Factors Affecting Omani Women Entrepreneurship in Establishing Their Businesses

The provided assignment content appears to be related to women entrepreneurs in Turkey and Oman, with a focus on the factors that affect their entrepreneurial endeavors. The first set of articles discusses the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Turkey, including lack of family support, male dominance, and societal hostility towards women's engagement in business. In contrast, the second set of articles explores the experiences of Omani women entrepreneurs, highlighting the importance of family support, self-efficacy, and government initiatives to promote women's entrepreneurship. The questionnaire is designed to gather information from Omani women entrepreneurs on the factors that affect their entrepreneurial activities, including lack of experience, poor credit facilities, heavy taxes, and stringent regulations.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
1.1 Background of the research 5
1.2 Statement of Problem 6
1.3 Objective of study 6
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Research Hypothesis 7
1.6 Significance of the research 7
1.7 Scope of the research 7
1.8 Limitations of study 7
1.9 Conclusion 8
Chapter 2: Literature Review 9
2.1 Introduction .9
2.2 Conceptual Framework 10
2.3 Past Related Study on Women entrepreneurship 10
2.4 Gender in entrepreneurship 11
2.5 Lack of Family Support a factor on Women in Entrepreneurship 12
2. 6 Capital in Entrepreneurship 12
2. 7 Implications of Educational Background on Entrepreneurship 13
2.8 The Arab World outlook on Women’s Involvement in Business 13
2.9 Theory of Entrepreneurship 13
2.10 Conclusion 13
Chapter 3: Research Methodology .14
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Research Framework 14
3.3 Research Design 15
3.4 Population 15
3.5 Organisation of study 16

3.6 Research Instrument 17
3.7Data Collection 18
3.8 Data Analysis 18
3.9 Research Instrument Validity and Reliability Test. 18
3.9.1 Ethical Consideration 19
References
Appendix

FACTORS AFFECTING OMANI WOMEN ENTREPRENUR IN MUSCAT ON
ESTABLISHING THEIR BUSINESSES
Women entrepreneurship activities is one of the driving force of economic, community and
nation development. Women in some part of the world are still left behind in the
entrepreneurship activities due to some barriers such as family support, capital and
background knowledge which stands as the stumbling blocks preventing the Omani women
in Muscat to take part in entrepreneurship activities. The scope of this research focus
primarily on the barriers that are affecting entrepreneur women on establishing their business
in Muscat. There are other mediating factors affecting entrepreneur women on establishing
their business in Muscat. The literature review of this study indicates that more efforts are
needed to help and encourage and support women to be entrepreneur.
KEYWORD: Women, Entrepreneur, Support, Barriers, Knowledge

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Background of Study
There are various barriers that has been identify in Oman that are affecting entrepreneur
women on establishing their business in Muscat, barriers such as Educational background,
Business ideas, ICT knowledge, family support and capital . We understand that many of the
local women were affected by having no knowledge of business or having little knowledge of
business is one of the major factor in which make it difficult for women to acquire capital to
establish businesses. Educational background at the other hand is a major factor because if
we look into how business is established and run these days, you need to be well educated to
make your business successful, educated in terms of business Idea, business knowledge on
bookkeeping and recording, advertisement, sale, spending and many more, a good business
women need to have good leadership skill. Apart from being educated, innovative
technologies are now being use to promote businesses around the globe today, at least any
entrepreneur women should possess a good skill of Computer knowledge. According to
Montanye (2006) Entrepreneurship is considered as a factor of production, linked to
innovation and risk taking, where entrepreneurial compensations are tied to uncertainty and
profits. We can also understand that traditionally, entrepreneurship has been a male-
dominated field. Moreover, several of today's most impressive and rousing entrepreneurs are
women but in Muscat, Oman it’s not the same story as the rest of the world where we can see
majority of women being an entrepreneur, the Omani people’s understanding is that women
are house wife and so most women who want to venture into business do not get adequate
support from family. It’s true that women have broken down the glass ceiling of the
traditional thought long prevailing around the globe and have emerged as successful
entrepreneurs. Women are increasingly becoming conscious of their existence, their rights,
their work situations and their role in the society. There have been many promises from the
Omani government to make some certain changes to help the Omani women with much
support in establishing their own businesses, according to Weeks, J. R. (2009) the long term
development strategy, “Vision 2020” adopted by Oman has provided an encouraging
environment for women entrepreneurs to participate and contribute towards this effect. Such
as availability of education which I mentioned earlier as one of the major factor, training and
awareness to help the Omani women to start their own business, Oman has a significant
number of women entrepreneurs in the male dominated Arab society, though women-owned
businesses are on the rise but not as expected, Omani government should understand that
women entrepreneurship represents a vast untapped source of innovation, job creation and
economic growth in the developing world. Omani women need to realize their strength,
weakness, opportunities and threats and move forward to come out of their own shell in order
to achieve their goals through self-development and with the full support from the

family ,government and stakeholders , however, the education part which is a major key that
this researcher will like to encourage the Omani women in Muscat to acquire Knowledge in
the field of Business Administration, Commerce, Business accounting ,Economics, public
policy ,Bookkeeping and information technology these studies can help in increasing the
numbers of Omani women entrepreneur in Muscat and they can be able to enlighten women
at the grassroots level on entrepreneurship orientation program across the communities in
Oman . On the other hand is the school curriculum in Oman ,according to Atef, T. M., & Al-
Balushi, M. (2014) The growing numbers of youth seeking to enter the labour market place
great pressure on educational institutions to reshape curricula, equip graduates with the right
skills and qualifications, and reconcile the discrepancies between educational programs and
labour market needs. The school curricula was also identify as one of the factor affecting
entrepreneur in general in terms of education and knowledge background of the individual. It
will be wise to start teaching business studies at secondary level that will create a background
knowledge for the teenagers and as they grow up they can be able to develop themselves in
the field of business investment and establishment , the capital to start a business is another
issue and in a society where preferences is more giving to male that female ,at this point
when a woman has the credentials to proof her knowledge of business venture the capital to
establish a business won’t really be an issue and women will no more be seen as an ordinary
housewife rather than a business owner .
1.2. Statement of Problem
Those key issues that warrant the investigation of this research topic is the call for urgent
attention to understand the barriers affecting the Omani women in Muscat as an entrepreneur
to be able to establish their own businesses in Muscat. Some of the problems faced by the
women are Educational background, Business ideas, ICT knowledge, family support, and
capital .This study will look into three major barriers such as Capital ,Family support, and
background knowledge and to have full-scale Scrutinize that is statistically significant and to
answer the research questions.
1.3 Objectives of Study
The objective of this study is:
1. To identify barriers affecting entrepreneurs Omani women in Muscat.
2. To identify if capital is a barrier affecting Omani women in Muscat to establish their
businesses.
3. To identify if family support is a barrier affecting Omani women in Muscat to
establish their own businesses.
4. To identify if background knowledge is a barrier affecting Omani women in Muscat
to establish their own businesses.
5. To investigate and analyse the problems faced by Omani women in Muscat on
establishing their businesses.
6. To suggest strategies to effectively overcome these barriers.

1.4 Research Question
In order to understand some of the barriers affecting Omani women in Muscat on business
establishment this study will answer the following questions
1. What are the types of factors affecting Omani women in Music to establish their
businesses?
2. Does capital affect Omani women in Muscat to establish their businesses?
3. Does family support affect Omani women in Muscat to establish their own
businesses?
4. Does background knowledge affect Omani women in Muscat to establish their own
businesses?
5. How can we improve the participation of Omani women in Muscat to start their own
businesses?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
A questionnaire will be used to test the following hypotheses.
Hypothesis 1:
There is no relationship between Omani women in Muscat with Family support, capital and
background knowledge as factors to become entrepreneurs.
1.6 Significance of the study
The study is based on primary data, therefore it is significant in many aspects; it will not
only investigate and highlight the barrier affecting Omani women in Muscat to establish their
businesses. there is no research on this very topic has yet been conducted so it might
additionally lead the approach makers the policy makers to strategies sound policies based on
the gaps identified in this study. In addition, it will likewise energize the women population
of Oman in general and Muscat in particular to be an entrepreneur by understanding all of the
barriers.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study will focus on the factors affecting Omani women in Muscat on
business establishment. The study will examine the role of capital, family support and
educational background in business establishment of the Omani women in Muscat. To
develop new ideas to help the Omani women in Muscat on business establishment and the
study is limited to Omani women in Muscat.
1.8 Limitation of Study
Although the study has reached his aim but there are some avoidable limitation .Firstly,
because of the time limit, the research will be traveling from Malaysia to Oman to collect
data for the study and will not be able to cover all the province in Muscat .The study will only
covered some few province in Muscat among the women. Therefore, the study can’t be
generalize to the whole group of women in Muscat.

1.9 Conclusion
The chapter has provided a sufficient background information about barriers affecting Omani
women in Muscat to establish their businesses. The gap in the study is that there are no topic
yet on this topic in Oman but there are similar topics in other part of the world. The chapter
two of this study the review of textbooks and journal articles about this very topic and will
compare the similarities and differences of all the articles that has been review on this study.

CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of this study covered the factors affecting the women to start or own a business, a
brief information about entrepreneurship and other trends on entrepreneurship development.
Entrepreneurship is considered to be a key factor to community, human development and
growth. A good example of the positive impact of entrepreneurship is best seen in the South-
East Asia region especially looking at the countries like Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand.
This study reviewed so of the article that are dated far back as 1980 till date.
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.3 Past Related Study on Women entrepreneurship
James et al. (2006) revealed that they are actively drawn on role models from different
domains and prefer to learn from external role models Petridou et al. (2008) women running
businesses and co-operatives in Greece should analyse those impacts of preparation help for
their entrepreneurial aptitudes What's more attitudes, co-operatives’ viability and
development prospects, and more work-family balance. Their study shows that participant’s
recognised preparation positively in terms of ability improvements, identification and
capturing of business opportunities, effective cooperation and flexibility in decision making,
more positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and development and growth prospects for
the cooperative and better work-family balance. Women entrepreneurship in the Arab world
has certain peculiarities and demands specific attention. Employers give priority to males, in

employment and promotion, even if women command higher merits. Women, despite their
interest, lack work opportunities and represent only 9.7% of the labour force (AlMandhry,
2000: 20; McElwee & Al Riyami, 2003). Jamali (2009) observes that such differences even
in Lebanon - a relatively liberal country, and conclude that gender differences in
identification of opportunities are, however, linked to differences in human capital that
include education and work experience as important variables. Women entrepreneurship in
the Arab world has certain peculiarities Businesses priority for males, regardless of the
woman higher merit. Women, notwithstanding their interest, there’s lack of opportunity and
women represent only 9. 7% of the workforce (AlMandhry, 2000: 20; McElwee & al Riyami,
2003). Jamali (2009) observes that such contrasts Significant difference in Lebanon - A
moderately liberal country, and conclude that gender contrasts gender identification for
chances of opportunities, however, joined to difference human capital that incorporates
knowledge and work experience as paramount variables. Entrepreneurship is important for
economic growth, productivity, innovation and Employment (A United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development, 2004). Discussion, entrepreneurship should be given priority by
policy makers and stakeholder in developing countries. The world market is currently
wrestling with recession, with some expected economic and global event which pose
uncertainties and challenges to our world. Under such situation, the global focus should be on
entrepreneurships a supportive solution towards the uncertainties and challenges. An
entrepreneur is any person who starts and manages any form of business either small scale or
large scale business. Naser et al. (2009) point out that an entrepreneur is a person who can
find an opportunity and develop it into a profit-making business. Gartner (1988) stated that an
entrepreneurship engages in many activities including the creation of an organization. The
importance of entrepreneurs in economic development has been documented by many
researchers. Mazzarol et al. (1999) contend that emerging and transitional economies can rely
on small businesses in replacing state owned organizations and stimulating Personal and
External Factors Effect on Women Entrepreneurs economic growth. Similarly, Costanza et al.
(2003) stated that women’s and men’s entrepreneurial activities can help in creating
employment opportunities and support the economic growth. Lerner et al. (1997) emphasized
the role of women entrepreneurs in developing small businesses in emerging economies. In
fact, the theoretical role of entrepreneurship in social and economic development is well
recognized. However, factors that affect wide-spread women entrepreneurs in developing
economies, in general, and more specifically the Arab countries, are still indefinite and this is
the more reason why we are conducting this study on Omani women in Muscat. The
International Labour Organization (2006) (ILO) pointed to four personal and four external
factors that impact women entrepreneurs ‘success. The personal factors include: (i)
motivation and commitment; (ii) abilities and skills; (iii) ideas and markets; and (iv)
resources. External factors include: (i) business development organizations; (ii) broader
enabling environment; (iii) economic/market environment; and (iv) sociocultural context. In
the current study, the focus will be on all personal factors and three of the external factors.
One external factor, economic and market environment, is excluded from the current study
because the Kuwaiti economy is relatively stable. Fluctuations in inflation, exchange rate and
interest rate are minimal. In this study the factors such as family support and background
knowledge is considered as personal factors and Capital is an external factor

2.4 Gender in entrepreneurship
The gender space is usually characterized as those Contrast between men and women As far
as the numbers of involvement in entrepreneurial activity, motives to establish and run a
business, industry. Decision-making, business execution, and development. Women
entrepreneurship in the Arab world has certain peculiarities and demands specific attention.
Employers give priority to males, in employment and promotion, even if women command
higher merits. Women, despite their interest, lack work opportunities and represent only 9.7%
of the labour force (AlMandhry, 2000: 20; McElwee & Al Riyami, 2003). Jamali (2009)
observes that such differences even in Lebanon - a relatively liberal country, and conclude
that gender differences in identification of opportunities are, however, linked to differences in
human capital that includes education and work experience as important variables. According
to Kleinrichert, D. (2013) the vitality of women’s entrepreneurial work and its socioeconomic
context has moral import as a hypothetical concern. The entrepreneurial endeavour of women
includes gendered moral issues of equality, access, and capability for women looking to
create a private enterprise in many marketplaces. The act of entrepreneurship marks an
isolation for work role of for individuals, but more so for women, because of gender identity
in the market and absence accessible market, economic, and political networks.
2.5 Lack of Family Support a factor on Women in Entrepreneurship
According to McElwee and Al-Riyami (2003) find that factors such as family support and
encouragement have positively influenced women in emerging as entrepreneurs in Oman.
Investigations with respect to business women in Ethiopia and Nigeria discovered ‘support
starting with family, society, and government’, ‘presence of surroundings of fill in culture,
awareness, also trust’, education . Murphy, C. (2013) stated that family-to-business support
was more positively related to women’s business performance, growth in employment,
satisfaction with employee relationships, and satisfaction with status than for male
entrepreneurs. Affective family-to-business enrichment was more positively related to
women’s business performance, satisfaction with employee relationships, and satisfaction
with status than for male entrepreneurs. Instrumental family-to-business enrichment was
more positively related to women’s satisfaction with status than for male entrepreneurs.
Furthermore, the research claimed that More than 250 entrepreneurs who founded small- to
medium-sized enterprises responded to a survey mailed by the researchers to measure factors
associated with work and family, business performance, growth in employment, satisfaction
with status and satisfaction with employee relationships. Overall, researchers found that
affective family-to-business enrichment (the transfer of positive affect, eg, positive mood or
happiness, from the family domain to the work domain), instrumental family-to-business
enrichment (the transfer of skills and behaviors acquired or nurtured in the family domain to
the work domain) and family-to-business support (interpersonal support from family
members) were positively related to entrepreneurial success and satisfaction for female
business owners but not male business owners.

2.6 Capital in Entrepreneurship
The capital is more or less the availability of fund to invest or establish a business and it can
also be seen as machinery, tools and buildings entrepreneur use to produce goods and
services .In order to qualify as capital, the merchandise must provide a progressing
administration of the benefits of the business with make wealth. Capital must be consolidated
with labour, the work of skill labourer who contributed their skills and time in exchange for
money, to create value and make profit for the development of the business. By investing in
capital and foregoing current consumption, a business or an individual can regulate those
effort into future wealth for the development of the business and community. In today’s
business world, Capital in entrepreneurship has been categorised in so many ways for
entrepreneur and entrepreneurship development which also co-exist with economic growth.
Today, there is a need for social capital for business development, the need for educational
capital in the organising of the business and rich knowledge of understanding situation to
identify when problems arise and to be able to make decisions that will make the business
profit more and stable. The human capital and the need for a debt capital because a business
can acquire capital through the assumption of debt. Debt capital can be obtained through
private sources, such as friends and family, financial institutions and insurance companies, or
through public sources, such as federal loan programs. And lastly the equity capital which is
based on investments that, unlike debt capital, do not need to be repaid. This can include
private investment by the business owners, as well as contributions derived from the sale of
stock.
2.7 Implications of Educational Background on Entrepreneurship
The impact of education on venture growth, however, is moderated by firm size, positive for
larger firms and negative for smaller firms .According to Dolinsky, A. L., Caputo, R. K.,
Pasumarty, K., & Quazi, H. (1993) Their study uses a national longitudinal sample of women
to examine variations in the likelihood of entering, staying, and re-entering self-employment
by level of educational attainment by women entrepreneur. Furthermore, the study found that
each likelihood increased with increasing levels of education. The investigation supports the
notion that less-educated women may face financial or human capital constraints which limit
their business pursuits. On the other hand, the study also identified to what extent differences
in each likelihood contributed to the overall difference in the likelihood of being self-
employed between more- and less-educated women. Of the three, differences in the
likelihood of entry accounted for most of the overall difference in the like hood of being self-
employed between the more and less educated.

2.8 The Arab World outlook on Women’s Involvement in Business
The Arab world has its own outlook on women’s involvement in business activities. Sidani
(2005) presents varying discourses between Muslim scholars and active feminists pertaining
to women's work and how it is impacted by interpretations of Islam, and argues that
developing the status of women in Arab societies needs a major reassessment of Muslim
history and tradition. Amid all the setbacks, women in the Arab world look further to
establish their careers and identities. The Arab world faces a different politico-economic
setup, culture, and family structure, where people are highly conscious of each other, and of
family memberships, identities, and status. McElwee & Al Riyami (2003) argue that gender
differences are enshrined in the Islamic holy book and Shari’a law, limiting woman’s role in
the family to either that of a wife or a mother. Some Arab women managers have succeeded
in creating their social identities even with their traditional clothing attire, in pursuit of
managerial careers Omair (2009). Although various sectors of the economy are open to
Omani women for work, their participation is limited and does not exceed 12% of the total
effective institutions Omani Women Workshop (2009). Collectively, in Arab states, 28% of
the women participate in the work force Nayeem, (2010). Although woman have benefitted
from the recent initiatives, they still represent a very small percentage of business owners in
the Sultanate Omani Women Workshop, (2009). However, Oman marks a significant
departure from its traditional and exclusive male dominated decision-making situation. The
era of exclusive patriarchal dominance in leadership positions is changing to an evolving
phase of women’s empowerment AlLamky, (2007). Omani Women Workshop (2009)
observes that legal, educational, training, and financial support have offered some
opportunities to Omani Women in the field of entrepreneurship. They note also that increased
educational opportunities for women and the level of education have led to increased
productivity. Although the experience of women's entry in the field of entrepreneurship is a
relatively new experience in Oman, it has not been free from challenges and difficulties.
Task-related issues such as funding difficulties, access to business information and
technology, and personal issues such as self-reliance and the need for change and continuous
innovation to ensure the ability of competitiveness impose major challenges, especially in the
light of rapid advances in various sectors at the local and the global.
2.9 Theory of Entrepreneurship
Wright, B., & Wallis, S. E. (2015) stated that previous studies have noted a proliferation of
disparate theories of entrepreneurship. This makes it difficult to find the best theory for
application in teaching, practice, and research. Choosing the right entrepreneurship theories
to teach and encourage is critical to providing entrepreneurs with the knowledge they need to
succeed.

The diagram above was taking from Wright, B., & Wallis, S. E. (2015) it’s the integrative
propositional analysis for evaluating entrepreneurship theories Acs, Braunerhjelm,
Audretsch, and Carlsson’s (2009) “Knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. More
stock of knowledge can be refer to background knowledge in this study in other words we
can say that Omani woman in Muscat will require more stock of knowledge in other to
engage in entrepreneurship activities .furthermore, if more young women have solid
educational background, there is a possibility of breaking through the barriers that sees
women as just ordinary house wife whose job is to stay at home and take care of the children.
The less regulation, administrative barriers , government intervention can be seen as a means
of government support in terms of loan for small scale businesses establishment or the role of
stakeholders creating opportunities for more women entrepreneurs .
2.10 Conclusion
Entrepreneurship in general has intrigued researchers over the years, resulting in the
development of a number of theoretical models. It has generally been assumed, however, that
the entrepreneur is male. There have been so many review done on this topic, there are
similarities at some point where in some point all over the world human race conclusion is
that entrepreneurs are male, these has made the female to be behind the scene in the field of
entrepreneurship this is the similarity that can be seen in every part of the world and one set
of researchers even suggests that entrepreneurship is a way of demonstrating "maleness."
historically and traditionally, women have been confined to the private sphere of domesticity,
and hence have been denied access to the requisite resources for entrepreneurial entry--access
to capital, business and technical education, and prior management experience. But, in some
part of the world like the South America many businesses are operated by women
entrepreneurs. Most of the study review posited that education, capital, family support are
motivation for women entrepreneurs and also proposed the needs of government support for
more women engagement in entrepreneurship activities for the socio-economic, community
and personal development .Furthermore, the chapter three of this study will discuss the
framework of the study and how the data will be collected and analyse.
Figure 2 Acs, Braunerhjelm, Audretsch, and Carlsson’s (2009) “Knowledge Spillover
Theory of Entrepreneurship

CHAPTER 3
Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter the research methodology is discussed, starting with the research framework,
followed by hypotheses development based on research variables. The design, population,
and instruments will also be discussed with justifications as why and how the research sample
were chosen, this research adopts survey based on questionnaire to obtain data, then to be
analyzed using a descriptive analysis on SPSS and the outcome of the result will be report in
chapter four of this study follow by discussion of the result in chapter five.
3.2 Research Framework
This study is based on the entrepreneurship theory with the assumption of relationship
between the Omani women in Muscat as a dependent variable and the factors that is affecting
the Omani women in Muscat from becoming an entrepreneur as independent variables, as the
tool to become an entrepreneur for Omani women in Muscat are the independent variables
assumed to influence the decision as we can see in the diagram below
3.3 Research Design:
This research is a quantitative based research to explain the factors the factors that is
affecting the Omani women in Muscat from becoming an entrepreneur, the factors are seen as
barriers which by turn influence the participation of women entrepreneur in Muscat. In order
to meet the objective of this study the researcher has selected the most appropriate research
design to answer the research questions. The quantitative approach enable researcher to study
human problem and variables in human behaviour, it’s proposed that this survey study will
collect details of the current situation about the Omani women in Muscat to engage in
entrepreneurship activities in Muscat .
Figure 3 research framework

3.4 Population
The target population of this study will Omani women in Muscat, the research will travel
down to Oman and the population sample one from Alkhoud in Muscat will be used in the
selection of the respondents and the questionnaire will be distributed among the women. The
sample size will be derived from the target population for this study.
3.5 Organization of Study
The study will be conducted in 3 stage and the methodology that will be used will be discuss
separately. The diagram below is the descriptive of the process of the study.
3.6 Research Instrument
According to Fishbein and Ajzen, (1975) attitude is an important concept that is often used to
understand and predict people's reaction to an object or change and how behaviour can be
influenced. After reading and reviewing different articles on this study samples of
questionnaire, the researcher prepared her own questionnaire guided by the knowledgeable
people in the field .the research has come up with enough Items to collect the data that will
answered the study research objective and questions and it will be inform of Likert scale
which was developed by Rensis Likert in 1932. A set of questions were divided into 5 parts.
Demographic (1) Family, self and Social Domain (2) Financial & Economic Domain (3)
Background Knowledge (4) and Political & Environmental Domain (5). The sample of the
questionnaire can be found in the appendix.
3.7 Data Collection
The systematic gathering of information relevant to our research objective and research
questions, Muscat. This study will measure the variables using questionnaire and the data will
be collected according to the structure plan seen in the diagram figure 4 organisation of study.
Figure 4 Organisation of study

We will use self-administer questionnaire with question that has a predesignated options for
our participants, the questionnaire will be distributed to the respondent in Alkhoud, Muscat.
3.8 Data Analysis
The data collected will be compute and translate into numeric code by the researcher for the
exact percentage using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the descriptive
analysis of the variables. The analysis will present the report for result in chapter four and the
discussion in chapter five of this study. Below is a table sample of descriptive statistical
analysis.
Descriptive Statistical Analysis Table
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.
Deviation
3.9 Research Instrument Validity and Reliability Test
The questionnaire was given to 35 people for rating and 20 people returned the questionnaire
with the rating score and the researcher compute the score. Below are the table showing the
result of the analysis.
3.10 Ethical Consideration
According to Gajjar, B. (2013) Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and
apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There
is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. The main ethical
principle guiding this study are as follow : Respect for the participant, Confidentiality, Using
inappropriate sample sizes, Editing or making up data and Failing to report negative findings.

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Appendix
Questionnaire
The researcher from department of human resource management is conducting a factors
affecting Omani women entrepreneur in Muscat on establishing their businesses. Gathering
information from Omani women in Muscat is a vital part of this process. Please answer the
questions in both parts of this questionnaire. Thank you.
PLEASE CIRCLE A RESPONSE FOR EACH QUESTION
Demographic (1)
Nationality: (Oman) (Jordan) (Egypt) (Kuwait) (Others)
Marital Status: (Single) (Married) (Divorced) (Widow)
Education Level: (Below Secondary) (Secondary) (Diploma) (Bachelor) (Masters) (PhD)
Experience
1–5 Years
6–10 Years
More than 10 Years
Age
Less than 21 Years
22–35 Years
36–50 Years
More than 50 Years
Country of Education Degree Obtained:
Oman
Jordan
Egypt
UK
Others

Factors affecting women entrepreneurs:
This survey is to be answered anonymously. Ratings please give your assessment of Factors
affecting women to be entrepreneurs in Oman.
Strongly
agreed (1)
Agree
(2)
neither
(3)
Disagree
(4)
Strongly
disagree (5)
- Lack of family support&
orthodoxies
- Family obligations
- Male dominance
- Hostility of society towards
engagement of Women in
businesses
Non-Cooperation of male
counterparts
- Difficulty in dealing with
males
- Weak bargaining position
- Harassment
- Lack of experience
- Lack of proper trainings
Family, self and Social Domain (2)
Financial & Economic Domain (3)
Strongly
agreed (1)
Agree
(2)
neither
(3)
Disagree
(4)
Strongly
disagree (5)
Poor credit facilities for
women
Lack of finances
- Heavy taxes/fee/ duties etc.
- Inflation
Background Knowledge Political & Environmental Domain (4)
Strongly
agreed (1)
Agree
(2)
neither
(3)
Disagree
(4)
Strongly
disagree (5)
Lack of Experience
Lack of Proper Trainings
Stringent regulations and
policies
Red-tape/bribery etc.
Lack of Governmental support
Improper Training &
Development Facilities
Content Validity Item rating

YES NO
The item captures the concept
that is intended.
The item is relevant to all
members of the target
population.
The item is worded in a manner
consistent with the expressions
used by patients.
The item reflects different levels
of magnitude,
e.g., severity, frequency.
The item represents a single
concept, rather than a
multidimensional concept
The content of the items is
appropriate for the recall period.
The content of the item is
appropriate for the
mode of administration