Leading Educational Change in East Asia

This assignment analyzes 15 years of educational reform in Thailand, examining effective leadership strategies within the context of East Asia. It draws upon research articles discussing various aspects of leading educational change, including principal roles, organizational transformation, and positive approaches to reform.

Understanding and Leading
Change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Impact of changes on organisation's strategy and operations................................................3
P2 Impact of internal and external drivers of change on leadership, individual behaviour and
team.............................................................................................................................................5
P3 Measures taken to minimise negative impact of changes n organisation..............................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P4. Different barrier of change and their influence on decision making....................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P5 Leadership theories that help in dealing with changes in company.......................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Business operates in society and there are many alteration places in environment. So it is
important a for manager to analyse market and make modification. Changes are complex so
sometimes there is requirement to changes plans and policies (Doppelt, 2017). Occurrence may
have positive as well as negative impact on business operations. In this report comparison is
done between two organisation i.e. Pepsi and Coca Cola. This two companies acquire large
market share of soft drinks. This can happen because they keep changing their policies to provide
satisfaction to consumer. In this report response towards change and its impact are discussed.
This report also discuss leadership theories as leadership is the main component while making
alterations. There are internal as well as external factors that affects leadership skills of manager.
There are barriers that hurdle in adopting changes and hence leader has to make strategies to
nullify effect.
TASK 1
P1 Impact of changes on organisation's strategy and operations
Organisation run in a society have to consider both profitability and social welfare factors. If
company works only for sales maximisation then it impact on their sustainability so it is vital for
corporates to adopt ethical practices in their working culture. Compliance with all legal
requirement along with rational strategies help company in running their business and face all the
uncertainties in business procedures.
Leaders and managers has to has to considered all the opinion of different individuals in
order to work effectively and efficiently . Coca-cola and Pepsi are two organisation engaged in
FMCG sector both enjoyed dominant position in soft drink and beverages industries (Fullan,
2014). Some of the internal external drivers also impact on coca-cola and Pepsi performance
which stated below:
Basis Coca-cola Pepsi
Pricing strategies Coca-cola is a multinational
company diversified their
business at all over the world.
Main objective of organisation
is to maintain quality standard
Pepsi consider largest
competitor of Coca-cola and
both company come with
distinct variety in their product
segment. Pepsi USP is that

in their product and giving
them a wide variety in soft
drinks which satisfy their
needs. Policies related to price
decided by top level on the
basis of external competitors
tactics because this phenomena
either increase the sale and
reduce the demand of
company products.
flavours provided in cold
drinks by organisation is
sweeter as compare to Coca-
cola. Pricing policy of
company is similar to Coca-
cola but there are some
changes in their strategies that
distinct them from others.
Marketing strategies Company marketing team uses
various promotional tools in
order to create awareness
about the product through
social networking. Target
audience of this company is
youngster so their
advertisement based on them
which create long lasting
impression on public.
Pepsi generally used
sponsorship tool and endorsed
celebrity for the promotion of
their products. Management of
company capturing market
with the help of articles, social
media and magazines in
different regions.
Process Almost company capture 200
countries having their business
. For improving their
performance they adopt online
technology for saving staff
time and consumers also.
This company still follow
same procedures I.e. providing
products through various
outlets. The company still
believe in face to face
conversations with customer in
order to understand the
feedback of consumers.

P2 Impact of internal and external drivers of change on leadership, individual behaviour and
team
There are many problems faced by company in applying changes. There are many forces
that impact these changes. Coca cola and Pepsi has good brand image in market so they have to
accept changes and make sure that there must be positive impact on organisational performance.
There are set target of organisation which has to be achieved to make good image in market.
External drivers means those forces which are not in control of manager of company, such as
government policies (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013). While internal factors are in control of
manger and hence they try to reduce them. It is important to say that Pepsi and Coca Cola has to
make strategies after analysing all the factors so that there are positive outcomes.
Impact of internal drivers of change on leadership, team and employees of Pepsi and Coca
Cola
There are many internal drivers which impact performance of organisation. Some are
discussed as under- Financial management- Finance is most important component and it is essential to have
fund in order to accept changes. And in case finance is not available then there will be
hurdle in making changes in plans and policies. Culture within organisation- Environment within company is also important for making
changes in company. Employees are people who work under changed environment do it
is important that they accept changes and operates. But if in organisation there is no
cooperation among employees , then it become difficult to apply modification in working
style.
 Technological changes- Pepsi and Coca cola adopts different technology which help in
improving quality and reduction in cost. Technological changes affects business
operations and changes which has to be applied in business (Jones and Harris, 2014).
External drivers which affect leadership, individual and team of Pepsi and Coca Cola
Like internal drivers there are some external factors also which has to be taken in
consideration for alteration in business operations. Some external factors are as follows: Political factor- Due to political force company has to make changes in business
operation'. If they do not accept alterations then there are changes that government will
interfere.

 Social factor- Business operates in society so manager of Pepsi and Coca Cola has to
analyse Market and then to make long lasting image, it is important to apply those
changes. It is not important to accept all modifications, manager of company has to see
which changes are important and hence accept them.
 Environmental factor- Changes in environment are unpredictable and unknown. Hence
they are not in control of management of company. It is important to modify product and
services as per change in natural environment. Pepsi and Coca Cola operates in all over
the world and it is not necessary that same environment in different parts of world. So
marketing of product must be as per environment of society where business operates
(Kotb and Roberts, 2011).
P3 Measures taken to minimise negative impact of changes n organisation
It is not necessary that change always bring positive impression, there are chances that
performance of employee or organisation may decline. There are possibilities that employees
does not accept changes or there is hurdles in accepting it. In such cases it is responsibility of
manger of Coca Cola and Pepsi to reduce negative impact of such changes. This will help in
smooth running of business and achievement of set targets. Lack of support and failure- There are many employees in Coca Coal and Pepsi with
different mindset. Hence, there are possibilities that employees do not accept
modifications and want to rigid to they know. This may lead to failure in successful
implementation of policies. Support from mangers is also important, as they are the
people who help to motivate personnel. Employees resistance- Employees are the main asset for Coca Coal and Pepsi and hence
there must be application of changes by attaching employee's growth with it. There are
chances that employee's performance may get effected due to this changes (Peters,
2012). In such changes need of modification has to be delivered to employees. If
employee are resist in organisation then there will be reduction in cost of training,
induction, orientation,etc. of new employees. Expenditure- Finance is required b y company to adopt change. There will be expense in
modifying plans and policies. It is important that top level management has to plan
properly about what expenses can be made, so that there will be no unnecessary

expenditure. Company can plan its budget according to funds available in their capital
and proper actions can be taken to evaluate results. Communication- To make change in most appropriate way, it is necessary to deliver
change in plans and policies effectively (Suchman, Sluyter and Williamson, eds., 2011).
This can be done through proper communication between top level manager and
subordinates. Coca Coal and Pepsi are big organisations so proper connection will help in
creating good environment and reducing communication gap. This will help in solving
problems faced by subordinates and getting best way foe completion of task.
 Training- To apply changes in business operation it is necessary to provide learning to
subordinates. There are chances that employee may feel embarrassing if they can't adopt
that changes, so it will be fruitful to to train them. It will make change interesting for
workers also. Employees also feel themselves as important part of organisation as
company is expending for their training.
TASK 2
P4. Different barrier of change and their influence on decision making
There are different types of barrier that organisation has to face at the time of changing in
organisational structure which affect decision making also. Model given by Edgar Schien famous
management emeritus who give the brief detail about the effect of changes on organisational
culture (Whitney and Cooperrider, 2011). Under this coca cola and Pepsi two companies are
taken which show the effects of both internal and external drivers of environment due to high
competition in market or other personal disputes arises between top, middle and lower level
which create hurdles in decision making.
Further, issues arises at the time of restructuring of organisation culture which makes
corporate culture more ethical and enhance brand image. Their are various models and
approaches in aspect of coca-cola and Pepsi which stated below: Cost and budgets:- Leaders need to update with financial budget of company at the end
of year. This assist in judging the overall revenues and expense of company. All these
help staff members to perform various activities and task in appropriate manner which
lead to optimum utilisation of resources and cost reduction (Brundrett and Duncan,
2011).

 Self efficiency perceptions and resistance to change:- In today dynamic environment
changes are coming at a very fast speed which also affect the internal and external drivers
of organisations because due to alteration in corporate culture employees make
assumption of their own that changes bring negativity in their performance. All these
issues impact on decision making and overall productivity.
Another problem arises at the time adaptation of new technology according to external
competitors strategies. Under this scenario leaders are less educated in implementing
technological operations in their working style. In case of Coca Cola well trained professional
leaders provide professional training to their workforce which leads to effectiveness in quality
standards but due to resistance nature of staff create hurdles at the matching with competitors
position in that sector. Past experiences:- In big organisation it has been seen that professional leaders make
their own policies, procedures and strategies in carry out the activity of organisation.
They not create policies according to the needs of employees which leads to the problem
of inefficiency and conflicts in decision making situation (Feldman, Hart and Milosevic,
2017). Force field analysis:- This model is given by Kurt Lewin which describes the concept
related to issues arises at the time of cultural changes and supports corporate alteration.
Leaders find difficulty at the time of take complex decision because he or she is not
specialised in every sector which leads to barrier in working culture. Organisation find it
difficult at the time when employees shows lesser participation by employees which
leads more labour turnover, wastage of resources and dilute the brand image of
organisation. For example Coca-cola and Pepsi both are big organisation face various
challenges due to frequent alterations in customers taste and preference and competitors
come with different flavours in soft drinks at cheaper price which match customer desire. Situational resistance to change:- The whole theory is depend upon different
circumstances that organisation faced on the basis of which strategic level make changes
in set objectives and targets of company (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013). Therefore, this
concept help in modifying policies, procedures and the pricing tactics that attract
customers to buy more goods and services. For example Coca-cola diversified their
business in various sectors so it is difficult for staff member to communicate with

customer having different language which leads to switching of clients to different
brands.
 Lack of knowledge and information:- Managers and leaders both have adequate
knowledge about the operations and activities of company. In order to full-fill the daily
targets of organisation they need trained and efficient employees who achieve goals of
firm. But due to large employee base it is difficult for them to get the information about
the able and professional staff who specialised in particular field. All these impact on
objective accomplishment and effectiveness in performance (Harding, 2012).
TASK 3
P5 Leadership theories that help in dealing with changes in company
While accepting change, it is not important that all the members working in organisation
accept changes so there must be important role of manager of Pepsi and Coca Cola to make
employees aware about impact of changes. Manager must provide guidance to employees so that
there will be positive results. Through leadership, manger can came to know about employees,s
perception regarding change and if employees is facing problem then it must be solved. Some
leadership theories used by Coca coal and Pepsi are- Laissez leadership- This leadership will help in making employees work in best
approach. This Theory is beneficial for Coca Coal and Pepsi as there are large number of
employees and manager can concentrate on other important aspects. There will be some
authority also to employees so that they can make their operations in more flexible
manner. Transformational leadership- In this theory manager has to apply some theories which
are used to analyse impact of changes in company. It is important to make changes which
help in reduction of production cost and time. This theory will provide edge to achieve
targets and goals through motivating employees (Krahmann, 2013). Coaching leadership- When changes are applied in operations there are problems faced
by staff, so there must be training to employees. This will motivate employees to work
with full energy. They feel that they are important part of company and in case of query
this can be solved instantly through mentor. Training will help to improve personal skills
of workers also.

 Transactional leadership- According to this theory employee get motivated if they are
rewarded or recognised. Management of Coca Cola and Pepsi organise seminars and
official events to reward employee who perform good. This will increase competition in
organisation and motivate personnel well. Through this employees also feel satisfied and
organisation achieve its goals and objectives effectively.
 Democratic leadership- This theory will help in boosting confidence of employees. As
word suggest democracy means to provide authority. Coca Coal and Pepsi uses this
theory as there are numerous employees and with the involvement of employees top level
management get good and innovative ideas. Employees also feel enthusiastic while
applying their skills in managing company. This will improve performance of personnel
in positive manner (MacKian and Simons, 2013).
These theory will help organisation to apply changes effectively, this will make company
to grow in market and hence goodwill of organisation increases. Employees also does not want
to leave company.
CONCLUSION
This report concludes that changes are important for organisation but it can be
implemented effectively only through motivating employees. To make long run in industry it is
important to apply change so that customer get satisfied. In case of change in plans and policies
it is important to guide subordinates. It is not necessary that staff working organisation accept
change, so leader has to insist and solve their problems. After applying changes it is important to
examine their positive as well as negative aspect of it. It is important the changes applied in
company has impact on operations and performance of company. It report says that there is
important role of leader in providing guidance to staff so that they can perform in better way. It
is responsibility of leader to frame policies which help to reduce negative impact of change.
Alteration will help to improve position of company in industry.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for
business, government and civil society. Routledge.
Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John
Wiley & Sons.
Hallinger, P. and Bryant, D. A., 2013. Synthesis of findings from 15 years of educational reform
in Thailand: Lessons on leading educational change in East Asia. International Journal
of Leadership in Education. 16(4). pp. 399-418.
Jones, M. and Harris, A., 2014. Principals leading successful organisational change: Building
social capital through disciplined professional collaboration. Journal of Organizational
Change Management. 27(3). pp. 473-485.
Kotb, A. and Roberts, C., 2011. The Impact of E‐Business on the Audit Process: An
Investigation of the Factors Leading to Change. International Journal of Auditing.
15(2). pp. 150-175.
Peters, A. L., 2012. Leading through the challenge of change: African-American women
principals on small school reform. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education. 25(1). pp. 23-38.
Suchman, A. L., Sluyter, D. J. and Williamson, P. R. eds., 2011. Leading change in healthcare:
transforming organizations using complexity, positive psychology and relationship-
centered care. Radcliffe Publishing.
Brundrett, M. and Duncan, D., 2011. Leading curriculum innovation in primary
schools. Management in Education. 25(3). pp.119-124.
Feldman, L., Hart, P. S. and Milosevic, T., 2017. Polarizing news? Representations of threat and
efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding
of Science. 26(4). pp.481-497.
Hallinger, P. and Bryant, D. A., 2013. Synthesis of findings from 15 years of educational reform
in Thailand: Lessons on leading educational change in East Asia. International Journal
of Leadership in Education. 16(4). pp.399-418.
Harding, H., 2012. Teach for America: Leading for Change. Educational Leadership. 69(8).
pp.58-61.
Krahmann, E., 2013. The United States, PMSCs and the state monopoly on violence: Leading
the way towards norm change. Security Dialogue. 44(1). pp.53-71.
MacKian, S. and Simons, J., 2013. Leading, managing, caring: understanding leadership and
management in health and social care. Routledge in association with The Open
University.

Whitney, D. and Cooperrider, D., 2011. Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change.
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