Role of Public Health

This report explores the role of public health in controlling infectious and non-infectious diseases, analyzing the impact of lifestyle choices, and examining the relationship between HIV/AIDS prevalence and health service requirements. It also discusses the importance of managing activities, convergent thinking, and the effectiveness of strategies, systems, and policies in health and social care settings. The report concludes with an evaluation of a smoking cessation program.

Role of Public Health in Health and
Social Care

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Effectiveness of approaches to control infectious and non-infectious disease.......................5
Strategies to find appropriate solutions..................................................................................6
Appropriate methods..............................................................................................................6
Appropriate findings...............................................................................................................6
Critical reflection to evaluate work........................................................................................6
Provision of services for people.............................................................................................6
Relationship between the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the requirements of health services7
Impact of current lifestyle choices.........................................................................................8
Responsibility for managing and organising activities..........................................................9
Convergent / lateral / creative thinking..................................................................................9
Health and well-being priorities for people ...........................................................................9
Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies ................................................................10
Changes made to improve the health....................................................................................10
Evaluation of an activity implemented to encourage behaviour change..............................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

Public Health or wellness is related to the concept of helping individuals for staying
healthy and getting protected from several health threats. It involves dealing with such factors
that have potential impact on the health related scenarios which can be a particular age or ethnic
group, locality or even a nation. This report includes the description of roles played by World
Health Organisation and many other public health departments ( Betancourt and et. al., 2016).
Apart from this, effective approaches as well as strategies have been provided for controlling the
infectious diseases. Along with that, effect of present-day style choices on the requirement for
health in the future has been depicted.
All these organisations have a common aim to provide numerous services related to
health care for all individuals. Objectives may vary but goal is same. There are no direct services
provided by WHO but tend to help several other small companies that are working for the same
purpose. They lead to help those organisations which works for introductory phase or for those
which are not functioning good in this sector. These firms get progressive during natural
disasters or calamities. Other entities such as General Medical Council aim to work in order to
protect patients by assisting in the improvement of medical education and related practices in
nation. They let to set the standard of medical services which are provided by doctors as well as
provide training to them in many fields. Several surveys are conducted for providing contribution
in the identification of levels for health and diseases.
National Health Services is best-known service in this field. It serves free to all natives at
their service points (Brownson and et. al., 2017). It is a health care community which is led by
the patient in which they depicts several services and their selected service is provided after a
consulting session.
Voluntary organizations: These can also help in measuring, monitoring and
controlling the incidence of disease in communities. These have a huge impact on the public it
becomes easy for them in educating them and making them aware about these diseases.
Epidemiology is a process which involves evaluation of several patterns, incidences and
distribution of diseases in a particular community. It tends to deal with factors which are

associated with the related cause and effect of particular diseases in environmen (Myers and
et.al., 2015)t. Some major findings of HIV and breast cancer are discussed as below:
Statistical Data for HIV:
 Approximately, around 8,400 people are possessing this disease. As per 2015, 22 percent
of natives were unaware of their status in UK.
 There are almost 7000 cases detected every year since 2015. Therefore, at the end of
2018, it has been calculated that almost one per 10,000 person will be infected with HIV
Infection.
 The status of patients suffering from AIDS in UK is around one third of total population.
Major Statistical Analysis of Epidemiology of Breast Cancer:
 It has been identified as an ordinary cancer that is identified in the United Kingdom from
1997.
 Approx 31% fresh cases are there in cancer which are found are mostly related to breast
in females.
Illustration 1: Statistical Graph of HIV and AIDS diagnosis
Source: Statistical Information of HIV, 2018

 There are almost 50,000 new cases of breast cancer emerging every year since 2010.
 The frequency for the occurrence of breast cancer is 157 on per 10,000 new cases
associated with females from past 5 years.
 Around 80 percent cases which are detected in females are those who belong to the age
group of 50 years or above.
Controlling measure of these diseases
It is very important to control the spreading of these diseases to people as it can be very
infectious. These can be controlled through various measures, such as, it is very important to
keep the surrounding clean and hygienic so that it can prevent any infections to spread. Taking
proper medication should also be considered.
Illustration 2: Statistical Graph depicting Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Source : Statistical Information of Breast Cancer, 2018

Effectiveness of approaches to control infectious and non-infectious disease
Some approaches which are adopted by National Health Services for controlling HIV and
Breast Cancer in UK are depicted as below:
Surveillance- It refers to observe the surroundings which means keeping a strong
observation in the environment as well as providing prior notices related to any kind of traits of
forthcoming infections. It helps in analysing and interpreting certain scenarios that lead to
introduce several other programs related to health for a given population (Meyers and et.al.,
2015). This can have a huge impact on controlling the spread of infectious and non-infectious
disease effectively. Keeping surrounding neat and clean is very essential.
Screening- It includes medical testing for all the diseases which are needed to be
controlled. This serves as the prior testing which facilitates in identification of certain illness
which can be treated on time. Proper screening of the disease is very crucial in the identification
and controlling it.
Immunisation- It leads to organise several camps which provide vaccines for
immunising individuals against life threatening diseases as well as serve new medicines for
curing patients (Wright, Moses and Idrees, 2018). Getting immunized can have several
important, such as, it will protect from getting any infection. It will also help in increasing
immunity as well.
Welfare Programmes- They tend to organise certain educational as well as social
welfare programmes that educate population related to preventive techniques and other ill effects
which are related to many diseases (Gostin and Wiley, 2016). It leads to make them aware which
results in effective resistance for spreading any kind of diseases. This will help in making aware
about the importance of healthy life and disease free life.
Strategies to find appropriate solutions
Environmental control is an aspect which leads to create safety from several kinds of
diseases by keeping it clean and following several other measures (Lamu and Olsen, 2016). It
leads to prevent various infectious diseases and promotes a healthy environment.
Appropriate methods
Personal Hygiene awareness Campaign must be organised in order to make individual
ware regarding effective garbage management and importance of a cleaner environment which is
necessary to control all the pest related diseases in an environment (Gostin and Wiley, 2016).

Appropriate findings
It has been found that HIV aids are mostly founded in the youngsters or adults due to
unsafe intercourse and also the use of other razors or blades in a salon which should be changed
timely in order to prevent this diseases. Apart from this in females breast cancer is tended to be
very common after the age of 50 years.
Critical reflection to evaluate work
All strategies for controlling indication techniques such as screening, awareness
programmes, and immunisation is very important as it lead acknowledge individuals living in a
society relate to the effects of diseases and their preventive measures as well as importance of
getting immune towards any pathogen
Provision of services for people
HIV is such a disease which can have severe effects on population of the nation.
Prevention of HIV should be made an important topic which can be helpful in serving social help
in order to get safeguarded from any health threats. They can be of two types which are
discussed as below:
Primary Prevention- It includes those preventive measures which are used for
preventing several individual from many illness by making them aware against those diseases as
well as causes. Some of those programmers are CHAPS (The Clearing House Automated
Payment System) which is a preventive programme for resisting transmission of HIV while
having intercourse whereas NAHIP (National Association of Home Inspectors) is another
program which was introduced in African countries for safe intercourse (Graham and et.al.,
2017).
Secondary Prevention- It includes screening as well as detecting pathogens which are
potential carrier of this disease. In UK, National Health Services has provided a well-being
program which test the blood of pregnant women. If any of them found to be infected then,
related treatments are provided to her.
Tertiary Prevention- This last step includes care of those patients that are actually going
through some several acute diseases (Kansagra and et. al., 2018). Palliative caring is done for
these individuals which includes medicinal and emotional care for improving their quality of life.
Other than this, it can also include various treatments as well which has a huge impact on
the body, such as, for cancer treatment, chemotherapy can be the best solution to get its cure and

it is easily available as well. Remedial care is another option which can be used by the patients to
get treated.
Relationship between the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the requirements of health services
Ratio of any disease is known to be a proportion of the available total population which is
affected by any particular disease. It depicts the information regarding the amount of individuals
who are facing any illness. It leads to determine an idea for planning many services which are
needed to give for solving problems. Determination of several prevalences rates which supports
individuals in much health and social care centres for identifying needs of health. This helps in
developing programmes which can implemented for preventing diseases. Several other
epidermal tools are used which provides data for taking effective measures in accordance to the
conclusion done. For an example, if the individuals related to health care centres would have
knowledge of the root cause of an particular disease and related data for those areas where the
population is known to be prone to such diseases which will lead to provide effective targeting.
Proper information of the reason and effects of illness is a boon for those people who are
associated with health care. It leads them to plan the prioritisation of task and related resources
Illustration 3: people living with HIV in the UK in 2015
Source: HIV IN THE UK STATISTICS - 2015

for curing or taking any preventive step against it. The affected population can be easily targeted
by avoiding such risk that can harm the surroundings.
Impact of current lifestyle choices
With the fast working scenario of the world, individuals has lead to ignore their health
and more focus on the work that has lead to emerge several diseases which can be threatening to
life as well (Popescu and Predescu, 2016). To make changes in lifestyles choices can help in
making a huge change in the life routine. Making effective change can help an individual to live
healthy. Changes can be made in various parameters, such as, in food diet, daily activities, work
culture, etc. Few lifestyle choices that can have a huge impact on the health of a person is
detected as below:
Lack of proper Diet- With more focus on fast and junk food individuals has lead to
ignore the concept of proper nutrients which are required to intake for a healthy living. In order
to save time they prefer to eat or order something from restaurant that have several risk related to
health. With proper diet one will be able to take all necessary nutrients which are necessary for
immunity building to protect from such kind of diseases.
Less Physical Activity- With the commencement of luxuries and other new technologies
it as lead to decrease the human efforts and individuals are more moving towards decreasing
their physical work which has lead to affect their health a lot. Less physical activity leads to
make immune system to be very weak and suspect to any kind of diseases.
Work Culture- The work culture of the present scenario is very demanding. Evert
individual is so involved in earning money that he has no time for self. There is a need to balance
all the personal and professional life s its failure can lead to create many mental illnesses. It leads
to make individual to be very tensed and does not lead to concentrate on proper intake of diet and
other aspects which are necessary for healthy living.
Responsibility for managing and organising activities
Every health care centre should focus on providing standard services to all the patients
and make them aware regarding its cause and prevention that may lead to spread some
information in society.

Convergent / lateral / creative thinking
Alcoholism and the usage of other drugs can be very dangerous and has lead to split the
mind of the individuals making them more addicted which in directly or directly affects their
mental health.
Health and well-being priorities for people
Effective well being is a status which an individual to dell comfortable with its
surroundings. This situation can be obtained by a happy, healthy as well as satisfied person from
the environment in which he is residing. These well beings can be further categorised as
Physical, environmental, economical and social. It is ultimately related with health only. These
factors are described as below:
Physical Health- It represents the ability of a person to function effectively. If all the
functions of a body are performed perfectly than he is known to health in physical aspect (Ilgaz
and Gözüm, 2016). If an individual needs to get physically fit than he needs to follow some ruled
such as performing exercise, taking proper nutritious diet as well as affective management of
weight, etc.
Emotional needs- This helps in giving a strong support to the patient to feel good and
better. This also provides them confidence to fight strongly with the disease.
Mental Health- It relates to dealing with a state of mental soundness. If an individual
remains in a state where he experiences stress or a trauma then he is more prone to become
mentally ill. Mental diseases which can affect functioning of neural body parts in a human body.
Social Health- These issues which are generated due to poor social surroundings of a
person. To keep community safe and healthy from all the disease, it is necessary to become
socially healthy (Rosen, 2015). It may includes many social programs such as educating people
related to any causes or social effects of particular illness.
3.2
Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies
The effectiveness related to strategies, policies and system in a health and social care
setting are discussed as below:
Quality of Service Provision- Some health care leads to check the quality of services
that are provided to various patients. Several feedbacks are taken from these patients in order to

know their expectations and experience (Sajdakowska and et.al., 2018). Quality of work are
analysed by determination of the potency that is related to handling as well as safety of
recipients.
Provision of Services- All the services must be identified and they must be checked for
its efficiency in the desired result. They must be impactful for controlling or eradicating such
diseases. Selection of a particular service is based on its affectivity.
Rights of Patients- Every patient has a right to get protected against the fraud and other
mal practices which can cause threat to his life. Some of his rights are discussed as below:
Equality act 2010- this leads to suggest that health care provider should treat every
patient evenly. No discrimination should be there on the basis of gender, race, caste or status
(Stanhope and Lancaster, 2015). This protects them from any kind of negligence and
discrimination.
Involvement of Friends and families- This can be very effective for nay person or
individual to get a support. This will help in understanding factors which is influencing health
and well being of individuals in health or
social care settings.
Complaint Procedure- There should be proper structure for handling the grievances of
the individual. Any complaint regarding any mistreat or service can be filed by patient in order to
describe his problem that is very much require to improve the service standard of a particular
health care centre.
Changes made to improve the health
Some health care arrangements in United Kingdom are playing satisfactory in their
respective fields but there is always a scope for improvement in every thing. Modifications
should be made in accordance to the demand made for it. The policies and other strategies
should be made according to the age group. The strategies which are made should be according
to the target group which is been targeted (Smith, Forster and Kobayashi, 2015). Some strategies
which are made for the children should aim to educate parents regarding diseases which can
affect their children. Parents must get aware regarding cause and effect of diseases as well as
should be acknowledged related to their preventive measures. Feedbacks must be taken
regularly so that one can get appropriate suggestions and recommendation for improving in order
to make their centres and services more impactful for the purpose.

Making people aware of the importance of education, physical exercise, games, etc. as
these can help in improving the daily routine and become healthy. This will also help in lining a
good and balanced life as well. Making people educated about such disease can have a huge
impact on their behaviour and nature of thinking.
Evaluation of an activity implemented to encourage behaviour change
“Smoking Cessation Programme” has the following effectiveness-
Under this programmer several kinds of sessions are conducted for those who are
interested to eliminate the habit of smoking. Many devices, materials for self help and other
referrals are provided to create an extensive support.
There were many sessions such as individual behavioural counselling , therapy for
controlling group behaviour and other Pharma co- therapies which includes Nicotine
replacement therapy (NRT). For self help there are counselling which is done through telephone
(Brownson and et. al., 2017).
Apart from these many mass media campaigns are organised that conveys the message of
stop smoking through the print as well as non print media such as radio, televisions, social media
advertising and newspapers etc (Ferkel and et.al., 2014). There are other facilities such as free
mobile app and other email and text support. Physical exercise and games can help in getting a
good immunity and stamina which can help in making body strong. This will lead to reduce the
impact of getting infection as well.
From the following report it has been concluded that public health is very important
factor in order to control and prevent the spread of any infectious or non infectious disease. It has
lead to create the surroundings to be more attentive towards the information related to any kind
of disease that includes its root cause and effects. There are many steps performed by various
health centres such as screening, immunisation, well fare programmes and other actions. Apart
from these impact of current lifestyle has been discussed which includes a stressful work life
and more focus on junk food etc.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Betancourt, J. R. and et. al., 2016. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for
addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public health reports.
Brownson, R. C. and et. al., 2017. Evidence-based public health. Oxford university press.
Gostin, L. O. and Wiley, L. F., 2016. Public health law: power, duty, restraint. Univ of
California Press.
Kansagra, S.M. and et. al., 2018. Redefining the Team in Team-Based Care Role of Public
Health. North Carolina Medical Journal. 79(4). pp.235-239.
Popescu, G. H. and Predescu, V., 2016. The role of leadership in public health. American
Journal of Medical Research. 3(1). p.273.
Rosen, G., 2015. A history of public health. JHU Press.
Stanhope, M. and Lancaster, J., 2015. Public health nursing-e-book: Population-centered health
care in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Online
Statistical Information of HIV. 2018. [online]. Available Through<https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-
basics>
Statistical Information of Breast Cancer. 2018 [online]. Available Through
<https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-
cancer-type/breast-cancer>
HIV IN THE UK STATISTICS – 2015. 2016. [online]. Available
Through<https://www.nat.org.uk/we-inform/HIV-statistics/UK-statistics>

Myers, J. and et.al., 2015. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of
cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Progress
in cardiovascular diseases. 57(4). pp.306-314.
Meyers, J. and et.al., 2015. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as markers of
cardiovascular risk: Their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog.
Cardiovascular Dis.. 57. pp.306-314.
Wright, J. P., Moses, K. and Idrees, K., 2018. Making the Case for Importance of Health
Literacy in the Surgical Population. JAMA surgery.
Lamu, A. N. and Olsen, J. A., 2016. The relative importance of health, income and social
relations for subjective well-being: an integrative analysis. Social Science & Medicine.
152. pp.176-185.
Graham, K. and et.al., 2017. The importance of health (ism): A focus group study of lesbian,
gay, bisexual, pansexual, queer and transgender individuals’ understandings of health.
Journal of health psychology. 22(2). pp.237-247.
Ilgaz, A. and Gözüm, S., 2016. Importance of health literacy for safe use of complementary
health approaches. DEUHFED. 9(2).pp.67-77.
Sajdakowska, M. and et.al., 2018. Importance of Health Aspects in Polish Consumer Choices of
Dairy Products. Nutrients. 10(8). p.1007.
Smith, S. G., Forster, A. S. and Kobayashi, L. C., 2015. Predictors of human papillomavirus
awareness and knowledge in 2013: The importance of health literacy. American journal of
preventive medicine. 49(1). pp.e5-e7.
Ferkel, R. C. and et.al., 2014. Importance of health-related fitness knowledge to increasing
physical activity and physical fitness. Physical Educator. 71(2). p.218.