Theories and Models in Psychology

This assignment involves a comprehensive review of several key concepts in psychology, including motivational theories (e.g., Self-Determination Theory, Goal-Setting Theory), leadership theories (e.g., Path-Goal Leadership Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory), group development models (e.g., Tuckman's Model, Belbin's Team Roles), and more. The assignment requires the analysis of 12 references, including academic articles and online resources, to provide a thorough understanding of these concepts. It is essential for students in psychology, education, or related fields who need to understand how motivation and leadership theories can be applied in real-world settings.

Organisational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
A- Organisation culture of BBC.................................................................................................1
B- Power and political behaviours of managers.........................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
B- Content and process theory to motivate employees...............................................................3
B- Improved level of motivation to achieve organisational goals..............................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4
A- Different types of teams and its performance........................................................................4
B- Factors affecting effective team with Tuckman and Bellin's model......................................5
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
A- Path-goal theory in improving productivity of BBC.............................................................7
B- Barriers to effective performance...........................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour can be said as interactions of people with different people in
order to create a effective business entity. It is concerned with increasing the outputs from group
of members which will affect the growth of the firm. British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC) is
the world's largest news providing channels consisting of large number of employees working
for it. The present study will describe the organisational culture of BBC and power and political
behaviour of their managers. Furthermore, it will analyse different motivational theories which
are helpful in achieving goals and objectives of organisation. The present report will also
describe the various methods used for improving the productivity and performance of a firm.
Various impacts of culture and politics over staff will be determined in this present study. The
report will also examine the various barriers of effective performance of a company.
TASK 1
A- Organisation culture of BBC
Organisation culture is referred to as composition of beliefs and values of people working
in it. It also includes assumptions and ways which make the psychological surroundings of a
company. They also include its vision, norms, languages and mission of an organisation.
Handy's model of organisational culture- These includes four kinds of culture-
Power culture- In this, power is handed over to some individuals and they have
an authority to take decisions and special privileges are given to them. They are important people
of BBC and major decisions are taken by them. They also delegate some responsibilities to other
people. Under this culture, sub ordinates have no other option rather than to follow their senior's
instructions also they are not allowed to express their ideas and suggestions(Kitchin, 2017).
These type of culture have a positive as well as negative impact on individual's performance.
Positive impact is that proper discipline is achieved in working of BBC and goals are attained
timely. Negative impact is that feeling of disrespect is developed among employees for their
leaders and no new ideas and suggestions are welcomed in BBC.
Task culture- In this, team is formed to attain a target and to resolve a problem. In this
team, individuals who are specialised with common beliefs and interests are combined together
to achieve the targets with higher level of innovation and each member contributes equally for
BBC(Do Carmo Silva and Gomes, 2015). Positive impact is innovation is brought in BBC and
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tasks are performed by specialised personnel of BBC. Negative impact is creation of own team's
objectives other than objectives of BBC.
Person culture- In this culture more emphasis is laid on individuals rather than
organisation. In person culture of BBC, individuals are concerned more for their own self and
organisation is neglected by them. According to this culture, people working in are more
important than the firm. Positive impact is that employees of BBC are provided satisfaction at
all levels of organisation and employee turnover is reduced. Negative impact is that goals and
objectives of BBC are being neglected and company suffers loss and its market image is reduced.
Role culture- According to this culture, on the basis of qualification, interests and
specialisation of every individual of BBC, a specific role is assigned to them. In this culture,
every employee of BBC decides their own work to do and are made accountable for completion
of that work. Positive impact is responsibility is generated in employees of BBC and power
comes along with it. Negative impact is for expertise power scope is limited.
With these kinds of culture, discipline, new ideas and suggestion and improved working
styles can be brought in BBC. Employees can both be motivated and demotivated which can also
improve their performance or decrease their efficiency level.
B- Power and political behaviours of managers
Power and politics plays a very crucial role in working of a business. The political and
power behaviour of managers of BBC can be described as-
Positive power- This includes enhancing productivity. According to this, employees of
BBC are given power for making decisions and rewarding them for their good performance. This
will motivate and encourage them to work hard and improving efficiency. Positive power in
BBC will help to increase employees retention and increase in performance of employees
working for BBC.
Negative power- This is generated when leaders do not respect their followers. A
negative power is generated by continuous threats of giving punishments and favouring of other
employees who are working in BBC, this will result in decreasing level of employees'
performance.
Positive politics- In this to encourage the productivity level of employees working in
BBC, organisation should develop an easy political culture for employees to understand better.
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Clear policies will make workers easy to find their answers and they can produce more quality
work. Positive politics will improve employees' performance and increase in company's success.
Negative politics- Unclear policies and strategies will create an atmosphere of negativity
which will hamper the individual's performance and will reduce the success of BBC. Negative
environment will never encourage employees of BBC to contribute more towards the
organisation.
TASK 2
B- Content and process theory to motivate employees
These are said to be helpful in increasing motivation level of employees so that they can
work harder towards achievement of set objectives and goals. Content theories lays its focus on
WHAT and process theories lays stress on HOW.
Content theory- These are considered to be the earliest theories for motivating
employees. Management practices and policies of BBC have a greater impact of content theories.
These can also be referred as needs theories which identify the needs of people working in BBC
and are related with fulfilment of those needs. The main content theories are Alderfer's ERG
theory, Maslow's needs hierarchy, McClelland's achievement motivation and Herzberg's two-
factory theory. Through content theory employees' needs and demands are fulfilled within
organisation this will provide satisfaction to the employees of BBC and they will be motivated to
contribute more towards the firm(Coccia, 2014). Satisfied employees will be beneficial for
increasing growth and success of BBC.
Process theories- These theories are concerned with process of motivating people
working in the organisation. These includes psychological and behavioural process which
influences a person to work in a particular manner to achieve goals and objectives of BBC.
Process theories includes Skinner's reinforcement theory, Victor Vroom's expectancy theory,
Adam's equity theory and Locke's goal setting theory. All these theories will motivate employees
of BBC to work more efficiently by measuring their performance and take necessar steps to
improve their performance and rewarding them on the basis of their capabilities. Rewards will
motivate workers to perform their task with greater efficiency and this will increase their
performance level.
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B- Improved level of motivation to achieve organisational goals.
Through proper motivation of employees, performance level of motivation will be
improved and further productivity will also be increased. This will generate more profits for
BBC. Improved level of motivation will help in attaining organisational goals more precisely.
This can be explained as-
Feeling of positivity will be developed among employees and this will motivate the
employees of BBC to work with more efficiency and productivity. This will also reduce
wastage of resources and results in company's success at a higher level. Motivated employees
will generate positive results for BBC and this increase the chances of expansion and growth of
the business. Motivation will help in increasing efficiency of employees and further increase the
productivity and success of BBC.
TASK 3
A- Different types of teams and its performance
The working together of different individuals for completion of a given task and
achievement of stated objectives and goals is refereed to as a team. A team consists of different
kinds of people with their own skills working together for achieving one common objective is
said to be an effective team. BBC consists of different types of teams which are-
Functional work team- This can be referred to as composition of different
organisational levels performing a specific functions of an organisation. Each functional team of
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Illustration 1: Content and Process
theory
Source:(Content Theory and Process

BBC contains a manager and a subordinate for management of internal operations and external
relationships of the company. Some of these teams are accounting, human resource, finance and
marketing. Productivity and efficiency of BBC can be improved with appropriate working of all
these functional teams. Proper functioning of all these teams will insure smooth and fair working
of the organisation.
Problem solving team- This team is concerned with managing problems and issues
arising in the company. Problem solving team of BBC is responsible to resolve all kinds of
problems and conflicts which arises out during production process like technical defaults or
during of accomplishment of any kind of activity in the firm(Korobeynikov and et.al.,, 2017).
These kinds of team exist only for a limited time period as they are responsible for solving the
issues of the company. With the help of these team wastage of company's resources is reduced
and productivity of BBC is increased.
Project team- A project team is responsible for completion of the assigned project by the
company. Project related issues and problems are solved by them and are dissolved after
completion of that project. All the members with different styles of working and skills are
engaged together to accomplish the given project of BBC. They are beneficial for the company
as it helps in achievement of goals and objectives with greater efficiency and help in generating
more profits for BBC. The projects assigned to them are completed on time with the use of better
knowledge and skills.
Virtual team- This team is referred to as working together from different demographic
locations with the help of technology like voice or video conferencing, e-mail and FAX to
achieve a determined goal. With the use of this new technology, BBC is able to complete its
projects or tasks from various locations. This will be helpful in increasing coordination among
different people from various locations. This team has gained more success because of different
technological advances.
All these teams will bring co ordination among workers and work and work can be
completed on time with better efficiency and productivity leading to an increase in growth an
success of BBC.
B- Factors affecting effective team with Tuckman and Bellin's model
Tuckman model
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The forming-storming-norming-performing is a model developed by Bruce Tuckman
in 1965 for developing team. According to him, for developing the team these stages are
necessary to face the challenges and tackle the problems arising out and find solutions and to
generate positive and effective results. In order to understand the behaviour of employees, BBC
aims at adopting forming-storming-norming-performing model of Tuckman.
The forming stage aims at tending the employees to behave independently so that
different opportunities are meet by them. It also lays stress on facing the challenges with the help
of advantages of whole team and tackling the new tasks of BBC.
The second stage of storming helps in achieving trust of other team members which are
working in BBC. They are encouraged to raise a voice for their opinions for certain situations
which creates a open-mindedness of all team members and are helpful in resolving conflicts.
After storming then comes the norming stage in which employees are working in
satisfying manner and all the disagreements are easily resolved. It develops a spirit of co
operation among team members. This stage of BBC results in team development and is
considered to be creative and efficient.
In performing stage, individuals working in a team is engaged in achieving goals and
objectives of BBC. Its main aim is to develop a team which focuses on individuals and
achievement of co-operation in working of BBC.
Belbin model
A theory of team development is also formed by Belbin in 1981 which explains the use of
knowledge and talent of every team member. In order to improve employee’s performance to
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Illustration 2: Tuckman model
Source:(Tuckman stages,2017)

their fullest, BBC uses Belbin's theory for team development. According to this theory, a team
should contain the essential nine roles which are helpful in achieving the greatest level of
performance. These nine roles are complementary to each other, which describes working style
of individual and a team. Following are the nine roles of team development-
The coordinator summarizes and clarifies the concept and looks after members of a
team. In BBC he is responsible for utilising the talent of every individual. The second role is of
shaper who performs the task with a strong urge and identify the challenges. Complete finisher
focuses on perfection which is helpful in achieving competitive advantage of BBC. After this,
team worker helps the team to form and identify the work required and also completes work in
place of the team. Resource Investigator brings back the team by using their speculative nature.
Plant is a person who is creative and brings more ideas of innovation which is necessary for
BBC to generate more profits and remain in market. Implementer is responsible for organising
the entire team and puts ideas for execution. The members of monitoring team is thoughtful and
sensible, analyses the situation. They can be deliberately long and rarely wrong on their
judgement. A specialist is responsible for providing knowledge for a specific topic.
This model is helpful for BBC as it helps in achieving team' goals in effective manner
and organisation's success is increased.
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TASK 4
A- Path-goal theory in improving productivity of BBC
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Illustration 4: Path goal theory
Source:(Path-Goal Leadership Theory,2013)
Illustration 3: Belbin's model
Source:(Belbin Team Roles,2017)

According to this theory a particular action is selected by the leader which will help in
guiding their employees which are best suited and helpful in achieving goals and objectives of
organisation. Leaders are responsible for giving proper guidance to their workers for
achievement of growth and success of the firm. Employees' performance is improved with
proper supervision given by their leaders. This can prove to be beneficial in increasing success
and generating more profits.
This theory focusses on motivating employees and providing them satisfaction so that
they can be made beneficial for the company. This theory consists of four styles which are-
The supportive- This theory says that, equal treatment should be given to every
followers by the leaders of BBC and they should be friendly and supportive. Employee’s needs
and demands are fulfilled in this kind of organisation and employees feel satisfied. For
supportive leaders, psychological welfare of their followers are also essential(Wu and et.al.,
2016). This kind of behaviour becomes necessary in situations where tasks are physically more
distressing for them employees working in BBC.
The participative- According to this theory, employees should be involved in decision
making process. With their involvement more suggestions and new ideas are welcomed for better
working and this will motivate them to contribute more for the organisation. More contribution
will improve efficiency and productivity of BBC to sustain in the market.
The achievement- This theory is concerned with setting of challenges for employees of
BBC to encourage them for working more efficiently and improving their performance level.
Company's success will automatically increase through improved performance of their workers.
The directive- This includes giving of direction and guidance regarding work and
process of doing that work to their sub ordinates by the leaders of BBC. With proper direction,
employees of BBC are able to understand company's policies, strategies and rules more precisely
which will help them in working more effectively and efficiently.
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All these theories are helpful in motivating the employees of BBC and encouraging them
to contribute more towards the company's growth and success
B- Barriers to effective performance
Barriers are said to be an obstacle which prevents something from happening of an
activity. There are some barriers which prevent a employees' performance to be an effective one
such as-
Lack of training and development- Training and development is essential for every
individual to work effectively in BBC. Proper training will help to improve the efficiency and
increase productivity of an organisation. Work can easily be understood through proper training
and development programmes. Improper training and development facilities will create a barrier
to effective performance of employees of BBC(Thompson, Reilly and Valdez,2016). This will
further decrease the efficiency and productivity of them and they will not be able to contribute
more towards the organisation.
Poor channels of communications- Communication is necessary for every organisation
to work smoothly and firmly. As communication will be helpful in resolving problems,
confusion and conflicts occurring in BBC. Poor communication channels of BBC will not be
helpful in removing all these problems and this will bring dissatisfaction among employees and
will be a barrier for their effective performance. Ineffective performance of workers will reduce
the overall productivity of BBC and hamper its growth and success. Better communication is
also helpful in flowing of needed information in BBC through which employees can know their
work in a better manner.
Lack of proper knowledge- Knowledge regarding work to do, company's rules and
regulations and proper understanding of strategies will help the employees of BBC to perform
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well in their work. Improper knowledge of work will create confusion among workers which will
affect their performance. These unclear strategies and rules will force them to work ineffectively
which will create a negative impact on firm's success. Improper knowledge will not give correct
and required knowledge to employees of BBC and will hinder the productivity of organisation.
Dissatisfying environment of working- The environment in which employees of BBC
are working should be satisfying and friendly in nature. Friendly environment will develop a
sense of happiness and motivate them to remain in company. With dissatisfying environment
offered to workers of BBC, dissatisfaction among employees will be generated and this will
become a barrier to their effective performance. Lack of friendly environment will always
demotivate the employees working in BBC and reduce their level of performance and efficiency
which will decrease the success of firm.
CONCLUSION
From the above report the organisational culture of BBC along with its power and
political behaviour of managers have been concluded. Further more, the content and process
theories and how improved levels of motivation can help in attainment of organisation goals and
objectives. The above study have described different types of teams and factors affecting
effective team. Further more, Path goal theory in improving productivity of BBC and barriers to
effective performance have been concluded in above report.
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