on equality within the firm. According to this theory discrimination should not be arises at work
place because this may cause dissatisfaction among employees or workers. According this
theory, it is required for each business organisation to provide equal opportunities to each
employees as per their skills and performance.
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Illustration 2: Process theory of motivation

Vroom's expectancy theory: This theory is based on individuals own goals and objectives. Each
people who are working in an organisation having some targets for gaining growth and success
in their personal as well as professional life (Kaufmann and Frisby, 2013). These type of goals
are very much helpful in encouraging people for contributing their best efforts to reaching at
higher position. This helps in creating enhancement in skills and knowledge.
Goal setting theory: This theory is based on setting up some goals and objectives which
interlinked with firms growth and success. As per this theory each business organisation is
focused on implementing various targets in order to generating high growth and profit through
attaining them in efficient manner.
Maslow's need hierarchy theory is one of the effective theory of motivation which is
widely applied by each business organisation in order to identifying the basic needs and wants of
employees and satisfying them in most efficient manner. Firms are focused on establishing some
business plans for implementing all business activities in right manner so it is easy for firm to
attain goals and objectives in appropriate direction. Each individual who are part of any business
firm are working for developing their own self esteem and skills for reaching at higher position
in their career. Self actualisation is also considered as the most essential element an plays most
effective role in rendering proper solution to the given firms issues and conflicts that has some
negative influence on organisational performance (Kazemipour and Mohd Amin, 2012).
Politics, power and culture are some most effective elements which are having a huge
interconnection with motivation and has some positive and negative influence on firms
profitability and productivity. Firms are very much concern on motivating employees through
providing various benefits and satisfactory services like extra incentives, commission, rewards.
High salary etc. as a privately owned telecommunication company 4ComPlc is focused on
applying their essential business activities in a planned way, so goals can be attained in desired
period of time. In order to reducing and removing politics organisation consist various activities
that are helpful in implementing effective relationship with their co-workers. This also helps in
reducing negativity within the organisation.
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TASK 3
P3) The measures of creating an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
In this competitive era each business organisation is concern on building an effective
teams in respect to handling all business activities in well planned manner so that productivity
can be increased through establishing coordination among employees and teams. In this modern
business world each business organisation is focused on implementing various groups and teams
because these are more appropriate in completion of task and duty through categorised them
among various various teams as per the skills and knowledge of employees. Teams referred as
group of people who are work for achieving some common objectives and goals. Small business
enterprises such as 4ComPlc is consist on increasing productivity through implementing
coordination among various teams who are contributing their best for attaining desired goals and
objectives (Lumley and et. al., 2011). Teams can be determined as effective or ineffective, which
are evaluated as under:
Effective team: This can be evaluated as the most essential team who plays most appropriate role
enhancing organisation performance in effective manner. The major purpose of each business
organisation is to creating such type of teams in order to attracting large number of employees
towards the firm through offering various goods and services. In this kind of teams organisations
are focused on implementing well educated and skilled people. In this employees are work
together after eliminating all issues and conflicts which has a huge influence on firms
performance.
Ineffective team: This kind of teams are not such important in an organisation, these are created
for attempting normal and easy tasks that has least value for firm or its operations. The member
of this team are not concerned towards the benefits of their co-workers as workers are not having
appropriate knowledge for performing any task and duty. The team members are not connected
with organisation and they are not able to determining various issues and conflict that are having
a huge impact on firms productivity and profitability.
As a small telecommunication company 4ComPlc is concern on designing various
effective teams in respect to carry out organisational work in most efficient direction. 4ComPlc
is a British telecommunication company and provide various telecommunication services and
products to their potential buyers in order to satisfying their needs and wants. Team with
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appropriate people are helpful in attaining firms goal in well planned manner, this has a huge
impact on enhancement of productivity.
Team and group plays most effective role in improving organisational performance
through dividing the whole task among various small teams. There are various effective theories
are available which helps in support the development of dynamic team, in which Tukman's
model is most suitable for developing dynamic team at work place. 4ComPlc is concern on
satisfying the fundamental needs and wants of consumers in respect to sustain them for long time
(Suppiah and Singh Sandhu, 2011).
Tukman's model is described as under:
This is the most important model for team building and plays most effective role at work
place. As a small business firm 4ComPlc use this model within their firm in order to enhancing
their productivity and growth. This model is categorised among various components, which are
evaluated as below: Forming: This can be considers as the primary stage of team development , in this stage
teams are designed in which people with similar skills were appointed and task is
allocated. In this managers are providing guidance and direction to their subordinates in
order to carry out business activities in right manner. 4ComPlc is concern on designing
an effective team for gaining high growth at market place (Tuckman Forming Storming
Norming Performing model. 2017). Storming: In this stage members of teams are very much concern towards describing task
and duty that helps in rendering appropriate support in attempting firms goals and
objectives. 4ComPlc is working in flexible and friendly working environment and
focusses on taking ideas and suggestion form their employees because they are very
much close to the activities of firm and having significant idea about the places where
change is required. Norming: IN this team members are sharing some common goals and objectives which
are needs to attempt by firm in appropriate manner. This refers as an effective and
continuous process which is handled by managers and higher authority. 4ComPlc is
concerned on resolving various issues and conflicts that has some negative impact on
firms performance (Teh and Sun, 2012).
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 Performing: In this stage team members are contributing their significant efforts for
achieving desired goals and objectives which are common in nature for each individual.
As a small business enterprises 4ComPlc is dealing in telecommunication services and
very much focused on exploring their business activities at wide scale.
 Adjourning: This consist as the final stage of this model and determined after attaining
objectives and goals. This stage performs most important role in evaluating the behaviour
of employees in order to providing proper training for developing their skills and
knowledge.
TASK 4
P4) Concept and philosophies of Path Goal Theory of leadership styles
Organisational behaviour can be considered as the most effective element of each
business, this consist as the study of the way in which people interact within the firm, group or
teams. In a business organisation manager and higher authority of firm are responsible for
predicting and managing humans behaviour at work place. Organisational behaviour aids higher
authority and manager to manage the efficiency of available people in order to inspiring them for
performing more effectively for gaining high productivity and profitability. In an organisation
manager are responsible for taking effective decision that are in favour of firms growth and
success at market place (Wood and et. al., 2016). Organisational behaviour has some positive ans
well as negative impact on firms position at market place, an effective behaviour of employees
are helpful in generating a friendly working environment in which people work with passion or
interest. Further more bad behaviour of employees may cause issues and misunderstanding
among employees and its cause impact on organisational working environment as people are not
working with collaboration and coordination. 4ComPlc is dealing in telecommunication products
and services and providing wide range of services to their potential clients. The company has
strong organisational culture and very much concern on providing healthy and ethical working
environment to their employees or workers. The company is focused on optimum utilisation of
available resources in order to developing firm productivity and profitability. The major purpose
of each business organisation is to attaining their mission and vision which are very much
effective in carry out business activities in right direction. Company is putting various efforts for
increasing team performance or productivity because it is the key aspect of gaining high position
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at market place. The higher authority and manager of company have to adopt some concepts and
theories in which path goal theory is more appropriate for achieving growth and success in this
modern market.
Path goal theory is described as under:
It can be described as the most effective theory of dealership style and most appropriate
for working environment of any business organisation in order to achieving goals and objective
in systematic manner. The fundamental objective of each business organisation is to gaining high
growth and profit at market place (Theories of Motivation. 2011). Path Goal theory of leadership
style provides direction to the superior people to encourage their employees and subordinates for
moving forward towards right direction. In the field of firms studies, the path goal theory
considers the effectiveness of leaders behaviour on employees job motivation, satisfaction and
impact. This theory is widely determined by different leadership behaviours. Each behaviour of
leadership concern to enhancing workers outcomes through recognising the impact of
environmental factors and the characteristics of employee for ant kind of job. The essential
element of this theory are described as under: Achievement oriented behaviour: This behaviour of leadership concern on encouraging
performance excellence through setting their goals which helps in challenge employees
with in the firm. Each individual have some goals and objectives as their own which are
design to motivate high performance, superiors are responsible for motivating team
members for meeting with goals and objectives. 4ComPlc is concern on hiring well
skilled people in their firm who are having significant efforts to motivate others at work
place. Directive path goal clarifying behaviour: This kind of behaviour of leadership helps to
remove or reduce various job function ambiguity. In an organisation each employee
perform some specific task and duty and a leader has some expectation to their workers
in order to performing the task in most efficient manner. This behaviour is also helps in
avoiding confusion form the working envelopment so that work can be attain in effective
manner. Supportive leader behaviour: The fundamental concern of the supportive leader is to
provide significant support to employees psychological well being. It is required for
leader to reduce the stress level so that employees can work in effective manner without
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having any kind of tension and pressure. This might be appropriate leadership behaviour
in an organisation where the position are psychologically and physically demanding like
those emerging emergency medical services.
 Participative leadership behaviour: It is required for each leader to take effective
participation in organisational activities because it is a best way to motivate others for
providing their best efforts in attaining some specific goals and objectives. Further more
employees and subordinates are directly involved in the process of decision making.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report it has been conclude that organisational behaviour is consist as
the most effective element of each business organisation. It is required for each business firm to
analysing the behaviour of each employees in order to appointing them at right place, so that
goals and objectives can be gained in appropriate manner. Employees can be considered as the
most essential assets and plays effective role in accumulating high productivity and profitability
of firm. In this modern era basic objective of each firm is to gaining attention of large number
of people toward their firm through providing high quality goods and services to their potential
buyers.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Acharya, S. and et. al., 2011. Effect of three different motivational techniques on oral hygiene
and gingival health of patients undergoing multibracketed orthodontics. The Angle
Orthodontist. 81(5). pp.884-888.
Adeniji, A. A., 2011. Organizational climate as a predictor of employee job satisfaction:
Evidence from Covenant University. Business intelligence journal. 4(1). pp.151-166.
Coccia, M., 2014. Structure and organisational behaviour of public research institutions under
unstable growth of human resources. International Journal of Services Technology and
Management. 20(4-6). pp.251-266.
Collings, D. G., Scullion, H. and Vaiman, V., 2011. European perspectives on talent
management. European Journal of International Management. 5(5). pp.453-462.
Del Mar Alonso-Almeida, M. and Rodríguez-Antón, J. M., 2011. Organisational behaviour and
strategies in the adoption of certified management systems: an analysis of the Spanish
hotel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 19(13). pp.1455-1463.
Farndale, E., Hope-Hailey, V. and Kelliher, C., 2011. High commitment performance
management: The roles of justice and trust. Personnel Review. 40(1). pp.5-23.
Fuchs, S. and Edwards, M. R., 2012. Predicting pro‐change behaviour: The role of perceived
organisational justice and organisational identification. Human Resource Management
Journal. 22(1). pp.39-59.
Hotho, S. and Champion, K., 2011. Small businesses in the new creative industries: innovation
as a people management challenge. Management Decision. 49(1). pp.29-54.
Kaufmann, R. and Frisby, B. N., 2013. Let's connect: Using Adobe Connect to foster group
collaboration in the online classroom. Communication Teacher. 27(4). pp.230-234.
Kazemipour, F. and Mohd Amin, S., 2012. The impact of workplace spirituality dimensions on
organisational citizenship behaviour among nurses with the mediating effect of affective
organisational commitment. Journal of nursing management. 20(8). pp.1039-1048.
Lumley, E.J. and et. al., 2011. Exploring the job satisfaction and organisational commitment of
employees in the information technology environment. Southern African Business
Review. 15(1). pp.100-118.
Suppiah, V. and Singh Sandhu, M., 2011. Organisational culture's influence on tacit knowledge-
sharing behaviour. Journal of knowledge management. 15(3). pp.462-477.
Teh, P. L. and Sun, H., 2012. Knowledge sharing, job attitudes and organisational citizenship
behaviour. Industrial Management & Data Systems. 112(1). pp.64-82.
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Wood, J. M. and et. al., 2016. Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John
Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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Tuckman Forming Storming Norming Performing model. 2017. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.businessballs.com/team-management/tuckman-forming-storming-norming-
performing-model-234/>.
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