Organizational Behavior and Management Study

This document provides a detailed analysis of various research papers and studies on organizational behavior, covering topics such as Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, job satisfaction, knowledge sharing, and prosocial organizational behavior. The study guide includes references to academic sources, including journals and books, and is intended for students studying management or organizational behavior.

ORGANISATIONAL
BEHVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organisational culture, politics and power and its influence on individual and team
behaviour and performance....................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and it motivational techniques for achieving
goals and objectives................................................................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3 Effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.............................................................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within a company as per different
situations...............................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is define as a study through which company can get to know
about behaviour of individual by how people interact with other individuals within groups. Thus,
with the help of organisational behaviour company try to create an effective environment for
business operations. Company that is undertaken in this assignment is 4Com PLC, which
provides telecommunication services across United Kingdom (Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis,
2011). Present report will focus on influence of culture, politics and power on the behaviour of
other in context with given company. Other than this, theories are explained through which firm
can motivate individuals and teams in order to achieve goals and objectives. In addition to this,
demonstration an understanding of how to work in at workplace with others for attaining goals
and objectives is included in this assignment. Lastly, concepts and philosophies of organisational
behaviour within an organisation and also according to different business situations are explained
in this assignment.
TASK 1
P1 Organisational culture, politics and power and its influence on individual and team behaviour
and performance
Concept of organisational behaviour is used with the purpose of maximising output so
that firm can increase its profits and productivity. Every company has its own specific culture,
politics and power that can put an affect on team and an individual at workplace. It will gradually
help company in accomplishing company's goals and objectives in speculated time frame. Thus,
here role of manager plays a crucial role as he/she is the one who allocate roles and
responsibilities to employees and team members according to their capability. In addition to this,
it is crucial that company evaluate behaviour of employees at workplace so as to maintain an
effective workplace (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014).
Culture:
Culture is determined as a system which consist of assumption, values and beliefs that
can have a strong influence on behaviour of individual and organisation as well. 4Com plc, is a
small medium enterprise in United Kingdom, and they are offering variety of services and
facilities in terms of telecommunication. Company has around 300 staff members who are
working in order to provide maximum benefits to organisation. 4Com PLC, is providing
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effective workplace which are enabling them in achieving excellence. Therefore, company is
taking care of their employees as they are providing workers with rewarding system along with
some benefits. Furthermore, 4Com Plc, has adopted four different type of culture which are
explained below for better understanding: Types of Culture by Charles Handy:
Power Culture: This basically cite with the distribution of power amongst employees and
it can be said that it can have direct or indirect effect on the performance of employees as it assist
company in assigning work according to the their capability of performing any task. Therefore, if
workers are provided with certain power than its impact can be seen in the performance in a
positive manner (Burrell and Morgan, 2017). In addition to this, it encourage employees which
further assist them in pushing their limits in order to accomplish goals and objectives.
Role Culture: Each company has various departments and employees perform their task
accordingly. Worker have their own roles and responsibilities which they perform as per job
activities that are assigned to them by firm. In context with 4Com Plc, employees have definite
roles and responsibility for employees who are working in their organisation. Here manager
plays a crucial role in maintaining a better environment for work place so that employees can
work together for attaining common goal for the organisation. For example: if an individual is
provided with the task in which he/she is not capable than its impact can be seen and work can
get hamper. This can further create a feeling of low confidence.
Task Culture: This is consider as one of the important culture where superior's prime
focus is on developing a team so that task can be completed within time frame. Biggest benefit of
this is that it is used in resolving issues and complications if company is facing within
organisation. Therefore, it assist employee and other individual in enhancing their performance
level.
Person Culture: This is determined as one of the essential culture that mainly focus on
person who are working in an organisation. Further, company provides with better training and
development programmes through which individual can enhance skills and knowledge. If an
individual is provided with better training than work will be accomplished effectively and
gradually team performance will increase (Chiboiwa, Chipunza and Samuel, 2011).
In terms of 4Com Plc., the for operating its business in an effective manner, they are
following role culture as employees who are working are performing their activities as per the
roles and responsibilities workers are capable of. Advantage of role culture is that all the
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employees know what their role is in an organisation and this assist firm in developing a
systematic structure for their company. Whereas, talking in terms of disadvantage decision
making is relatively very slow. Thus, it can be said that role culture is tend to be very
bureaucratic in nature.
Politics:
In business organization, workplace politics is very common thus, it is determine as a
process that consist of both power and authority while interacting with other individuals.
Basically, with the term politics a negative impression comes into the mind as people use
inappropriate paths for getting into a better position in an organisation. Instead to this, an
employee must incorporate smart work along with hard work so as to get better outcomes. In
relation with 4Com Plc, impact of politics on workplace are given below:
Decrease in Productivity: With the increase in politics in an organisation there is a
possibility that company has low productivity level. As a result an effect on performance of
employees can be seen as they become less confident in performing any kind of work.
Increase in stress level: Workplace must have effective environment so that employees
can work in a better manner, improper environment can lead to increase in stress level. One of
the main reason of this is mixing personal and professional life together. Thus, conflicts may
arise which can hamper business operation. For example: if an individual is having chaos in
personal life than increase in stress level can be there and team members who are connected with
that person can suffer and performance can decrease (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013).
Concentration breakdown: Increase in politics within the organisation can have an
impact on concentration level of an individual because of which completing targets by
employees can get hamper and further it can decrease the productivity level of workers and
company as well.
Although office politics denote a negative aspects in an organisation and if it is adopted
by 4Com plc., than there are some advantages and disadvantages that they had to face. In terms
of advantages office politics develops morality between the employees this encourage
employees for doing their work more effectively which ultimately boost the morale of the
employees. Whereas, in relation with disadvantages is that it changes the attitudes of employees
towards other individuals which can effect he working environment within the organisation.
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Power:
Power simply determines the ability of a person in influencing other people with their
action. It is consider as an personal traits in which knowledge and expertise are the main element
that are acquired by them. Power can have both negative as well as positive factor like power can
be used by an individual for guiding other person but if it is used for commanding over
employees than negative impact can be seen (Creed, 2011). In relation with 4Com Plc, they are
using different kinds of power culture which are explained below for better understanding.
Reward Power: It is the basic component that are given to employees in order to increase
their performance level in an organisation. Through this company mainly focus on boosting
morale of individual so that they can give their best efforts for competing task in a better manner.
Thus, a link between reward and increase in performance level can be seen as they are directly
propositional to one another.
Legitimate Power: It helps in giving power to employees as per the individual's
performance, skills and knowledge acquired. Thus, it increase confidence level of a person and
assist them in improving their level of working within the organisation.
Expert Power: In each company there are people who are expert in doing their task and
motivate other employees in pushing their limits so that goals and objectives can be achieved in
speculated time frame. In short they enhance skills and responsibilities of workers and helps
superiors in managing better environment at workplace (Da Veiga and Eloff, 2010).
Coercive Power: In this, manager forcefully imply rules and regulations so as to perform
the task and if worker don't do this than manager can punish them. Thus, in simple terms
coercive power is define as a concept which is used for application of forces. Therefore, it is a
negative form of power which can further lower down the confidence level of employees.
In relation with 4Com Plc., they are preferring reward power. In relation to its advantage
it is very helpful in motivating its employees which ultimately improves the performance of the
company. On the other hand in terms of its disadvantage is that it can only motivates those who
are rewarded for the same.
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TASK 2
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and it motivational techniques for achieving goals
and objectives
Employees in a company for performing their task needs motivation so that work can be
done in an effective manner. This enable workers in pushing their limits for accomplishing
targets in a given period of time. In context with 4Com Plc, in order to motivate their employees
they are using two types of motivational theories i.e. content theory: this theory mainly focuses
on evaluating factors which are influencing behaviour of individual. Process theory explains
about the ideas of how a company changes and develop. In addition to this, Maslow and
Herzberg theories are explained below for better understanding:
Maslow Theory: This is a theory that consist of five model which are required as per human
needs and represented in hierarchical levels within a pyramid (DeChurch and Mesmer-Magnus,
2010).
Physiological Needs: It consist of biological requirements that are essential for living like
food, shelter, clothing and others. Thus, are required to get fulfilled so that body can function
properly. Therefore, all other needs are worthless unless these are not fulfilled. In context with
4Com Plc, they must make sure that employees are provided with all these basic needs so that
employees can be highly motivated and enhance their performance level.
Safety Needs: In simple words these are protection elements that create a sense in
individual of working with an organisation. Thus, workers, before opting for the job look out for
safety and it includes certain factors like job safety, health security, financial security can many
more.
Social Needs: This mainly deals with feeling of belongingness, as better interpersonal
relationship helps an individual in motivating its behaviour of accomplishing task effectively. In
context with 4Com Plc, they are providing a better environment at workplace because of which
people are sharing a connection of with other individuals.
Esteem Needs: Maslow has classified this into two categories i.e. esteem for oneself and
desire of getting respect from others. In addition to this, there are some external factors like
power, status which must be determined by an individual (Mar Alonso-Almeida and Rodríguez-
Antón, 2011). Thus, it plays a crucial role in enhancing performance level of an individual within
an organisation.
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Self-actualization Needs: As the name suggest it determine as a stage when a person
realise his/her potential. Thus, it helps individual in increasing performance level of a person
working in an organisation.
Maslow hierarchy theory although defines about the basic needs of an individual which
are required by them for living their life which aid company in understanding the parameters on
the basis of which employees can be motivated. This is one of the positive factor of Maslow
Theory but while talking in relation with its disadvantage it is difficult to measure the
satisfaction level of a person.
Herzberg Theory: This theory is simply incorporated by company for motivating its employees
so that they can perform their task effectively and set goals and targets are achieved.
Furthermore, it can be classified into two factors i.e. hygiene and motivating. 4Com Plc, has
incorporated this theory in order to motivate its employees and this has been described below in
detail for having better understanding:
Hygiene Factors: Basically it inculcates factor that play a crucial role in motivating and
encouraging employees. Thus, it is determine as one of the important theory for motivating
workers. This basically, incorporates physiological needs that are required by an individual
therefore, some of the factors are mentioned below:
Pay: According to this factors, pay scale and salaries that are provided must be
appropriate and reasonable which can be accepted by every employee. If variations are there than
it can create problem and issues which can hamper activities of companies.
Physical Working Conditions: This is mainly concern with working environment that are
provided with to employees for example: whether these are safe, clean or hygienic or not.
Therefore, workplace that are provided by 4Com Plc, are effective and all latest tools and
technologies have been incorporated by company.
Interpersonal Relation: In order to accomplish set goals and targets it is crucial that
employees maintain a better relation with staff members as it will assist them in working for a
common goal. This will reduce the chance of conflicts and issues in a team and organisation as
well.
Herzberg Theory is said to be a two-factor theory but while talking about its positive
factor it helps in increasing individual's overall satisfaction but if it is not there than it can
develop a severe dissatisfaction. This aid in differentiating between behavioural needs like why
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the person need such kind of things. On the other hand in relation with its disadvantages is that
with the change in course of time factors of motivation can be changed.
Motivational Factors:
This deals with encouraging employees in order to get superior performance, these
factors are intrinsic in nature and is used for rewarding workers for the job which they are
performing. Some of its factors are explained below for better understanding:
Sense of achievement: While performing the task every employee must have a sense of
achievement as it will help him/her in performing their task in a better manner.
Responsibility: Whatever task is performed by an individual it is important that he/she
holds a responsibility (Dobrow, 2013). This will create a sense of duty within an a person.
Recognition: It is determine as an important factor because by praising employees
performance of an individual can be increased as a result skills and knowledge will be enhanced.
Process Theory:
It is a kind of theory which plays an important role and incorporates numerous ideas and
thoughts through which performance level of company and individual can be increased. With
the help of process theory company mainly increases the skills and knowledge that are acquired
by an individual. As a result, it assist a person in completing task effectively. Therefore, it
inculcates certain factors which are explained below:
Theory of expectancy: This basically deals with knowing employees behaviour towards
work whether they are willing in performing job activity or not. It is very crucial as it has a direct
impact on the performance level of company.
Setting Goals: Main purpose of this, is to set a clear targets which company can achieve
instead of making a vague objectives which is not realistic and cannot be achieved. Thus, 4Com
Plc, has their own goals of becoming one of the renowned company in the world and for this,
they are making strategies and action plan.
Theories of equity: This is basically related with performance of workers in a company,
as it influence employees in performing their task in a better manner without any complications
and chaos.
Theories of reinforcement: It is determine as one of the factor that assist managers in
knowing performance level of employees and if any kind of issues are there superiors tell them
about that and solutions are taken out at the same time.
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TASK 3
P3 Effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
In order achieve set targets and objectives it is crucial that company develops a team who
have same thoughts and perception regarding any activity or things. Thus, team is determine as a
group of people who have same sought of thinking. Therefore, before making a team it is crucial
that company incorporates all members who are equal in terms of knowledge and skills. As a
result it will provide with the maximum benefits to organisation and improves productivity level
as well. There are different kinds of teams who perform their work accordingly and some of
them are stated below for better understanding:
Functional Team: These kind of team is formulated in order to accomplish a particular
task that can only be done by specialist. In each team there are certain members who perform
normal task which are allocated by managers and superiors. Importance of this is that it helps
firm in accomplishing work which are difficult and complicated in nature. It is less time and cost
consuming in nature as compared to other category of team (Hafenbrack, Kinias and Barsade,
2014).
Problem Solving Team: As the name suggest it is made in order to solve problems and
issues company are facing. In addition to this, it includes certain person who have specific skills
and knowledge and think differently for performing the task. Members of this team also assist
company in formulating future plans and strategies along with future plans as a result it increase
performance level of company.
Virtual Team: People who comes under this are referred as the one who work together
from different geographical areas and locations with the help of new and latest technologies. It
includes mails, video conferencing, etc., according to current market scenario, this method is
used by most of the companies as it is less time and cost consuming. In terms of 4Com Plc, as
they are IT companies thus, all their activities are based on this and from this they are getting
maximum benefits.
Project Team: These kind of team are developed when company wants to accomplish a
special task and cannot be completed without help of skilled and knowledgable person.
Therefore, before formulating this team company make sure that they select right person so that
activity can be done in a better manner without any problem.
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In context with building an effective team 4Com Plc, are determining some other factors
as well which are explained below for better understanding:
Effective communication: For working in a better manner it is require that company and
its managers use effective communication process so that entire task can be explained to
employees in a better manner without any external influences. This assist team members in
maintaining a better coordination between employees so while working for a common goal.
Team Size: Building of team is not the only task for companies to perform as it is
required that firm formulate squad as per work and size (Haslam and et. al., 2014). Maintaining a
proper coordination between team members are easy as compared to large size of team.
In addition to this, difference between effective and ineffective team are mentioned
below for better understandings:
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Conflict Resolution If a team is effective in nature
than they doesn't feel any kind
problem and chances of
conflicts are reduced.
Chances of disagreement are
increased and employees feel
that they are suppressed by
leaders and managers. As a
result it may issues may rise
and performance of team can
be decreased.
Decision Making In this every team members
are given equal opportunities
in expressing their thoughts
and views which maintain a
sense of consensus towards
goals and objectives.
With an increase in variations
in though decision making can
be problematic which can
further have an affect on
business operations.
Working environment Effective team always
provides a better environment
to employees which assist
employees in improving their
skills and knowledge.
This incorporates a chaos and
stressful environment where
employees fail in
accomplishing a certain kind
of task.
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Belbin Theory: Belbin theory was propounded by Dr. Meredith Belbin. As per this
theory there are nine clusters in which human behaviour is classified. These clusters are known
as team roles. Every organisation needs to adopt this theory for improving efficiency of their
employees. The various roles in Belbin Theory have been explained as under:
Resource investigator: A resource investigator is an individual who uses his inquisitive
nature. This approach helps him in finding ideas and bringing therm in organisation.
Team worker: An individual who brings in synchronisation in a team and makes them
easily work together is a team worker. He uses his versatility with which tasks can be completed
in a set time frame.
Co-ordinator: A co-ordination in every business plays a very important role. He always
keeps his focus on timely achievement of organisational goals and objectives. This helps in
delegation of work between employees in a business concern.
Plant: Plant is a name given to any individual who has a highly creative mindset and also
has excellent problem solving skills.
Monitor: Any individual who is able to make impartial judgements and considers each
individual's opinions while decision making is a monitor.
Specialist: People who have excellent knowledge and skills in their area of working are
known to be specialists.
Shaper: Any person who provides a reason to entire team so that they remain focussed
towards goals and objectives is a shaper.
Implementer: A person with a practical approach who is able to turn ideas into actions
and organises entire working in an organisation is an implementer.
Finisher: A person whose job is to evaluate any completed activity so that defects can be
removed are known as finishers. These people consider standards of quality control for
evaluation of tasks performed.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within a company as per different
situations
Organisational behaviour is considered as a process through which company evaluate
behaviour of person working in an organisation. Thus, it is helps firm in improving performance
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level of an individual. Further organisational behaviour of a company depends upon the nature of
people who are working for example: it is important for the manager of 4Com Plc, to monitor the
performance of employees who are working so that superiors can know about nature of worker
towards a company. This includes certain elements like perception of people and biasses of
managers towards an individual or worker. Whereas nature of organisation determines as aims
and objectives that are set by a company for example: if targets of firm are achievable are
employees can feel motivated and if not than it can have a great impact on performance level of
employees. Working environment provided by company are taken into consideration whether
workers are provided with formal or informal workplace. Ethics, rules and regulations are also
considered in this (Hershcovis, 2011).
Path Goal Theory: This theory is majorly adopted by companies in order to enhance
leadership style as per current market scenario,to managers it increases motivation level as a
result they explain goals and targets that are to be achieved in a speculated time frame. In context
with 4Com Plc, this theory is assisting company in increasing productivity level of company.
Therefore, Path Goal Theory helps company in reducing its drawbacks and limitations. Other
than this, there are certain barriers that can have an affect on performance level of company and
individual:
Main barrier in effective performance
4Com Plc, as it is a small medium enterprise and there can be a circumstances that
company faces a lot of issues and problem while executing their activities in a better manner. For
instance communication barrier: there is a possibility that people of different culture are working
because of which language barrier can be the biggest reason. Thus, it is crucial that managers
maintain a better environment where all workers share their thoughts and views. With the use of
effective communication tools company can maintain a transparency between employees and
superiors therefore it helps in developing a better relationship. Other than this, uncleared goals
can have an affect as employees can get confused on task they have to perform.
There are advantages and disadvantages of the concept and philosophies of an
organisational behaviour. For instance: path goal theory's biggest advantage is that in different
situations when it is important to achieve success in a shorter period of time than this theory is
applicable. Whereas while talking in terms of disadvantage there might be a possibility that
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leaders are baised as they cannot be rational this can develop a unethical environment at
workplace.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that organisational behaviour is one of the
important part of a company as it assist company in providing a better environment to
employees. Other than this, with the help of organisational behaviour and performance of
employees company develops strategies and action plan which can be further used for attaining
future targets and goals. Each company has different organisational culture which are adopted as
per their requirements. In addition to this theories are also explained which plays a crucial role
in motivating employees and workers so that targets can be achieved in speculated time frame.
With the help of this research, researcher will get to know about the organisational behaviour.
This show that there are different roles and responsibilities that are to be performed in an
organisation and if employees are assigned with the same according to their skills and knowledge
than this will be very productive in nature. Other than this, it has been evaluated that for
achieving set objectives and targets effective team will be very helpful rather than ineffective
team.
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REFERENCES
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