Leadership in Educational Change

This assignment examines the crucial role of leadership in fostering educational change. Students are tasked with analyzing different leadership theories and models, considering their applicability to educational contexts. The analysis should be supported by real-world examples of successful and unsuccessful educational reforms, highlighting the factors that contribute to effective leadership in driving positive change within educational systems.

Understanding and
Leading Change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P 1. Comparing two enterprises and effect of changes on their strategies and operations.........1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Evaluation of ways in which external and internal drivers of change and its impact on
leadership, team and individual behaviours................................................................................3
P3 Evaluation of measures to minimise negative impacts of change on organisational
behaviour.....................................................................................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4. Various barriers of changes and their impact upon decision making leadership..................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P5. Different approaches of leadership while dealing with change............................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Business environment is considered as dynamical in nature and due to this altering
behaviour every firm is getting influenced at greater extent. In order to meet such modification,
leaders and managers has to use some approaches or models. They also have to convince their
team members for accepting such changes and working as per that so that they achieve all of
their goals and objectives in a given time frame (Bender, Mann and Olsen, 2011). The current
report is based on Apple and Samsung which is operating in the similar sector. In this project,
comparison is being performed between these ventures. In addition to this, impact of external as
well as internal drivers of change has been discussed upon the behaviours of team, leadership
and individuals. Apart from this several models for dealing the changes such as Kottler's eight
step theory of change is also going to be described in this assignment.
TASK 1
P 1. Comparing two enterprises and effect of changes on their strategies and operations
Any environment wherein company exist, changes occur that gives impression on it and
in order to cope with that there emerges a need of modifications regarding procedure, policies,
schemes and ways of doing operations. There are many factors that affects these changes but
manager has to reduce impact. There is change in actions also so that they can apply alterations
more widely.
 Controlled and uncontrolled change- Controlled change means which can organisation
can control b y taking corrective measures. In this it is important that manger has to keep
eyes on activities of subordinates. Uncontrolled activities are not in control of
management of organisation (Brundrett and Duncan, 2011). It is important to reframe
plans and policies so that negative impacts can be reduced.
 Predicting change- There are chances that manager has intuition in future about change
which may occur in environment so they take corrective measures to minimise it and this
will provide growth to association.
 Planned and emergent change
Apple- Apple is an American company having headquarter in Cupertino, California. Steve Jobs
is founded of this vast empire in 1976. this is the 9th largest organisation in world, which deals in
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electronics, computer software and online services. Apple has iphone, ipad, Mac, ipod, etc. in its
consumer hardware product. They use ios as their operating system.
Samsung- Samsung is South Korean based company having head quarter in Samsung Town,
Seoul. Lee Byung-chul founded this company in 1938. In 2016, profits of this organisation was
recorded as 174 Billions USD and number ODF employees as 3,69,000. This company has many
segment, divided into four major business groups- Samsung group, Shinsegae group, CJ group
and Hasol group.
Comparison of two organisations are as follows:
Basis Samsung Apple
Product and services Samsung has wide scope of
product and services as
compared to Apple. It is
important to adopt changes as
it has more competitors in
market. Change is important
because there are possibilities
customer may switch to other
brand
Apple is a brand which
provide product and services
which are costly so they make
strategies after analysing all
factors. These days 1+ is brand
who beat Apple's phone. They
update their product with
minor changes.
Marketing strategies Samsung has wide product
range and their product are in
reach of general public, so
they make marketing strategies
keeping in mind public reach.
They use newspaper, hoarding,
etc. to market their product
and they give more emphasis
on commercialisation of their
product, because of
competition.
Apple gets fame over other
fame, so they use less
marketing efforts. But in case
of new launch they plan
different strategies to create
aura in society.
Pricing strategies Samsung has wide range of Apple is a name which is more
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product and their products are
cheap as compared to Apple.
They price their product after
keeping in mind general
public's convince. Change in
competitors pricing strategy
affects them and they hence to
accordingly plan.
provide luxurious goods and
services. They are less affected
due to change in price of other
company's product, because of
less competitors.
Technology used Samsung have to update their
technology as change in
market, so that they can
provide best services to
customers.
Apple adopt less technology in
their working style. In phone
segment of they use different
software as compared to other
firms.
TASK 2
P2 Evaluation of ways in which external and internal drivers of change and its impact on
leadership, team and individual behaviours
Change occur in surrounding has definite impact on business. This affect may be negative
as well as positive. It is not necessary they organisation gets positive hand to hand they might
have long lasting impact. There are internal as well as external factors which has to be
considered while applying changes (Carr, D’Odorico, McGlathery and Wiberg, 2012). Manager
of Apple and Samsung tell positives impact of modifications so that they know that their
personal development is also possible with company's growth. Internals can be controlled by
management up to an extent, but external drivers can't to controlled.
Internal factors that impact leadership, individual behaviour and team are-
 Strength- Apple has strength that they provide services of luxurious class and they use
different software. It is important to polish strength timely by analysing market. There are
sometimes change in polish which may lead organisation to priovide better resources to
employees. Strength is always present within organisation.
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 Weakness- Weakness for Apple is their goods and services are costly, so this makes
customer to switch over other brand in case they want less costly product. Company has
to make strategies to reduce impact of weakness (Feldman, Hart and Milosevic, 2017).
 Opportunities- Today's environment is dynamic, so there is important role to grab
opportunities present in external market, these are the reason which makes company fame
in industry. Manager has to make plans which provide chances to improve quality of
services and product.
 Threat- This is a reason which is cause of fear for company. This is important that
company has to find reasons of threat and efforts are done to avoid it. In Apple cell
phones customer can not share data with Android version this can be prove to be threat.
External factors that impact leadership, individual behaviour and team are-
 Political- Some times there are chances that government gave some instructions which
cause change in working style of organisation. So it is important to apply those laws and
regulations to organisation. Top level manager has to reframe policies and communicate
to subordinates.
 Economical- Finance is the most important feature which has to considered. Stake
holders will invest in company only of its financial position is good. So top level manager
has to change policies so that they can improve their position in market.
 Social- Business runs in society, there are changes in customer's demand so accordingly
both the companies has to update their goods. This will provide easy approach for them
through which they can get scope of improvement.
 Technological- Apple and Samsung both the brands works on technological aspects. In
case of change in competitors techniques than organisation has to modify them. There are
many changes taking place in environment but it is important to apply only those which
are beneficial for organisation.
 Legal- There are rules and regulations framed by government which is important to apply
in business operations, to avoid any kind of complications (Hall, 2010). In case
government ask to show results of such modification then organisation is bind to show.
Psychological impact of change on people
Changes has impact on employees they might think that if they can not retain new style
they might fired, so manager has to take corrective measures to motivate them. There are
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chances that employees does not like to work under new ideology so it responsibility of manager
to inspire them to accept them and work efficiently. It is essential to provide best methods of
learning so that they feel confident while working in such surrounding (Hallinger and Bryant,
2013).
Impact of change on team dynamics and performances
Change does not only impact organisation but also impact performance of employees.
This may create environment of humours and miss-communication. Team members many get
distracted due to not understanding of change so it is important to provide proper training
assistance to employees. In case of any problem manager has to find best way through which
they can enhance their performance.
How change influences leadership and management practices
Change in working style needs proper guidance and direction which has to be provided by
manager. There is change in leadership style as well, in case of change taken place team leader
plays vital role in motivating employees. Manager has to plan activities properly in case of
alteration and then analysis must be done that whether change applied is in proper way or not.
P3 Evaluation of measures to minimise negative impacts of change on organisational behaviour
Changes all the time provides positive results is not necessary. So it is important to
reduce negative results. In case employees are not ready to accept then seminars, conferences,
presentations done so that they can know pros and cons of new technique. It is important to
communicate properly with employees so that manager can know about perception of workers. Reduction in expenses- There is requirement of training in case new of new technology
so it is important to plan properly. There is budget setted for training assistance to
employees and best alternative of training must be opted. In case of having new machine
in organisation then also there is requirement of financial resources (Harris, 2012). Lack of support- There are chances that employees does not support new methodologies.
So there is requirement to promote employees by attaching their personal growth with
change in working style. Company can use various strategies that employee's promotion
is based on it and they will competent to outer world. Proper communication- Communication is the best way through which top level
management can deliver that how company can use those ideas and reason behind them.
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Proper communication will help in providing guidance to employees and in case of
facing problem it must be resolved. Employee's resistance- Changes may create fear in mind of employees that there will no
requirement of workers, it will impact organisation's performance. Leader of Apple and
Samsung make policies which shows employees resistance in organisation. They feel that
they will not be fired (Heil, 2010). Reduction of personal conflict- This is the major reason that employees does not want to
work in team. There personal conflicts will affect their professional life, this negatively
affects organisation's image and performance of employees. Apple and Samsung director
should focus on friendly environment so personal conflicts get resolved. Morale- Money is not only thing for which employees is working, there must be their
personal growth also. So when organisation is adopting any change it must be strategise
in such a way that employee's personal growth also improves.
 Positive environment- it is necessary to create positive environment in organisation.
There is check done before and after adapting changes in operations so that this will give
motivation to employees that this makes their skill more groomed.
TASK 3
P4. Various barriers of changes and their impact upon decision making leadership
There are various issues which are faced by Apple while implementation of changes in
organisation which affects the behaviour and leadership decisions. So, Apple make certain
goals, vision and mission for the effectiveness in business firm. Main responsibility of managers
and leaders is to implement an effective plan in order to attain goals and objectives of
organisation. Various barriers of Apple which can give a negative impact on leadership decision
are as follows: Past experiences: Leaders implement their experience in performing various tasks,
operations and activities in the business firm. Manager and leader implement their own
strategy in completion of work which leads to creates an ineffectiveness in management
which is related to function of different department. Implementation of such skills and
knowledge are the barriers in achieving the goals and objectives of organization.
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 Lack of authentic knowledge and information: There are various activities and
operation which is performed by employees and these act are directed and control by
mangers and leaders. These aid the manager to gain information about the capability of
those employees who can achieve goals and objectives of Apple effectively. Managers of
Apple do not gain proper knowledge about skilled employees, firm do not able
accomplish target of firm. It creates obstacles in decision making which affects the
performance of firms. Cost and budgets: Manager should analyze budget and cost of different projects running
in the firm. It aids to determine the expenditure of various projects. It helps in organizing
various training programmes to develop the skills and knowledge of employees working
in Apple. It aids to increase the shares and enhance productivity of firm as well. Lack of employee involvement: When Apple implement some changes in the working
procedure of organisation, employees sometimes are not able to adjust with new changes
which leads to loose their job. This creates irregularity in working procedure which
reduces productivity of firm. It is essential for the manager to convince their employees
to adopt changes which helps in enhancing the profitability of organisation. Lack of communication strategy: This barrier is related to communication gap in
between employee and the manager. Due to this gap, employees are not able to perform
their work effectively. It leads to affect the performance of workers which led to reduce
profits of organisation. Managers and leaders should make proper medium of
communication with employees in accomplishment of productivity.
 Organisation complexity: When company applies some complex procedures, tasks and
activities from attaining the target with low cost. It is not necessary that all employee
have efficiency to adopt complexity due to their inefficiency. It is responsibility to
organise training session for such employee. It aids to increase their work efficiency, it
help in improve performance of organisation.
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TASK 4
P5. Different approaches of leadership while dealing with change
Leadership is defined as creating a imagery, that other people follow that person. it leads
to create a positive environment where some different thing can happen. The differences led by
leader, other people follow that change. Situational leadership theory was proposed by Paul
Heresy in the year 1969. There are two types of behaviour (supportive and directive) on which
this approach is based on. Apple industry is based of manufacturing of different types of
electronic gadgets which use these leadership style in attaining goals and objectives of
industries. Apple implemented some changes in different areas of organisation which help in
attaining higher position in the market. For development of organisation, Apple follows some
steps in order to maximise the level of profits which are as follows :
Lewis's 3- stage changes: This model was proposed by Kurt Lewis which includes three steps
i.e. unfreezing, changing and refreezing.
 Unfreezing: This is the first step of the model, it concerned with resistivity of the
employee working in the organisation. Apple uses this method to determine the
behaviour of employee as per modification done in the organisation. This stage aids to
know the level of acceptability of employee working in organisation.
 Changing: This step is concerned about implementation of various types of changes, it
aid people to face changes and adjust themselves according to modification done by
organisation. This stage is also termed as a learning stage in which employees of Apple
learn to adjust according to the changes made by organisation.
 Refreezing: This is the final stage of this approach that is concerned with the changes
made in organisational structure, goals and offering. This step ensures employees to work
in organisation as per modification made in different area.
K otter's 8 Step model of change:
John Kotter proposed this model in his book I.e understanding changes. It consists of 8
steps of changes which was developed after determination of research. As Apple deals with
manufacturing of various types of electronic gadgets like iPods , iTunes, iPhone. In order to
achieve goals and objectives of organisation it take support of Kotter model to implement
changes in organisation and also determine the environment of working procedure of
organisation are given below:
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 Creating an Urgency : This is one of the most essential components which aids to create
an urgency which can be done in this way.
To determine and mark the essential threats that create disturbance in future.
To analyses the opportunities to inhance the effectiveness of different modification made in the
organisation.
 To implement effective resolution against the various issues raised in organisationn after
implementation of change.
 Formation of powerful guidance : It is important level of the model in which manager
identify the changes and leader coordinate with employee to work as per the changes
made in organisation.
 Developing a vision and strategy: This concerned with core values and it help in
determining vision of the organisation.
 Communicating visions: This step is concerned on to communicate with employee to
analses issues during working process on workplace.
 Removing obstacle: This step is concerned with to remove obstacle of for purpose of
achieving goals and objectives.
 Creating short term wins: It is concerned with implementation of changes made at short
term basis.
 Consolidating gains: This steps is concerned with countineous change which improve
performance of employee.
 Anchoring change in Corporate Culture: It is concerned with discussion of successful
stories related to changes made in organisation.
CONCLUSION
This report enhances the knowledge related to change in environment and its impact on
business. In this case manager plays vital role in motivating employees by telling about positive
effects on their personal growth. There are many reasons which occur change but it is important
to know reaction towards that change. This reports tells about external and internal drivers that
affects team performance. Company have to adopt changes in case they want to create same
image in market. There is change in operation style and strategies framed by manager. Lewis's 3-
stage changes style of motivation must be taken into consideration, this will help in getting new
and innovative ideas. Technological up-gradations, employees involvement in decision making ,
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etc. are options with which director can reduces impact of negative result. There must be proper
flow of communication which reduces chances of confusion.
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REFERENCES
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Feldman, L., Hart, P. S. and Milosevic, T., 2017. Polarizing news? Representations of threat and
efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change. Public Understanding
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Hall, J., 2010. Book Review: John E. Roueche, M. Melissa Richardson, Phillip W. Neal, and
Suanne D. Roueche The Creative Community College: Leading Change Through
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Heil, D., 2010. Understanding and leading organizations: A hermeneutic phenomenological
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Krahmann, E., 2013. The United States, PMSCs and the state monopoly on violence: Leading
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Miller, G. and et. al., 2013. Leading the e-learning transformation of higher education: Meeting
the challenges of technology and distance education. Stylus Publishing, LLC..
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Online
Internal & External Forces That Influence Employee Behavior. 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<http://smallbusiness.chron.com/internal-external-forces-influence-employee-behavior-
2806.html >.
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