The Impact of Total Quality Management on quality processes in the automotive industry of Pakistan

This study focuses on the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on quality processes in the automotive industry of Pakistan. The study aims to establish the relationship between TQM principles and the performance of quality lines in the industry. The study makes use of a survey questionnaire to collect data from the employees working in the quality lines and analyzes the data using statistical tools such as regression analysis and correlation analysis. The results obtained will be used to make recommendations to the automotive industry on how to improve their quality lines' performance.

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Title
Author’s name
Institutional affiliation

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Table of Contents
The Impact of Total Quality Management on quality processes in the automotive industry of Pakistan.....3
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................................3
1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review....................................................................................................................................6
Theoretical Content and Methodology....................................................................................................8
H1: The relationship between TQM tools and human resources working efficiency is positive..........9
H2: Quality lines’ management is positively related to quality lines outcomes...................................9
H3: Top management involvement has a positive effect on quality lines outcomes.........................10
H4: Continuous improvement is positively linked with quality lines performance............................10
5.Experimental Set-up...........................................................................................................................10
Results and Outcomes...........................................................................................................................12
Project Planning and Gantt Chart..........................................................................................................14
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................16
Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................17

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The Impact of Total Quality Management on quality processes in the automotive industry
of Pakistan
Executive Summary
Many organizations in the previous days have started adopting total quality way of management,
a common example being the Pakistan automotive industry (Keller, 2013, p. 234). There has
been the need to implement TQM following the growing market competition, the rising volumes
of production and sales in addition to the customer focus on quality. There is need to understand
that such implementation is highly significant, through the research, information is told on how a
balance can be attained on how to properly balance the tools and the various principles in
ensuring that achievement of the different quality lines is realized. Processes performed after the
manufacturing of a vehicle form part of the quality lines; examples being the dynamic quality
check line, static quality check line and finally the final quality check line (James Rinehart, 2018,
p. 210). The immediate effects experienced by these lines will be focused through the research,
by carrying out a proper relation of TQM to manpower working efficiency. The principles are

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known to enhance output through the quality lines. The individual and collective enhancement
will be focused through the paper. The paper also correctly states the principle that has the
massive impact on the quality line. Generally, there will be a presentation of the effects and tools
on quality lines.
1.0 Introduction
Customer awareness increases rapidly following the progressive nature of the world. The
customer judgment in the present day is not only based on appearance and aesthetics. The ability
of products to operate in the long run ensuring proper quality maintenance amazes most
customers. The enhanced quality offered at a low cost was one of the primary reasons for the
surge in Japan in the mid-1970s. On realization of such a fact, most organizations took up to
their feet and made use of total; quality management in carrying out their operation to ensure that
they remain to be competitive. There was a sudden growth in customer awareness, hence, served
as a call for the organizations to introduce products inclined more towards the quality.
There was the bringing forth of rapid reforms that called for production of quality vehicles, the
main reason is due to the spread of the total quality management ideology. In the case of safety
incidences from then, quality was high in the light, a factor that served as a threat to many
automobile manufacturers. Despite the high levels of focus directed on quality, the total quality
management led to the introduction of significant overhauls (Roberts, 2010, p. 138). There was
an instinct creation that in any case, quality has to remain to be the focal point.
Pakistan automotive industry also decided to adopt such reforms as a way of ensuring customer
satisfaction in the growing market. The industry also decided to shift its way of management
towards the total quality management, a step that led to their gaining of a formidable reputation,

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especially in the South-Asian automotive market. Factors that motivated such shifting include
the need to ensure offering quality work at a low cost to the enormous demand that was
experiencing growth at a rapid level. The total management theory had some procedures that
have to be followed, failure to adhere to them, resulted in most organizations not realizing its
advantages at the starter stages of working (Daft, 2015, p. 543). Such errors led to the firms
experiencing difficult times in ensuring that there is proper maintenance of the quality, besides
accurately retaining the existing customers. There were cases where defective vehicles were
delivered to the customers, citing the working team failing to adhere to all the instructions stated
in the TQM. However, the mistakes were corrected, and thriving once again was seen among
most of the firms.
Many studies have been done with Total Quality Management being the primary area of focus.
However, according to research, it has been realized that most studies did focus on how total
quality management affect the performance of the organization (David L. Goetsch, 2015, p. 335).
The previous studies embraced a holistic approach in doing the reviews, there is a need for a
proper investigation to be done as a way of determining the interconnections that are believed to
have existed. However, the efforts associated with the studies cannot be disqualified. Such
studies will always serve as a starting point for any future aspirant majoring their studies on total
quality management in different areas (Kai Peters, 2018, p. 145). The working shown in the
previous studies was mainly to determine the analytical methods to be used in telling the
different correlations. The researchers went further categorizing the various techniques regarding
the industry, market and the type of study.
The scope in this research will primarily revolve around static quality check line, dynamic
quality check line and the final confirmation check line. Several principles will be used as

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mentioned below. Apart from that, there will be too the tools facilitating the application of such
principles. Some of the principles that will experience significant focus include
1. Customer focus
2. Process management
3. Top management involvement
4. Continuous Improvement
As part of the project proposal, there will be the indication of the need to handle the project in
addition to the results targeted to be achieved by the end of the research. The next section is the
Literature Review. Under the section, information will be given out regarding the pros and cons
associated with Total Quality Management. Apart from that, there will be the presentation of the
different principles and tools. The general methodology section will primarily highlight the
research objective, and the various hypotheses will support it. There will too be a discussion
regarding the setup of the experiment, and the results hoped to be attained from a successful
study. After that, there will be the presentation of the project timeline and finally the conclusion.
Literature Review
Total Quality Management has had lots of effects compared to other approaches (Sallis, 2014, p.
153). Through TQM, the quality of products has experienced significant improvement citing the
increased efficiency through the process. The increase is not only experienced with quality but
also with the value associated with the organization’s performance citing the significant
reduction in cost associated with production. Most organizations have now started seeing the
benefits associated with TQM for example, the easy retaining of the customers that existed

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before, attracting several other potential customers and growth in the market (Joel E. Ross, 2016,
p. 505). Following such benefits, there has been an increased level of investment directed
towards the training and development of employees. Full achievement of the quality will only
come with every other person directing their focus on customer satisfaction and embrace
diligence in working (Professor Konrad Raczkowski, 2013, p. 345).
The performance of a firm is highly dependent on top-quality management. The guidance for the
various teams will come from the senior management in addition to making the necessary
changes. The administration will also be needed to facilitate the training of employees and
ensuring that they are well developed for the diverse tasks making the required investment in the
tools and equipment.
The importance associated with customers warrants them to be given regular feedbacks making
use of relevant and intelligent methods (Schmitt, 2010, p. 235). By doing so, the organization
will quickly assess the area of improvement in addition to determining the more customer
appealing method to be used in delivering the product. When it comes to deciding the quality,
customers have to made to participate in making such decisions, and the internal organizational
decision has to be highly avoided.
There is always a co-existing state established between continuous improvement and TQM (Das,
2017, p. 138). The constant suggestion of enhancements is a brilliant practice that plays a
significant role in ensuring a continuous reduction of costs by guaranteeing effective processes
have been achieved every other day. Through the training, employees are encouraged to voice
concerns regarding redundancy tools. There is a need for handling continuous improvement as
one of the long-term solutions in organizations for proper growth.

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Defect reduction can be easily achieved through effective management. Apart from that, the
study and working on deviation and process variation can be achieved by making use of the
different TQM tools. The check sheets, cause and effects diagram, and the Pareto diagrams are
some of the means known for offering support to the process management.
Research Questions and Objectives
1. How has the working of quality experienced benefit from the TQM principles?
2. How were defect detection and increase in process efficiency experienced with quality lines
undergo the aid from principles?
Following the performance displayed by the automotive industry in Pakistan, there is displayed
evidence that there is a perfect synchronization experienced between the three quality lines and
the TQM principles (Management Association, 2018, p. 673). Through the research, a primary
focus will be directed on how the working of quality lines have been affected by the TQM
principles and the associated tools. Identifying the individual effects will be done by spelling out
the different facts that one might have obtained from the automotive industry. There will need to
measure such impacts. As a result, there will be a comfortable establishment of correlations
between the principles and the and a summary of the most beneficial law will be made after the
whole process.
Theoretical Content and Methodology
Many have credited TQM for having lots of benefits for its users in addition to offering help in
achieving the desired achievement within a shorter period (Towse, 2011, p. 167). The line side
employees are in a position to quickly identify problems and tell the feasible solution by making
use of quality tools. The working methods have also experienced a significant improvement in

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citing TQM tools. The device plays a vital role in influencing the products quality in the long run
in addition to being of help to the employees. Hence having the basis on such facts, they can be
the basis of formation of few hypotheses as shown below
H1: The relationship between TQM tools and human resources working
efficiency is positive
It will primarily involve telling the defective number of vehicles in addition to the particular
defects. There will be the management of the process, and a graph trend will be established. On
further analysis of the quality lines, there will too be the examination of the areas of
improvement, for example, a skill, a program directed to most new operators. Through the
quality lines, there is always an observed increase in quality and reduction in cost (Dabholkar,
2015, p. 486). Carrying out the application of process management does have the primary target
of ensuring that there is the detection and proper repairing of the defective vehicles before the
final shipment process is done (Marlon Dumas, 2018, p. 234). Drawing the basis from such,
there will be the formation of the following hypothesis;
H2: Quality lines’ management is positively related to quality lines outcomes
The performance of quality has a significant inclination on the involvement of the top
management (Michael D. Mumford, 2017, p. 443). The control ensures that the advancements
are made where necessary in addition to providing proper driving of the quality lines (James R.
Evans, 2013, p. 534). The core management facilitates the training and development
administered to employees. There is a need for a customer-oriented approach and vision for
quality lines (Zink, 2012, p. 208), the top management is responsible for making such a role be
done excellently. Achievement of such a part plays a significant role in ensuring that there is the
betterment of the products. With increased involvement of the management, there will too be

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increased facilities serving the quality lines; hence the training for inspectors will be much
improved (Reason, 2016, p. 157).
H3: Top management involvement has a positive effect on quality lines
outcomes
The differentiating factor of any organization is the aspect of continuous progress made on
products (Kim S. Cameron, 2011, p. 212). The proposal made regarding the better ways of doing
something plays a significant role in the reduction of wastages experienced. The result will be
the overall performance will be increased incurring minimal costs. The working principle of
continuous improvement too sees to it that better results are achieved rather than satisfactory
results (Bloch, 2017, p. 234). Regardless of the management impacting the continuous
improvement, it is known to influence the quality lines positively. As progress is realized in the
upgrades, there is too always a limiting defect outflow on the quality lines.
H4: Continuous improvement is positively linked with quality lines
performance
5.Experimental Set-up
The reference of the study is The directory of “Pakistan Automotive Manufacturers Association
(PAMA).” The general sample size of the study will be seven automotive organizations
operating in Pakistan. The ranging vehicles in the sample size will be those ranging from 800
cubic centimeters to those of 3000 cubic centimeters. Apart from that, there will be those falling
in the categories mentioned below.
1. Light Commercial Vehicle
2. Pickup trucks
3. Car

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4. Sports Utility Vehicle
There will be the designing of the questionnaire that will harbor top management questions,
continuous improvement, customer focus and quality lines that will help in achieving the data
collection purpose. There will be the coverage of a broad aspect citing the asking of distinctive
questions. In attaining the data collection purpose. Table 1 will be used. On the other hand, table
2 gives the highlights on the scales that will be used by survey fillers in filling the survey.
S.No. Attribute Score
Table 1. Data collection
Disagree Somewhat
disagree
Somewhat
agree
Agree Strongly agree
1 2 3 4 5
Table 2. Rating scale for questionnaire
In judging the credibility of the questionnaire, there will be a need for a mock survey that will be
done before the circulation survey (Kirkpatrick, 2010, p. 212). The academia and the retired
automotive quality field experts will be the primary fillers of the mock poll.

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There will be the circulation of the survey to the different organizations on completion of the
questionnaire. The purpose of the study will be explained by the attached cover letter. The
Human resource department will help in circulating the ten survey to the following individuals.
1. Head of a department
2. Managers
3. Deputy managers
4. Assistant managers
5. Group leaders/ Executives
6. Team leaders
After the filling of the surveys, there will be the collection and categorization of the responses.
The Statistical Process for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software will do the tabulation of the
results and presentation of a conclusion done after that.
Several limitations facing the study include:
1. The targeted sample population will not constitute the quality line inspectors.
2. There will be no consideration of other vehicle categories such as buses.
3. The element of reasoning degree will be eliminated from the survey.
Results and Outcomes
The TQM principles and quality lines will be used in the categorization of the data. Each
category will too receive an analysis regarding the mean and standard deviation. In performing

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the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s alpha will be used as a reliability coefficient (Guillermo
Cortés-Robles, 2018, p. 234). An example of a table to be used for reliability analysis is shown
below.
Attribute Reliability Coefficient
TQM tools
Top management involvement
Continuous improvement
Quality lines management
Quality lines
Table 3. Reliability analysis
In checking the strength of the correlation established between the various attributes, there will
need to make use of correlation analysis (Jacob Cohen, 2013, p. 187). A positive value will
represent a stronger relationship between the two attributes. An example of a result table to be
used for correlation analysis is shown below.
TQM tools Top management
involvement
Continuous
improvement
Quality lines'
management
Quality lines
TQM tools

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Top
management
involvement
Continuous
improvemen
t
Quality lines'
management
Quality lines
Table 4. Correlation analysis
Project Planning and Gantt Chart
The preparation stage of the project will not have its part presentation in the project Gant Chart.
The main reason being emphasis was inclined towards literature review hence actively involved
the formulation of the proposal. The academic supervisor and the guidance staff played a
significant role in executing the entire project in the spring semester of 2017. The review points
and the set of activities to be done are stipulated in the Gantt Chart below. For completion of the
project, there will be a dedication of 16 hours weekly. There will be too organization of meetings
with the supervisor, and the number of sessions will depend on their accessibility and the needed
supplies.

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Figure 1. Project Gantt Chart
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11
Kick-off Review
Studying research papers
Formulating literature review
Finalizing project proposal
Meeting with supervisor
Working on feedback
Collecting additional information
Re-formulating project proposal
Providing project proposal to supervisor
Project planning meeting with supervisor
Finalization of strategy and action plan
Finalization of data collection methods
Project Execution
Data collection
Data analysis using SPSS
Reliability analysis
Preparation of mid-term report
Submission of mid-term progress report
Mid-term Review
Reworking based on feedback
Submission of formal progress report
Progress report meeting with supervisor
Reworking based on feedback
Correlation analysis
Tabulating results
Green light Review
Preparation of draft report
Submission of draft report to supervisor
Final discussion meeting with supervisor
Reworking based on feedback
Preparation of journal paper
Journal paper draft review meeting
Reworking based on feedback
Submission of journal paper
Journal Paper Presentation
Aug Sep Oct
Activities
Engineering Graduate Project Gantt Chart

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Conclusion
The positive changes experienced in industries is primarily as a result of the total quality
management. The automotive industry has been the primary beneficiary of such. However, in
carrying out research, there will be significant focus on the overall performance compared to the
different specific areas. The quality of a vehicle receives higher ranking compared to the
production of the car citing the customer focus on quality. Hence, the attention of the project on
TQM elements and quality lines relation in the automotive industry in Pakistan. There will too be
the providence of basis for future aspirants having the will to progress with the study.
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