Analyzing Research Papers in Diverse Fields

This assignment requires you to analyze a set of research papers spanning diverse academic disciplines. The provided list includes articles from neuroscience (NeuroImage), materials science (Materials Science and Engineering: A), international business (Journal of International Business Studies), polymer chemistry (Macromolecules), environmental science (Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry), mechanical engineering (Materials Science and Engineering: A), astrophysics (Astroparticle Physics), business process management (Business Process Management), finance (Financial Institutions and Social Transformations), supply chain management (Purchasing and Supply Chain Management), and psychology (Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality). You will need to carefully examine each paper, identifying its key findings, methodologies, and contributions to its respective field.

HRM

INTRODUCTION
HRM (Human Resource Management) can be determined as the process of dealing with
human resource. The objective of HRM is the administration of the workers, policies in the
entire system of the organization. The role of HR management is to look over employee’s
selection, their training and development, their benefits structure, and giving rewards and
certificates according to their performance (Gooderham, Morley, and et.al., 2015.). It is a branch
of business area which focuses on increasing productivity of employee. Implementing programs
and policies, human capital of the organization is managed by Human Resources professionals.
Present report focuses on the newly established Posh Nosh Limited, HR department (Tan, H. R.,
Gross, J. and Uhlhaas, P. J., 2016) . Further, it includes the distinction among personnel
management and human resource management. Secondly, it emphasizes on the concept of
recruitment of employees. Moreover, it decides how to reward employees to motivate and retain
them. Lastly, it covers the mechanisms for the cessation of employment (Wilsens and et.al.,
2014)
Task 1
(AC 1.1) Various differences between personnel management and human resource management:
All the people of the country are the main factors for affecting the organization.
Employees are the only one on which success and growth of the organization depends. Both the
concept is concern with the human aspects of company where the similarities among the two
concepts are ended (Minbaeva, and et.al, 2014.).
There are many differences between personnel management and human resource management.
Some of them are as follows:
 Personnel Management focuses on each and every worker as a group whereas in HRM
each worker is personally evaluated.
 In Personnel Management, all the workers are considered as a tool whereas in HRM they
are considered as the property of the organization.
 In Personnel Management, very few employees are given the opportunity of training and
development while HRM gives training and development to every employee.
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 Job structure in Personnel Management is performed by distributing of the work while in
the HRM it is done according to the team work.
 Job benefits are based on Job examination whereas in HRM it is done according to the
employee’s performance.
 In Personnel Management, the decision making process is very slow on the other hand it
is very fast in HRM.
The Human resource management is the better approach because in all the organization it
is highly effective ( Sayar and et.al., 2014). In these, all employees work as a team and are given
training and personnel attention which helps them in resolving their problems and understanding
the new concepts of organization. Also the job benefits are given according to job distribution of
the work and on the basis of employee’s performance.(Minbaeva and et.al, 2014.) Fast decision
making is also the main factor which can increase growth and success rate of the organization.
(AC 1.2) Function of the human resource management in contributing to organisational purposes
The function of HRM is to manage employees, job analysis, Timing and development,
employee relationships etc. Job analysis is the method of distributing work and to identify the
skills and the requirements (Tochaee and et.al., 2016). Training is necessary for every employee
to understand the work culture of the company. Employee relationship cab be proved better
when the company's environment is friendly and supportive.
 In Posh Nosh, the Human resource planning is done by determining the recent and future
manpower needs in the organization's culture and design.
 Recruitment and Staffing aims to select the right person for right job by analyzing the
skills, knowledge, experience and talent (Abreu Aglietta and Alvarez-Muñiz, 2013 ).
 Employee development is done by enhancing the company's productivity by expanding
skills and knowledge of the company.
 In Posh Nosh the compensation is identified as giving appropriate revenues to the
working employees are rewarded for their engagement to the organization and
encouraging other employees for more human efforts.
In order to improve the performance of the employee, they should be encouraged by taking care
of their physical and mental health (Abreu, and et.al., 2013 ).
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(AC 1.3) Evaluating the roles and responsibilities of the line managers in HRM and Examining
the clients business growth and industries norms
The objective of the Line Manager is to fulfil l the organization goals plus determinig the
clients business growth.(Jeston and Nelis, 2014). Large organization requires trained human
resource whereas the firm like Posh Nosh limited line managers performs all personnel duties.
Role of Line Manager in Posh Nosh Limited: Implementing: Refers to HR policies like performance, appraisals, awards are governed
by the line managers.
 Enacting: It is the duty of line manager to make the in order to make the the policy
effective.
 Leadership: Interpersonal skills of the line manager affects the employee's performance. Controlling: Line manager have the right to handle the behaviour of the employee
(Knights and Tinker, 2016 ). Identification of employee’s lacking fields: Line manager handles their employees and
identifies the areas in which they are lacking and provide whole information to HR
manager so that they can improve performance of employee by giving proper training.
 Job requirement: Earlier, the HR department looks after recruitment of employee. The
duty of Line manager is to determine the needs and ensures that HR team is hiring the
correct employee's. (Monczka and et.al., 2015 )
Responsibilities of Line Manager in Posh Nosh Limited:
 Recruitment of appropriate employee for the organization.
 Providing training to new employees.
 Regular checking of the employee’s performance.
 Effective use of the organization resources.
 Ensuring development of each employee.
 Ensuring smooth functioning of the organization (Paloutzian and Park, 2012).
 Building the cooperation and good employee relationships.
 Implementing the company’s new policies.
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 Development and maintenance of the department moral values.
 Maintaining and protecting health and physical condition of each employee (Gooderham,
and et.al., 2015).
(AC 1.4) Evaluation of the legal and regulatory framework impacts on Human resources
management :
Legal and regulatory framework on Human Resource management differs from one
country to another. The Human Resource management has to follow some rules and regulation
for the organization welfare. (Tan, Gross and Uhlhaas, 2016) Serious offense will occur when
the functions of the Human Resource management does not follow the rules and regulations
according to the country. It may be results in shutting down of the organization very badly. In
order to smooth functioning,the Human Resource manager must be well known with the Legal
and Regulatory framework. So Human Resource manager has to be careful and has to follow all
the rules of the particular country.
Task 2
(AC2.1) To analyse the reasons for HR planning and its importance to the business
HR planning is the essential part for any organization and it make certain that an
organization is able to achieve its goals. Effective HR planning helps the organization to work
smoothly and achieve success (Rezaei and Hosseini, 2017). To manage the staff strategically,
HR planning is essential. The main steps in HR Planning are as follows:
 HR resource plan
 Auctioning of plan
 Forecasting
 Monitoring and control.
 Inventory
Poor HR planning results in huge loss economy crises for the organization (Minbaeva and et.al,
2014). It may result in long response time for the vacant position to be filled which results in
bad impact on the organization. One of the reason for the implementation of HR planning is the
cost they provides. Though budget is primary concern of any business organization, proper
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planning can make certain provisions to the cost related to the HR. HR planning must be taken
seriously for the growth and success rate of the organization.
Importance of the HR Planning in the Business:
HR planning helps in achieving the good relationships among the employees and calm
work culture. This provides a great help to the Posh Nosh for improving their business growth
and smoothly running of the organization (Wilsens and et.al., 2014 ). This organization will
gain great success rate if this type of planning is followed. Proper planning of HR helps in
achieving good atmosphere in the organization and encourage employees to work effectively. It
also helps in forecasting the future requirements of the employees and satisfying the
requirements according to the demand.
Planning of human resource is a method that starts from hiring the the quality managers.
Posh Nosh has to select the appropriate managers so that they can utilize their experience and
skills to plan their work process of this business organization. Such managers has to examine the
whole work process of this company by understanding the the skills and knowledge of the
employees (Sayar and et.al, 2014). This can be achieved by discussing with the staff members
openly and asks them for the suggestion involving the HR planning process. Further this firm
requires to discuss every important issue the HR managers which will assists them while making
the future plans and policies.
In planning human resource requirements, HR needs to use their experience accurately in
order to make the plans that will help in improvement of the work. There are various steps
involved in planning the human resource requirements in Posh Nosh Limited organization
which are described below:
 Human Resource assessment: Analysis of the human resource requirement in the
company by checking the accuracy level of the resources which are available to the
company so that the details about the growth and success of the company can be
determined as compared to other companies (Minbaeva and et.al, 2014).
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 Demand forecasting: Company has to make proper arrangements for the resources that
are necessary for the organizations to deal with market enhancement, trainings,
experience etc.
 Supply forecasting: Proper supply of the human resources is also necessary when the lack
of resources during the requirement.
 Action Plan: For better functioning of Posh Nosh limited, there is need of well planned
and relevant action plan which will provide the resources effectively and efficiently.
(AC 2.3) Difference between the recruitment and selection process of Posh Nosh Limited to that
of an organisation in the public sector.
Posh Nosh Limited Basis MC Donald
They have not proper method
for hiring and selection
process
HRM process They have large setup,
therefore the HR channel is
perfectly established.
Screening and personal
interview
Process of recruitment Written test, Elimination
round and pi.
Direct interview process Appointment of candidates P re hired orientation and new
hired orientation
Different training's are given
in relation with business
development
Training
From the above table, it can be seen that the Posh Nosh Limited organization has not any proper
method for selecting the candidate (Tochaee and et.al., 2016). In Posh Nosh Organization the
recruitment and selection process is immature and it is very easy for any unskilled person to
select in the organization.
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(AC 2.4) Evaluate the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection techniques of each of the
organization::
Recruitment is the process of identifying needs to employ candidates in an organization
by performing various rounds whereas selection is the process of selecting,appointing a
particular candidate for the organization. The the effectiveness of the recruitment and selection
techniques of the Posh Nosh and MC Donald are as follows:
 Posh Nosh Limited: In this organization , the candidate hiring and appointment process is
not proper (Abreu Aglietta and Alvarez-Muñiz, 2013). The organization has to make
proper human resource planning in order to withstand with the other organization.
 Recruitment process in Posh Nosh Limited: The recruitment process will be effective by
screening the candidates out by organizing various tests which helps in selecting the
skilled candidates.
 Selection process in Posh Nosh Limited: The organization selection process is immature.
Therefore they have to make policies which are based on pre hire and new hire
orientation (Abreu, and et.al., 2013).
 Training process in Posh Nosh Limited: This organization is providing better training to
their employees which is very crucial for the development of the employees.
 MC Donald: In this organization the method is matured and more effective.
 Recruitment process in MC Donald: The Recruitment process is nice in this company.
They are conducting the written tests and aptitude tests and personal interview for
screening out the unskilled candidates.
 Selection process in MC Donald: they are selecting the candidates by pre hiring and post
hire orientations which is very adequate process (Jeston and Nelis, 2014).
 Posh Nosh Limited organization is progressive and prosperous. The only requirement is
that proper meeting of the resources on the demand which is slowly slowly fulfilling the
company's requirements on time. If proper human resource plans are made then the
company will gain its highest success rate.
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Task 3
(AC 3.1) Assess the link between motivational theory and reward systems:
Motivation is the strategy that helps the person to achieve his goal. It helps the human to
take good decision and helps in completing its mission (Knights and Tinker, 2016).
Organizations plays very important role in motivating the employees. It helps in performing the
good behaviour in order to get the desired outcome. On the other hand, reward system is the
system that helps in the launching new policies and strategies in order to encourage and reward
the employees according to the value of the organization. Rewards to the employee gives them
the internal satisfaction and motivation for increasing their determination towards the company's
growth (Monczka and et.al., 2015). In order to fulfill the requirements and needs of the
employees the link between motivational theory and reward systems. Different theories under
the motivational system are as follows:
 Herzberg theory
 Maslow's Hierarchy of needs theory
 McGregor's theory
Posh Nosh organization has used the Maslow's Hierarchy of needs theory to encourage its
employees. Hygienic factor does not motivate the workers but helps them to satisfying their
needs (Paloutzian and Park, 2012). This organization has examined the requirements of the
employees and tried to satisfy it such as fulfilling the adequate level of the salaries of their
employees. Further they provide the secure and friendly environment for working. Moreover the
Posh Nosh Limited provides growth opportunity to it employees. They also rewards and awards
to their employee’s according to their performance. Rank methodology is used to award the
workers of the company and they get ranked on the basis of their production, accuracy and
hygiene factors.
It is very necessary for the organization to award the employee for their encouragement towards
their work (Gooderham, and et.al., 2015). Besides awards, rewards and encouragement, it is also
necessary to provide some extra surplus and benefits to the employee from the organization so
that the performance of the employees increases.
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(AC3.2)Key elements involved in the job evaluation process and other factors which determine
pay.
The factors involved in the job evaluation methodology, which determine payment of the Posh
Nosh Limited organization are described below:
 Job evaluation: - In order to set the pay accordingly, to search the worth of jobs this
method that helps in determining the job (Tan, Gross and Uhlhaas, 2016). It also
includes the details of the process which is given to the employees. Several methods
involved in Job evaluation are as follows:
 Ranking: According to the competition, the jobs get ranks. The most important advantage
of this is that it is simple and cheaper method that helps in easy understanding. While the
disadvantage of this method is that it is not trustworthy due to common rating and is
unable to make difference between the jobs..
 Classification:- It is easiest and simplest approach to use (Rezaei and Hosseini, 2017). In
this, job details are compared with pre-established grade descriptors. The disadvantage
of this method is that is not trustable ,overlapping grade and not robust method.
 Point factor: In this , each factor gets rates and points and factors get reduced to sub
factors. The main advantage of point factor is that it is specific but on the other hand it is
time consuming and also not easy to understand.
Dependency of payments:
 Freshers get lower payment then the experienced ones.
 Employees who has having higher destination get higher pay (Minbaeva and et.al, 2014).
 Various measurements included in setting payment scale are performance, accuracy,
skills etc. All these factors are considered by the Posh Nosh Limited organization.
3.3 Effectiveness of reward systems in different contexts for Posh Nosh Limited
Employee reward system is best method to attain contribution of workers in making
decision for the Posh Nosh Limited. Reward system affects the workplace in positive way an
help in motivating employees to improve their performance (Searle, 2013.). Company is using
various type of reward system to encourage its employees . Reward system used by company is
as follows:
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Monetary and performance based incentives: company is encouraging an motivating its
employees by providing them compensation or incentives according to their performance.
Organization is also giving bonuses to employees.
Employee recognition: Company is using various monetary reward to recognize employee
contribution towards the growth of company(Zibarras and Coan , 2015) . Various certificates are
also provided by company to boost employee's performance. Feedback which is appreciative of
the work done by employee also help in motivation.
These reward system are effective in following ways:
 Employee reward program help employee identify his/her worth in the company. If the
employee get appreciated for his/her work,it motivates employee to give more better
performance (Greenwood, 2013.)
 Its affects colleagues also to improve their productivity and get recognized by company.
 Employees who are valued by company put extra effort and potential in their
contribution.
 Loyalty of employee toward company get increases by these kind of reward programs.
 This type of programs reduces the risk of theft and leak of important information of
company.
 Employees talk about their company positively and give positive comment about
company to outside world.
 Staff who get rewards used to stay for long time in company .
 When staff feels valued and important to company they lees likely look for other
organization.
 Company' cost of hiring new employees gets reduces due to reward system programs.
 Familiarity with company increases due to reward system and this help employers to
provide better productivity and performance in order to accomplish goal of the
organization. Company' s recognition of employees also helps in getting innovative and inventive
ideas from employees , due to this quality of product and services of venture gets
enhanced.
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3.4 Various methods used to monitor employees performance
Organizations that monitors performance of employees can increase and enhance the
performance of them (Gillon and et.al, 2014). Posh and nosh can use various method to monitor
performance of it employees:
Reviews of Performance: Performance reviews assist manager of Nosh and Posh limited to
monitor employee's progress and contribution. Company can also design form in which they can
ask employees to rate their production and contribution. This review sheet contains all the things
involving skills , rate of error and complaint that are got from customer. This type of review
sheet are generally made in paper but now a days many organizations make them in digital
format.
Appreciation from peers: Reviews taken from peer are best as they know their co-worker's
performance and productivity very well. Appraisal and appreciation taken from peers are
generally maintained in database which give a way to monitor the performance of employee .
These record help manger of Posh and Nosh limited to identify the contribution of particular
employee (Greenwood, 2013.). Appraisals can be monitored in regular periods of time to asses
the change of behavior of employee over time. Peer appraisals are sometime biased in nature but
assist in monitoring individual performance.
Monitoring using dashboard: Company can use dashboard review system to track performance
of individual. Dashboards provide various metrics and measure control to track the contribution
of employee. For example account department of company can include errors of entries made in
invoice process by employee (Harvey, Williams and Probert, 2013). Manufacturing department
can us dashboard to identify the defects left by the employee in particular product. Dashboard is
an objective approach to track performance and productivity of employee in the organization.
Feedback from customer for monitoring: This approach is very useful in tracking employee's
contribution and can be use by Nosh and Posh (Greenwood, M., 2013). Customer complaints and
feedback provides real performance of individual. Many companies are using this method in
which databases are designed to record feedback given from the customer. Monitoring customer
complaints support organization to readjust their service to meet expectation and need of
customers .
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4.1 Circumstance under which employees cease employment and method to reduce employee
turnover by organization
There are different conditions in which employees of Posh and Nosh cease employment
which are as follows:
Proper working environment: If employee do not get proper working environment then the
decide to leave the company. Environment in terms of behaviour of top libel management with
individual person, behaviour of co-worker (Gillon, A.C. and et.al, 2014). If employee feels that
company is biased towards some particular employees then also they cease the agreement.
Growth and opportunity: Every employee wants to grow in organization. If employee do not
get opportunity so shoe their skills and talent they turnover employment with the company .
Proper promotion is also required to retain the employee in company. In condition of no
promotion and appraisals from company turnover happens.
Lack of coordination and teamwork: Coordination an cooperation is expected from every
coworker by the employee (Harvey, Williams and Probert, 2013). If company do not posses
proper coordination and teamwork employees started feeling alone and decide to break
employment from organization.
To reduce turnover of employee Nosh and Posh can use various methods which are as follows:
 Company should provide better opportunities to individual by conducting proper training
session and getting review from employee what they want from the organization.
 Company should provide attractive packages to employees to retain their employment in
company ( Zibarras and Coan, 2015).
 Organization should conduct training session in which they can take ideas from
employees and tell them to share their thoughts about company.
 Venture should involve its employee in making decision for the organization so that
employee will feel his/her value ion the company.
 Recognizing performance an rewarding them time to time can reduce employee turnover.
4.2 Leaving procedures of Employees used by two organisations
Employees departure is different from one organization to another. Following are the
different between employees of two organization which are given below (Searle, 2013)
Posh and Nosh MC Donald
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Employees of organization need to be send
one month notice period before leaving the
origination. In this organization itr is important
that workers who want to leave company they
need to produced one month notice period so
HR can find another workers ( Zibarras and
Coan, 2015). .
In this organization employees need to fill e –
exist from. With the help pf this approach they
can send a form to their HR department in
order to make effective exit producers.
Manager of the company discussed on
immediate basis with the management and
they develop effective approach to exit
producers/
In the MC-Donald HR manger make
communication with the employees of
organization so they can identity reason of
their exists.
In the last producers HR manger make
effective level of discussion with employees
so they can retain to them in business. With the
help of approach they try to retain their
workers in company.
In this company an exit interview are
conducted with HR manager and so they can
understand actual reasons of their exist from
business firm ( Gillon, A.C. and et.al, 2014).
Exit interview: It is that type of interview which is taken by organization with those employees
who are leaving company. In this interview, HR manager of the company retain their workers
within organization so they can develop long term business relation with them.
4.3 Impact of the legal and regulatory framework on employment cessation arrangements
In UK, various types of legal framework which apply on the organization and that are
related to the employment cessations. As according to the employment cessation arrangement, if
workers of company does not follow any type of the rules and regulation or if he conducts any
type of criminal offense within business firm they organization can terminated to that workers
from company (Greenwood, M., 2013) But before, terminating of any workers from the
organization it is important for the business firm to make evaluation of the different types of
laws which apply on the organization such as Equity law 2010, discrimination act 1994 and so
on.
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These laws must be evaluate effectively in order before terminating employees from
organization. So organization does not face any type of legal issues in its business operations.
Following are steps which need to identify in this process (Harvey, Williams and Probert, 2013 )
 The first step which includes is that organization need to collect all type of information
which are required to make defaulter to workers. In this they have to identity all the
evidence which helps to them for make their employees defaulter.
 The another step which includes in the impact of laws evaluation of incident over
organization. With the help of this approach they can make their approach more effective.
 The last approach which need to be followed by organization is that if any types of
employees found guilty then he / she should be terminated by the requirement guidelines
as per the given on the law (Searle, 2013). With the helps of such produces they can
avoid any type of problem.
Conclusion:
From this report, it can be concluded that Nosh Posh Limited organization is growing
rapidly and fulfilling the requirements of the employees by properly considering the Human
Resource plans. The main issue that this company is facing is the recruitment process which is
immature in this company. Also in this organization HRM approach is better than Personnel
management approach as HRM treats its employee as a team and give personal attention to every
employee of the organization. HRM also makes fast decision for the development of the
organization and gives benefits to the employee according to their performance . The good point
about this organization is that it makes the regular analysis of the employees and asks for the
suggestion for the problems they are facing and also helps them to resolve it. This organization
gives proper training to the new candidates as well as the employees whose performance is poor
by making regular report of each and every employee for smooth functioning of the
organization.
This organization also take cares about the physical and mental health of the employee
and regularly encourage them by giving rewards according to their best performance. Lastly the
Posh Nosh organization is the one who has established the HR department for the the success
and growth of the employees as well as the organization.
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