Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................2 Literature Review........................................................................................................................................2 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................5 References...................................................................................................................................................6 1
Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood Introduction Research question-What are the possible traits in a child’s personality that can arise from a relationship with the parents in middle childhood? Parent-child relationship plays an important role in shaping a child’s character. The variousemotionalandbehavioralaspectspresentinachild’personalityisdue totheir relationship with the parents. In this study, we will review different articles that will enhance our knowledge about the subject area of our research. The articles reviewed touches different aspects of the relationship and give solutions for the various parenting and child psychology challenges faced in middle childhood. We have conducted a literature review of the articles that contained a data related to our topic. The articles are on the emotional domains of a child influenced through the relationship with the parents, attachment and relationship and risk factors driving anxiety issues in the child along with possible solutions. Literature Review In this section, we will review various literature available on this topic and gather views of different authors on the subject matter. In the research paper written on Mothers’ and Fathers’ Perceptions of Mutuality in Middle Childhood: The Domain of Intimacy, the authors(Oliphant & Kuczynski, 2011)explores the area ofthe domain of the relationships between parents and children wherein they interact on a mutual level. This study described the phenomenon of reciprocal close personal relationships. Positive experiences are gained through initiating and receiving sound responses from both the ends. This domain is conceptually known as a reciprocal domain or the domain of horizontal power. The methodology used by the author was from a practical perspective. The research was done on the grounds of a questionnaire where parents and children were questioned. Forty-six 2
Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood parents belonging to twenty-three families were asked about the little details of close interactions and not about their overall relationship with the kid. The study aimed to find out the ways the parents apply to achieve a close bonding with their children. The study resulted in parents describing three types of relations between the parents and children as described by the parents namely shared positive affect, physical closeness, child self-disclosure, and shared projects. The study implied that the parent-child relationship builds personal relationship which is one step forward than child-rearing. They gave credit to the children as the initiator of those intimate memories. Influence of dynamics of one domain is felt over other domains. Only a few numbers of parents advocated for the authoritative relationship, the rest of them were in support of the close intimate relationship. This research paper also shows possibility on the number of areas where further research can be carried out to discover more unexplored areas such as relational dynamics, rewards and vulnerabilities attached to parenting a child of different age groups. The area of single parenting is unexplored in this research as it interviewed parents those were living together. In(Parrigon, Kerns, Abtahi, & Koehn, 2015), the authors summarize and evaluate the works of literature illustrating the attachment and its relationship to emotionsin middle childhood and adolescence. The relationship with the parents of the children forms emotion skills in the child and make them ready to form strategies to cope up with such emotions and manage their mental health and stability under adverse circumstances. The author suggests that the emotionalrelationshipwith theparentsbuildsthe characterof thechild.The emotional attachment that the child has with the parents evolve when the adolescence incepts. The attachment never diminishes but the proximity with the parent's changes after the childhood ends. The emotion domain that consists of emotional understanding, affective experiences and 3
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Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood physiological indicators including the process of regulating emotions are analyzed herein. The study was based on the data collected representing children as well as adolescents that fell between the age bracket of 6-18 and included the measures of emotions and attachment between the parent and the child. It was that found the competencies of a child from the emotional perspective differed with their secure and insecure attachments whit their parents. An insecure child shows a higher level of anger issues and emotional weakness. Attachment builds with the parent’s response when the child has a conversation with them. Secured children are shown to have more constructive behaviour for coping than a disorganized child has low ability to discriminate between and label various emotions. The security between a mother and child’s relation flows from the facial expression, body language and gestures of the mother. The facial expressions and self-perceived emotions of the adults who were strongly attached to their parents were more than others. In an experiment were film clippings were shown and adolescents were asked to mimic the expressions those being emotionally secured succeeded in mimicking the expressions appropriately than those who had insecurities. The study was also conducted on the psychologicalindicatorssuchascortisol,vagaltone,heartratefluctuationsandskin conductance. In another study DNA genotyping was done. The study proved to be substantial research for examining emotional regulations in the children as well as adults. The article(Kerns, Sienner, & Brumariu, 2011), studied the anxiety symptoms and its possible reasons in the children in their middle childhood. The authors took data fromthe NICHD Study of Early Child Care to examine mother-child relationships, other aspects of family context, and child characteristics as predictors of anxiety in preadolescence. The study found out that the children who were behaviorally anxious as preschoolers and had seen negative events in life with an anxious mother are seen to be more anxious. They studied various etiological models 4
Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood of anxiety and linked them to their finding of the research. The author's main purpose was to study multiple factors that might lead to anxiety in a child’s mind. The anxiety symptoms vary over the preschool period and middle childhood. It was found that in later years relationship between and with parents, negative life events and maternal anxiety did not have a major connection with the anxiety of the child. It was found that various risk factors were connected to other risk factors. The combination of various risk factors contributes to the cause of anxiety in middle childhood. It was identified that biological, cognitive, learning and interpersonal factors can lead to the development of anxiety in different ways. Several ways can intervene with the anxiety in the child.The recently developed solution provides ways to cope up with such anxiety. Some of them were target parenting and improving the quality of the parent-child relationship. The parents are given training in these solutions about how to help their child in coping up with such anxiety issues. The family needs to work equally towards this concern and use complementary approaches that will make the child comfortable rather than the redundant approaches. However, one of the limitations of this study is that the questionnaire that formed the basis of the study was completed by the mothers. So, if there is a communication gap between the mother and the child there can be some important aspects that were left out by the mothers. This study has given insights on how further studies should be directed that will result in finding the reasons behind growing anxiety and formulating programs that will help the child in coping up with anxiety issues. Conclusion The literature review of the above mentioned three research papers gave us valuable insights into the topic of the parent-child relationship in middle childhood.(Oliphant & Kuczynski, 2011)explained various domains and their linkage with the parent-child relationship 5
Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood and child’s emotional behaviour. This study gave us insights upon how the different domains and intimacy between parent and children are linked to the child’s emotional quotient.(Parrigon, Kerns, Abtahi, & Koehn, 2015)explained how attachment with the parents makes a child emotionally secured that is reflected in theirbehaviour while tacking emotional issues in life. (Kerns, Sienner, & Brumariu, 2011)in their studyexplainedrisk factors that lead to anxiety in child and anxious behaviour at different ages. Thus, this research conducted through reviewing different factors that build a parent-child relationship in middle childhood we gained valuable insights and found opportunities to do further research in the subject areas that have been explored. 6
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Parent Child Relationship in Middle Childhood References Kerns, K., Sienner, S., & Brumariu, L. (2011). Mother–child relationships, family context, and child characteristicsaspredictorsofanxietysymptomscharacteristicsaspredictorsofanxiety symptoms.Development and Psychopathology, 593-604. Oliphant, A., & Kuczynski, L. (2011). Mothers’ and Fathers’ Perceptions of Mutuality in Middle Childhood: The Domain of Initimacy .Journal of Family Issues, 1104-1124. Parrigon, K. S., Kerns, K. A., Abtahi, M. M., & Koehn, A. (2015). Attachment and Emotion in Middle Childhood and Adolescence.Psychological Topics, 27-50. 7