Knowledge Management: Theory and Practice

This assignment explores the concept of knowledge management, encompassing both theoretical frameworks and practical applications. It delves into various aspects of knowledge management, including models, success factors, challenges, and its role in organizational performance. Students are expected to demonstrate their understanding of key concepts, analyze real-world examples, and critically evaluate the effectiveness of different knowledge management strategies.

MANGAING COMMUNICATIONS
KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK1.............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 The range of decisions to be taken........................................................................................4
1.2 The information and the knowledge needed to ensure effective decision making...............5
1.3 Access the internal and the external sources of the information and understanding............5
1.4 Justify the recommendation to improvement........................................................................6
2.1 List of stakeholder and their decision-making process.........................................................7
2.2 Make contact with those identified and the develop business relationship..........................8
2.3 Involve those identified in the decision-making as appropriate............................................8
2.4 Strategies for improvement...................................................................................................9
TASK2.............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Report on the existing processes of the communication on the organisation.......................9
Communication channels.................................................11
3.2 Design ways to improve an appropriateness.......................................................................11
3.3 Implement improvements to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in
that organisation........................................................................................................................12
3.4 Create a personal plan to improve own communication skill.............................................12
4.1Report on the existing approaches to the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination
of the information and knowledge............................................................................................14
4.2 Carry out appropriate changes to improve the collection, formatting, storage and the
dissemination of the information and the knowledge...............................................................14
4.3 Implement a strategies to improve access to the systems of information and knowledge..14
CONCLUTION .............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Managing communication, knowledge and information is necessary in an organisation as
it can help the managers to manage the organisation with the information and many
things(Armitageand et,al., 2011). The project is containing that how should be the plans are
made and how does information is help the manager and what type of informations are required
to the manager, the role of the stakeholder is also been explained, the stakeholder help in
decision making and in making the best strategies in the business and that will help in growing
the business. Iceland is an British supermarket which use to sale frozen foods. Its headquarter is
in Wales, UK.
TASK1
1.1 The range of decisions to be taken.
The Iceland is one of the growing food shops among the other food shops of UK they are
trying to achieve good image in the eyes of the people of the country so that they can able to
open their shops in different places where they can attract more people. The range of the
decisions can be taken in some separate divisions.
 Strategic level decisions:- The strategies decision is the major decision of the action and
it is the important part of the business. They contribute to the business enterprise directly
and it is an long term implications. Usually the strategic decision is an unstructured and
the manager has to apply it in the business to make judgements, and many more things to
defining of the problems, this is dynamic and the environment of the knowledge and all
these decision are been taken in the high level of the management(Bélanger and
Crossler., 2011).
 Tactical level decision:- These are been included in implementing the strategic decisions
in the business. These level is of the middle management and it is managed to get to
know that all the resources are been utilized in the organisation or not, and if it is been
utilized then it is in an effective manner or not all these are been done in this decision
level and by the middle management. They are responsible for the making the decision
which are been related to the plans and the missions of the organisation.
 Operational level decision:- These are the level of the decision which is been done to the
day to day operations occurred in an organisation. These are been related to the plans

which are been made or implemented for small facts of the firm like the basic events,
etc. these are been done in the short term. This level of the decision is been taken by the
lower level of the management. The management has to focus on the decision making
process so that they can be able to take the better decision for the organisation.
1.2 The information and the knowledge needed to ensure effective decision making.
After making decisions the Iceland supermarket has to make sure that the decisions made
by them is right or not so for that the manager has to know the certain information which will
help them. The information is been divided into the three parts:
 Strategies information:- The top managers and the head of the organisation use to hold
the strategies information to guess the market shares, and the profits and the growth in the
sales. There are number of people living in Wales, UK so there are an good chance for
the Iceland market to grow and become popular in there region. And the number of the
people can join in the information plan. The managers and the director should have to
make the proper strategies to do make the organisation grow more(Bestand Holmes.,
2010).
 Tactical information:- It is the concern of the middle manager. The Tactical
information helps the managers to do control over the certain operations, some of the
things which are been included purchasing, pricing, stocking, etc. this information
provide the budget of the Iceland company. And this will provide the informations which
are been regarding the training of the employees.
 Operational information:- The operational information is been related to the lowest level
of the management and the information which is made to get informations related to the
basic things which is been going through the organisation every time so they have to
think on that topic.
1.3 Access the internal and the external sources of the information and understanding.
In the organisation they are needed the sources which can be able to help them in there
progress and they can get relevant information, which can help in further decision making.
1. Internal sources:
These are the sources which are essentials for the levels of the hierarchy so that they can take
decision in the organisation(Borghoffand Pareschi. eds., 2013). The Iceland firm is compared of
the number of the internal sources to get the information, in this the production department,

payroll structure, accounting ledgers, HR is been included in it. These information can be in the
form of the documents and reports, etc.
2. External sources:
The external sources of information is come from the outside of the organisation which is
consumer, suppliers, etc. the government of the nation will provide the information regarding the
changes of the rule and regulations to the Iceland company, the consumers provide the
information regarding there needs and wants so that the organisation can make improvements in
their products and the services which they are providing to the consumers(Choi., Leeand Yoo.,
2010). So by these information the company takes these information in decision making in firm.
The there are some secondary sources which help Iceland to collect the data from that sources
like the newspapers, magazines, television, etc. and the company use to take the advantages by
conducting the online survey which help the managers to take the decisions.
1.4 Justify the recommendation to improvement.
The managers of the Iceland use to take the decision related to the changes and
improvement they require to do. The information can help to make the many decisions in an
organisation. While taking any decisions Iceland company has to communicate and should
involve the workers the Human resource which are the main source of decision making as
because they are the decision makers of an organisation and they only cab able to take decisions
which will be beneficial for the organisation. The firm should give the employees an propwer
tanning so that they can be able to fit the organisation and can be able to achieve the goals of the
firm(Dalkir and Liebowitz., 2011). The firm should make the decisions which will be beneficial

for the firm in the internal and the external sources. They firm should make surveys to know
about the customers and their need and wants so that they can make changes according to that
and can serve the products to them which they required and they should make the other option as
MIS this can help the firm in getting the data of informations from the different sources which
can help them in decision making, and these information can be used in future by the managers
in the hierarchy system. The Iceland organisation should make the better use of the technology
like they should make video call and other thongs in between them and their suppliers so that
they can be able to make the proper communications in the firm. The should have the good
structure in the organisation so that they can make the interaction between the all levels of the
people working in their firm so that their work and the organisation can run in an smooth
manner(Holsapple. ed., 2013).
2.1 List of stakeholder and their decision-making process.
The stakeholder are the person who are been impacted by the organisation in an certain
manner. They are that persons who helps the organisation to make decisions and to make the
proper plans according to the benefits of the organisation. Iceland company is having the
stakeholder which are in internal and external level. The internal stakeholder is that who is
included in the activities which is going through the organisation, and that included the managers
and the workers, etc. they have the impact within the organisation. External stakeholder are the
costumers, suppliers local and the government authorities, these stakeholder has the major part of
in the decision-making in the organisation so that work can go smoothly in the firm(Jennexand
Olfman, L., 2010).

2.2 Make contact with those identified and the develop business relationship.
The employees of the Iceland are been affected so that they can have the satisfaction in
role and the pay. Iceland mainly target to the consumer which are living alone and the
housewives they are the main target market of them. So they have to provide the product and the
services according to their requirements so that the target market should get more attracted to
them, so that the Iceland supermarket use to give the customers the discount on their purchase so
that they will get more attract has they are getting the discount(Kebede., 2010). And while
customers the company as to make the suppliers also happy so that they will provide them the
best quality of the raw materials so the company has to pay timely to the suppliers so that they
can have the full faith on the company and they can try their best to supply them the best quality.
If the company will do like that then they will be able to pay on the time and will get the long
term of the relationship with them. So all the requirements should be know by the company to
make their target market and the suppliers to make happy. If it will done properly then Iceland's
will able to achieve their goals properly.
2.3 Involve those identified in the decision-making as appropriate.
In the Iceland the employees had the made the plan of what will they serve and provide to
the customers and at what level, this can play an important role in taking the decisions that what
will happen in the future so that they can be able do the work according to the plan and the
strategies which they had been made. In Iceland their should be an proper strategies to be made
and implement to make the organisation run better and to make the developments in the
organisation(Lankes., 2011). The consumers also decides the manner in which the company will
serve them the products and the service and they use to tell by the feedbacks. This can help
Iceland to make an proper decisions regarding all the things. The suppliers help the company to
have the raw materials which will make the company do work in the proper manner and in
serving the customers an proper quality of products, this will help the company to have and good
network with the customers. And the government also help the organisation to make better
decision by making the laws which are in the favour of the company and many more things
which will help the organisation in decision-making and in running smoothly.

2.4 Strategies for improvement.
In the organisation the people who are related to the marketing and the customers
services they should conduct and survey and should prepare the Questionnaires so that they can
get the information from the customers about their views about the company and what are the
things which they should include in their shop and what all are their wants and their needs so that
they can get the relevant information data which can help them to make improvement in the
organisation(Liaw., Hatalaand Huang., 2010). The firm can conduct the online survey so that
they can get to know more things about the changes needed in the organisation and many of the
customers also will get attracted to the organisation. The organisation should know about their
target customers and the things which related to them and by collecting all the data's and the
information they should decide and should make changes according to that so the customers can
get attract to the company easily. It is an basic thing that if the company is providing the best and
the products and the services which costumers want then it is obvious that the customers will
more attract then from the other company.
TASK2
3.1 Report on the existing processes of the communication on the organisation.
Communication is important in an organisation as it connects the people of the
organisation together if there is no communication in between the people then how can be they
able to make decisions and how they will manage all things. In Iceland communication is a two
way procedure which is based on the sharing of the things and the ideas which will make the
value of the employees and to create the value of the team work(López-Nicolásand Meroño-
Cerdán., 2011). The organisation has effective information system which can be evaluate the
internal and the external informations. In today's world the MIS (management information
system) is becoming much useful for the organisation to get the information as MIS use to

collect the data from all the sources and it use to covert it in the information in all the different
levels of the management. The employees use to collect the data from all the source like the
customers, television and the retailers. The reports are been already having with the mangers
which he uses in the different levels of the managing stage like planning, organizing, controlling
and directing(Raymond and et,al., 2010). The manager have many different kinds of the channels
from which they can communicate like the workshops, meeting, and the computer systems, etc.
the managers of the high level use to utilize the memos, letters and notices so that they can
interact with the employees under them. The communication can be held in the ways which may
be verbal and non verbal. The feedback from the people can help the organisation to run their
business in an smooth way so that they can achieve their goals. MIS use to make the
communication process should go in an proper way and in an good manner. The managers use to
plan an meeting periodical so that they can all together make new plans which will be related to
their mission.
Communication

Communication channels
3.2 Design ways to improve an appropriateness.
To understand the major part of the communication the Iceland should eliminate all the
communication barriers. There are internal and external communication process at all the levels
of the management. In an organisation most of the communications are been done in between the
manager and the subordinates, so they should make the atmosphere of the organisation
comfortable so that the communication in between them can be easy done without having any
issues(Schwalbe., 2015). While taking care of all the things they should choose an appropriate
communication channels and their formate should be good. In communication some of the things
are been included like: phone call, video conference, etc. in the developing world and in an
modern technology the communication can be made better. The organisation should take an
feedback in an positive and appropriate manner so that they use that in improving the
communication. Communication help in connect the individuals in the right manner.

3.3 Implement improvements to ensure greater integration of systems of communication in that
organisation.
The MIS and the Human resources compares with the number of ways to communicate.
The email is the best way to communicate and in an less time. In each department they have the
separate email address so that they can connect with each other(Smith., Dinevand Xu., 2011).
The memos are also an short impersonal report to communicate. That is monitored mainly by the
managers. The meetings can be help and the topics or the communication can be done with the
help of the power point presentations, that can make the process easy and understandable. The
online tool, which is calender tool this tool can help in making the notes of the appointments and
to manage the time schedules. Meeting and the discussions are the main communication in the
organisation.
3.4 Create a personal plan to improve own communication skill.
The SWOT analysis can be used as an tool for knowing the personal strength, weakness,
opportunity and threats.
SWOT analysis table
Strengths
 To have the proper manners to
communicate with the team and their
client.
 Proper skills of English(Trkman.,
2010).
Weaknesses
 Negative attitude can make issues.
 Not having proper management.
 Response of the feedback is poor.
 There is not having an proper written
and presentation skills.

 Degree of the University
Opportunity
 can get the proper knowledge of the
advanced technologies.
 High rate of turnover of the
administration staff.
 Get knowledge of the communication
skill.
Threats
Modification in the demand for the salary in
job.
Personal Plan Table
AIM METHOD TIME SPAN
Enhance written
communication skills
Enrolment in the basic course
which are been related to the
written communication skill.
Using of Microsoft word to
know mistakes which
grammatical, etc(Von., 2012).
Four months
Improvement of the self
confidence to present and
conduct meetings in front of
public.
The matter should be in mind
before speaking.
Use of body language and eye
contact while speaking.
Four month
Developing Professional
presentation skills
Collect the pertinent
information to make
presentation
to make effort to gain attention
of the listener(Yatesand
Four months

Paquett., 2011).
4.1Report on the existing approaches to the collection, formatting, storage and dissemination of
the information and knowledge.
Iceland uses the External and the internal sources to collect the information. The
information is been collected by the all departments of the individual. They issues the reports to
make forecasting of the budget of the company, the R&D department use to collect the data from
the result to know the consumer needs, habits, behaver, attitude, this is been divided even to the
market to set the plan(Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information.2003–2017).
4.2 Carry out appropriate changes to improve the collection, formatting, storage and the
dissemination of the information and the knowledge.
Iceland should make configure the communication process standard by which it would
have the formal report to all the departments. If the barriers are been removed between the
department then it can also help workers in collecting information.
Formatting
Iceland should conform the standards of the present system in having the clear and the short
information.
Storage
Improving of the database system can make huge space for the data storage. The company has
the options like the flash memory to do network area storage(Armitageand et,al., 2011).
Dissemination
The informations and the knowledge can be shared by the online files, the sites can be accessed
by the employees in the PC and whatever sources available.
4.3 Implement a strategies to improve access to the systems of information and knowledge.
Iceland would build and execute a strategies to avoid any negative impact. In the digital
scenario, the company should identified faulty system(Holsapple ed., 2013). And to remove the
same acts as the barriers. The information would be accumulated on online. The internet can also
improve the information system by reducing the distance in the information and knowledge
system.

CONCLUTION
Information and the knowledge system plays the role in the organisation. The Iceland is
an food supermarket which provides the best quality of the food products to the customers and
they are trying to make changes in there way of doing the things so that more customers can get
attracted to them.
REFERENCES
Books and journals
Armitage, D and et,al., 2011. Co-management and the co-production of knowledge: Learning to
adapt in Canada's Arctic. Global Environmental Change.21(3). pp.995-1004.
Bélanger, F and Crossler, R.E., 2011. Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy
research in information systems. MIS quarterly.35(4). pp.1017-1042.
Best, A and Holmes, B., 2010. Systems thinking, knowledge and action: towards better models
and methods. Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research Debate and Practice.6(2).
pp.145-159.
Borghoff, U.M and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013. Information technology for knowledge management.
Springer Science & Business Media.

Choi, S.Y., Lee, H and Yoo, Y., 2010. The impact of information technology and transactive
memory systems on knowledge sharing, application and team performance: a field
study. MIS quarterly. pp.855-870.
Dalkir, K and Liebowitz, J., 2011. Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT press.
Holsapple, C. ed., 2013. Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters (Vol. 1).
Springer Science & Business Media.
Jennex, M.E and Olfman, L., 2010. A model of knowledge management success. ME Jennex &
S. Smolnik, eds. Strategies for Knowledge Management Success: Exploring
Organizational Efficacy. IGI Global. pp.14-31.
Kebede, G., 2010. Knowledge management: An information science perspective. International
Journal of Information Management.30(5). pp.416-424.
Lankes, R.D., 2011. The atlas of new librarianship. The MIT Press.
Liaw, S.S., Hatala, M and Huang, H.M., 2010. Investigating acceptance toward mobile learning
to assist individual knowledge management: Based on activity theory
approach. Computers & Education.54(2). pp.446-454.
López-Nicolás, C and Meroño-Cerdán, Á.L., 2011. Strategic knowledge management,
innovation and performance. International journal of information management.31(6).
pp.502-509.
Raymond, C.M and et,al., 2010. Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental
management. Journal of environmental management.91(8).pp.1766-1777.
Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.
Smith, H.J., Dinev, T and Xu, H., 2011. Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary
review. MIS quarterly.35(4). pp.989-1016.
Trkman, P., 2010. The critical success factors of business process
management. International journal of information management.30(2). pp.125-134.
Von Krogh, G., 2012. How does social software change knowledge management? Toward a
strategic research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems.21(2).pp.154-
164.
Yates, D and Paquette, S., 2011. Emergency knowledge management and social media
technologies: A case study of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. International journal of
information management.31(1). pp.6-13.

Online
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