Motivational Theories and Leadership

This assignment delves into the realm of motivational theories and their significant role in shaping leadership practices. It examines prominent theories like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Fiedler's Contingency Theory, analyzing their applications in understanding and influencing employee behavior within organizations. The assignment also explores contemporary research on transformational leadership, knowledge management, and the impact of motivational framing on technology usage.

Organizational Behavior

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
P1 Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance. .......................................................................................................3
M1 culture, power and politics of an organization can influence the team behaviour and
performance of individual. .........................................................................................................5
D1................................................................................................................................................6
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals in an organisational context.....................................................................6
Process theories: .......................................................................................................................10
M2 Influence the behaviour of other through the effective application of behavioural
motivational theories, model and concepts...............................................................................10
P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team..........................11
M3 Analyse the relevant team and group development theories to support the development of
organisation...............................................................................................................................13
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation.................13
M4 & D2 Positive and negative influences of concepts and philosophies..............................17
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior is based on the academic study of the ways where people act
within groups. It includes the areas of research dedicated towards to improve the job
performance, promotion innovation, increasing job satisfaction and always encouraging the
leadership. This report will discuss about culture, power and politics that influences the
individual people and team performance or behavior. This assignment will describe the content
and process theories of motivational techniques that enables the effective achievement of goals
in the organization. Furthermore, it will discuss about the effective team that opposed to an
ineffective team. At last, this assignment will describe the concepts and different philosophies of
organizational behavior within organization on the basis of business situations.
MAIN BODY
P1 Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.
Cultural, Power and politics are considered to be major aspects of organization to handle
the entire culture of organization. It always influences the employees and team behavior or
performance towards the development process. It plays important role in A David & Co Limited
and govern how to make decision and interaction with the other employees (Halliday, 2019).
Cultural, power and politics are fundamental concept that influence the behavior of individual,
group and also assist in the issue or problem solving.
Influence of culture
Organizational culture is the important concept which requires for organization to handle
the business environment and also increased the productivity or profitability in marketplace. In
this way, A David & Co Limited firm is cultivated the competitive culture will rely on the team
that are expected to achieve their goals and objectives. Culture is divided into the different ways
such as role, power, person and task etc.
Power is basically a type of characteristics of an entrepreneurial organization that help for
handle the business operations and functions. For Example- There are many organizations have
flat structure and managed by the charismatic leaders. A David & Co limited always try to build
a loyalty and trust between their employees.
Person culture can be found in the development of professional in A David & Co limited
where employees are interdependent and expertise in their task completion. This culture is based

on the people oriented to adopt the new things for development. It's all about the knowledge and
expertise employee those who are completed their task in proper manner.
A David & Co have task culture which is mainly based on the result oriented. Employees
are skilled and experience people those who are solving the problem because they want to
complete their task and project correctly. Task culture deploy the temporary team and groups.
Hofstede's Cultural dimension theory-
This theory is applicable in the business process to maintain the cross cultural
communication. It can be developed for analyzing the internal and external mechanism. In this
way, it easily identified the different between the culture across the world. According to theory,
many peoples are expected to care about the families and themselves while in maintain their
culture and behavior towards the large group and team (Curcuruto, Parker and Griffin, 2019).
For Example- In other countries, many people in the collective societies which emphasize the
obligation towards the in group members and also willing to scarified their individual
requirement and need for the groups.
Influence of politics-
Politics may influence those who has the power and decided whether all the culture of
workplace support the profitability and productivity. It is the best medium where various type of
conflict are resolved. For Example- In A David & Co limited, Manager always influence the
behavior of subordinate at the same time and it only slightly influence to another.
Organizational politics refers to variety of activities that associated with the use and
influence the tactics to improve the organizational interests and personal. This skill tend to gain
more power for controlling their stress level in proper manner. It directly impacts on the outcome
and results of business. For Example- It may be caused that manager requires for exerting the
large amount of pressure on a group and team. It is an essential for employee to work behind the
scene to build coalitions of believers in an advance vision of organization.
At workplace, Politics are influenced A David & Co limited firm. It being made up of
employee which are essential for the situation of politics. Business professionals required to
adopt at dealing with the complex situation of politics.
Decision making is refers to the process in which the entire management of business
balanced in proper manner. In organization, political parties are specified and selected the action
plan. This process will help for selecting the objective, principles, problem solving and direction

of business development process. Political decision making is influenced by the pressure of
organization. Sometimes, it affects by different level of citizen participated in the organization.
Influence of power-
Power relationships are the medium within the organization that conducted. Many people
take these relationships for the granted but they shifted from one to another, everything changes.
Power is a key element of organization to create an effective relationship between the
employee because every people are contributed towards their work. It shares the information
related the project to another employee. This will help for building a strong relationship between
them.
In David & Co Limited, manager is focused towards the power that influence their
employee to share their problems and issues. They also planning an effective strategy to handle
the business plans and their actions in global world.
Power relations is the influence the contractions in the business process. It is an exercise
in the term of rationally but its power comes from their innovative idea in the mind. In this way.
It deals with the authority source and distribution (SuWang and Chen, 2019). A David & Co firm
is mainly implementing a formal structure which differ from the various type of coalitions but
there will be no functions without consolidation of power in relationship of groups and teams.
For Example- Power is basically embedded through the strategic contingencies where
few departments are responsible for managing the events and activities in the organization. Each
and every departments are interconnected with each other to share the information and also help
for solving the problem and issues.
M1 culture, power and politics of an organization can influence the team behaviour and
performance of individual.
Power, culture and politics of organization can influences of organization to handle the
entire culture of organization. Cultural, power and politics are fundamental concept that
influence the behavior of individual, group and also assist in the issue or problem solving. It
influences the employees and team behavior or performance towards the development process. It
plays important role in A David & Co Limited and govern how to make decision and interaction
with the other employees.

D1
According to analysis, It can be determined that Power, politics and culture factors affect
the entire performance of organization. Without the power, it cannot be imagined to develop the
coordination between the employees. Sometimes, Each and every employee has differed view
point towards the goals and objectives. In this way, it will create conflict between the employees.
In this way, it also affects the decision making power of leaders in the project development.
P2 Content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective
achievement of goals in an organisational context
Content theory is mainly focused towards the situations where how human behavior is
motivated. They also trying to determine the need and regarding the motivation to fulfill the
requirement of employee.
Process theory is based on the behavioral process that motivate the employee towards the
motivation. It also completing their task in proper manner. This theory is examined that how
people requirement will affect the behavior in order to achieve their goals and objectives.

Illustration 1: Motivational theories
(Source : Motivational theories. 2018)

There are two type of motivation theories.
 Intrinsic- It is the self generated and internal motivation that help for David & Co to
achieve their goals ans objectives. Manager spends a lot of time on the activities that
reflect the drivers (Marques and et.al., 2019). For Example- In David &Co, Inner drive
help for learning a new things and feel highly motivated at the work completing their task
which require us to increase or develop the experience and skills.
 Extrinsic- This motivator are given to other such as bonus, incentive and appraisal to
their employees. This theory is tends to identify at the organizational level that control of
manager and leaders.
Theories of Motivation-
Content Theories:
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs- This theory is basically explained on the facts and figures
that help for people to increase what they achieve in their life. In this way, it also identified the
need which are more prioritized on the basis of importance. For Example- Content theories in
term of job satisfaction because it can be categorized on the basis of physical, psychological,
social and biological needs of humans. This theory came up with the different stages according
to the requirement of individual such as social needs, self actualization, security and safety etc.

Herzberg's theory- This Theory is based on the two factors such as motivator and hygiene. A
study conducted among the people to determine what makes each and every people feel good
and bad. It consists of five different type of features of work that bring about the responsibility of
achievements, job satisfaction, recognition and management approach etc. It will help for
organization to create more opportunity for the growth of employees. It should be promoted after
completing the stages and level of learning (Pradhan and Jena, 2019). For Example- A David &
Co Limited, manager should have responsibilities to identify that how to handle the operations
related their jobs. They also produce the exceptional outcomes in the particular areas.
Illustration 2: Maslow's theory
(Source : Maslow's Hierarchy theory. 2018)

Process theories:
Vroom's Expectancy theory- It is emphases on the process and the content of motivations.
It also integrates with the need, requirement, reinforcement and equity etc. It can be defined the
motivational process that choose the another form on the basis of behavior of people. It can be
divided into different factors: Expectancy- A people belief that more efforts always help for resulting the success. In
David & Co Limited, Employees are hard worker to perform better ways to gain the
success. It is beneficial for both employee and organization. Instrumentality- An employee belief that there is a connection between the objective and
activity. If people can perform well, it will get an award and rewards.
 Valence- A degree is that when the person will get the rewards and values to the manager
and leaders. The organization is providing the appraisal factor on the basis of the
performance and capability.
M2 Influence the behaviour of other through the effective application of behavioural
motivational theories, model and concepts
The human behavior always influence the effective application in term of motivational
theories and models. A leader is trying to determine the strength and weakness of team members
and then developing the decision making. According to theories, it is very easy to explain on
the facts and figures that help for people to increase what they achieve in their life. In this way, it
also identified the need which are more prioritized on the basis of importance.

P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
An organization will create a team for expanding the business all over the world. A David
& Co Limited is also inspired with the effective team framework that help for performing
different operations and functions. It easy for manager to communication with the other
employee and also build a strong team, group or community. Ineffective team always opposed
the effective team because effective and strong team has skilled and knowledge to any kind of
critical situation in effective manner (Wohlkinge rand et.al., 2019). They also share the
leadership to the committee therefore, it usually appoints the strong leaders that are influenced
their team members towards the responsibilities and roles.
Type of organization team- Functional team- It is a group of people with focused towards the common goals and
objectives. Each and every peoples are expertise in their working areas. For Example- In
David & Co, there are different type of functional team exists in the organization such as
marketing, finance, accounting and human resources etc. Problem-solving- A group and team of individual people to work on a particular project
that involves for solving the issues where it arisen during the execution. For Example-
Manager of David & Co firm is managing the problem solving team to handle the task on
the basis of their skill and knowledge. Project team- A project team is a type of group where people usually belong top another
group as well as functions. Manager is assigned the project to another group members. It
is generally divided according to the need and requirement of project.
Benefits and risk of teams-
 Team can offer the better opportunity and solution to the organization and also handle
the complex situation and condition in effective manner. It will increase the productivity and profitability in marketplace because all the members
are target oriented to achieve their goals in proper manner.
Risks- Sometimes, it will arise the conflict between the team members. They are not coordinated
in proper ways to share the information. In this way, it will increase the communication
gap between the members.

Definition of team-
Team is a group of people who are sharing a common purpose among the team members.
The goal must be challenging and specific so that each and every members understand the
concept of success.
Definition of group-
A group is basically collection of individual people who are coordinate to other
individual efforts.
Tuckman team development Model-
This model is basically focused towards the team development and determine the ability
of employees towards the goals and objectives. At the beginning, David & Co firm manager is
using this model to create and develop a strong team in the organisation. Team may be produced
a successor leaders that can move from another team for development (Weinstein and
Przybylski, 2019). It is important for manager to identify the behaviour of team members and
their leadership style. In this way, Leader can easily handle the situations and control the
behaviour of every members. There are different stages of Tuckman team development model. Forming- It is the high dependence on the leaders for providing the guidance and
direction to their team members. Sometimes, it happens the little argument between the
leader and people because every members has different view point towards the goals but
leaders always must prepared their answer to convenience the people. Storming- This is another stage when the decision don't come within the group and team.
Leaders has established their position and develop a strong relationship with their
members. It is needed for leaders to always maintain the clarity and set up the specific
goals. Norming- Consensus and agreement are largely formed between the team who are
responded well to the facilitation by leaders. Each and every members has more
responsibilities to clear their vision and also accept the big decision related the business
growth and development. In this way, team may be engaged with other social activities
and fun events. Performing- This type of strategically is aware about the team and know their clearly
goals. Team members has shared their vision and able to stand on their own feet.
Sometimes, Disagreement occurs but they solved their problem and issues within the

team. It is also necessary to change the structure and process according to the
requirement.
Belbin Topologies-
This topology is used the organisation to prescriptive when building a strong team. It will
use for people to build a strong team. It also believed to performing different task on the
particular project. For Example- In A David & Co Limited, Managers are supported their group
members. All members have specified role within a term so that they can easily develop their
strength to manage their weakness (Weinstein and Przybylski, 2019). It is important for manager
to contribute towards the improvement and help for balancing the entire team quality in proper
manner.
It can be formed the team on the basis of effective knowledge and skill to handle the business
task in proper manner.
 Specialist role
 coordinator role
 Implementer Role
 Team worker role
 Monitor and evaluation role
These are the different type of role that plays in the organisation and also help for A
David & Co firm to control and manage the business operations.
M3 Analyse the relevant team and group development theories to support the development of
organisation
According to theories, It analysis the group development and support the team members
those who are contributed their role and responsibilities towards the business development.
These theories are providing the concept and method that how to understand the people behavior
and attitude. An effective team always achieved their goals due to their capabilities and abilities
to handle the business operations and functions in proper manner.
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation
There are various concepts and philosophies which A David & co Limited can adopt
within the organisation and with the help concepts and theories a company can improve its
organisational culture (Ma and Tsui, 2015). It can apply Path goal theory of leadership within the
organisation in order to improve team performance of the employees in A David & co Limited.

This theory is based on specifying the leader's style within the organisation or the behaviour of a
leader which best fits the employee work environment in order to achieve the organisation's
goals. With the help of path goal theory leaders of A David & co Limited can select a specific
behaviour which are best suited for employees needs and working environment which can help
in improving the employee performance in an organisation. It includes four styles which the
leaders of A David & co Limited can adopt which involves:
 Directive path goal: With the help of this style leader lets employees of an organisation
to know what is expected from them or what a company wants from them and for this
purpose leaders directs employees how the tasks can be performed. A leader provides the
employees with a clear guideline related to a job process and tells them how best an
employee can carry out their task. With this leadership style employees of A David & co
Limited get a close supervision from the leaders which increases the chances of
improving the performance of the employees in a team. A leader can set a performance
standards for the employees and control their behaviours if the performance standards are
not met (Storey, 2016). Directive leadership style can be adopted if the employees in an
organisation face problems in a team due to vague or unclear job responsibilities and
employees don't know how to perform a task in a team.
 Achievement oriented leadership: It is the type of leadership style in which leader sets
a challenging goal for a team and a leader expects that the goals set should be achieved at
the higher levels. By adopting this leadership style, leaders of A David & co Limited can
force the employees to display their excellent work performance and should constantly
improve their performance by showing a confidence within the employees. A leader
chooses the employees who would be able to work independently and also which should
have problem solving capabilities are suitable for this leadership style. So, such type of
employees should be chosen by the leaders of A David & co Limited which can help in
improving the performance of team in an organisation. For example this leadership style
can be applied when teams get bored with a regular task or lack of challenges, a leader
can offer challenges to different team which can develop a sense of competition which
can improve the performance of teams.
 Supportive leadership style: A leader has to adopt a friendly nature with the employees
and has to treat employees with respect and has to support the employees when ever

needed. This type of leadership is suitable in an organisation when the employees are
faced with personal problems which may decline team performance of the employees or
employee does not believe in himself or feels demotivated. But by adopting this
leadership style in the organisation leaders of A David & co Limited adopt supportive
leadership style in order to make the employees feel comfortable, develop confidence,
and motivates them so that performance of the team can be improved in the organisation.
For example this style is suitable when organisation has developed a new team or in
experience team this leadership style is suitable.
 Participative leadership: By adopting this leadership style, a leader has to be open to
discussions and consultations which may also include suggestions from the employees in
decision makings, this leadership style is suitable for almost all occasions which can help
in improving the team performance of the employees in an organisation. For example this
leadership style can be applied in an organisation if the employees in a team are making
poor decisions and leader can take steps to improving the decisions.
Contemporary barriers to effective change in A David & co Limited can if employees are
not given feedbacks especially visible feedbacks another for example if employees performance
is continuously low and he/she is not given a feedback which is barrier to a change (Dugan,
2017). Another barrier is lack of process support, for example lack of motivation for new
employee in an organisation and lack of support from the environment also proves a barrier for
effective change.
Also organisation can apply situational leadership which suggest that no single leadership
style is best, nut it depends on the situation the type of leadership is best suited for example if the
employees are demotivated it, a leader can apply supportive leadership style to motivate
employees during a task which can help the employee to improve their performance.
According to social capital theory a person's position or participation in a group have a
strong influence on the team for example if A David & co Limited is considering two candidates
with same level of experience but company will prefer to choose an employee who has better
influence on the employees and is better known within the company.
Contingency theory states that how an effectiveness of leader should match to the
situation for example; if an employee is chosen as a leader and has to lead a team so what kind of
leadership styles he/she would use in order to lead a team (Fiedler, 2015).

M4 & D2 Positive and negative influences of concepts and philosophies
Positive:
Path goal theory will provide a framework for the leaders that how their leadership style
influences the motivation of the employees in an organisation.
Social capital theory help the organisation to choose a leader which has major influences
on the employees of an organisation which can help them in improving the performance.
Contingency theory have positive influence as it provides a simple rule of thumb for identifying
the company which leaders are best in a given situation.
Negative:
Social capital theory results in ambiguity and variability with in the organisation which
has a negative impact within employees of an organisation.
Path goal theory also result in the negative influence on the behaviour of the employees
as it involves in the limited selection of theories which may not suit the organisational culture.
Contingency theory may result in which a leader may choose a leadership style which
may not suit a situation which may result in the negative influence on the employees.
CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded for the report that organisational culture have influence on the
performance of an organisation, also the organisational politics, culture and power can have
influence on individual and team behaviours and performances. Present report also concludes
that motivational theories can applied in an organisation which can help the organisation to
achieve its goals as employees can be motivated to improve their performance in order to
achieve company's goals. It is also concluded that cooperation between the employees can
increase the employee performance which can also result in an effective team. This report also
concludes that A David & co Limited can apply various concepts and philosophies of
organisational behaviour in an organisation which can help in improving the team performance.

REFERENCES
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Halliday, A.J., 2019. Bridging music and organizational psychology: Everyday music uses and
preferences and the prediction of organizational behaviour. Personality and Individual
Differences. 139. pp.263-276.
Ma, L. and Tsui, A. S., 2015. Traditional Chinese philosophies and contemporary leadership. The
Leadership Quarterly.26(1). pp.13-24.
Marques, J.M.R. and et.al., 2019. The relationship between organizational commitment,
knowledge transfer and knowledge management maturity. Journal of Knowledge
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Pradhan, S. and Jena, L.K., 2019. Does Meaningful Work Explains the Relationship Between
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Storey, J., 2016. Changing theories of leadership and leadership development. In Leadership in
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Su, Z.X., Wang, Z. and Chen, S., 2019. The impact of CEO transformational leadership on
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Online
Maslow's Hierarchy theory. 2018 [Online] Available through
:<https://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop412A/2011-0023_Psychology/img/
21e56613.jpg>
Motivational theories. 2018. [Online] Available through
:<https://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop412A/2011-0023_Psychology/030300.scorml>