Impact of Mass Tourism on Local Culture in Hong Kong

The assignment discusses the impact of foreign-based businesses on the local community in Hong Kong. It highlights that these businesses often dominate the culture of the local community, increasing competition and negatively affecting small local businesses. To mitigate this negative impact, the government and local people should work together to protect national interests, provide better facilities for visitors, and support local small businesses. The locals should also preserve their own culture, values, and traditions to prevent alienation.

Running head- Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure

1
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Executive Summary
This study has been conducted to study the tourism sector of Hong Kong. The main aim of this
study is to analyze the function of the Hong Kong Tourism Commission as well as the social,
economic, and environmental impact of the work of the Tourism Commission of Hong Kong.
The benefits and challenges of using historic building for tourism, leisure, events, and hospitality
have also been analyzed. The roles and responsibility of the tourism commission have been
studied. Some of the tourism projects and different involved stakeholder have also been included
in this study. It is important because it provides deep insight into the tourism industry of Hong
Kong. It has been found that there is significant social, economic, and environmental impact both
positive and negative of the tourism sector. It significantly contributes to the GDP as well as
employment and increases business opportunity for the people of the local community, but it also
increases competition in the local market due to which the small local businesses are in threat.
Appropriate recommendations have been given to minimize the negative impact at the end of this
study.

2
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
The Tourism Commission............................................................................................................................4
Organizational Structure..........................................................................................................................5
The vision of Tourism Commission..........................................................................................................6
The mission of Tourism Commission.......................................................................................................6
Role and Function of Tourism Commission.............................................................................................6
Tourism Project and Their Stakeholders......................................................................................................7
Types of Stakeholders..............................................................................................................................7
Example of Tourism Project.....................................................................................................................8
Example of Tourism Project.....................................................................................................................9
Relationship of Stakeholders.................................................................................................................10
Impact of Tourism Commission’s Work.....................................................................................................11
Social and Cultural impact.....................................................................................................................11
Economic impact...................................................................................................................................11
Environmental impact...........................................................................................................................12
Benefits and challenges of using historic building.....................................................................................12
Benefits of using historic building..........................................................................................................13
Challenges of using historic building.....................................................................................................14
A Case Study in Hong Kong........................................................................................................................15
Social Impact.........................................................................................................................................16
Economic impact...................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................17
Recommendations.....................................................................................................................................18
References.................................................................................................................................................19

3
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Introduction
Tourism is one of the emerging industries which is significantly contributing to the growth and
development of the economy (Lickorish and Jenkins, 2007). Nowadays almost every country
which has scope in the field of tourism is stepping in this industry in order to gain handsome
revenue for the growth and development of the economy. The tourism industry is one of the
major pillars of the Hong Kong's economy. It significantly contributes to the GDP of Hong
Kong. The share of the tourism industry in the GDP of Hong Kong economy in 2017 was 16.7%
which is a very significant contribution by a single industry in the GDP. Tourism industry does
not contribute to GDP but also in employment. There are more than 271800 persons employed in
the tourism industry which is 7.2 percent of the total employment (Okumus et al., 2007).
Although the tourism industry of Hong Kong faced a decline in its popularity and the number of
visitors decreased significantly in 2015. It has again started gaining popularity, and the number
of visitors is increasing day by day.
There is a need of developing unique tourism product in order to attract more visitors coming
through the heritage conservation, historic building or else cultural activities. The tourism
commission of Hong Kong should enhance the range of tourism products on offer. Tourism
sector represents the lifestyle, culture, tradition, style, of the city. Hong Kong is a unique
combination of western culture as well as eastern culture and heritage. The city should develop
more tourist attractions centers (Fan and Yim, 2011). It should also develop and encourage green
tourism capitalize on heritage and historical resources of Hong Kong and construct additional
performance venue. Some of the significant developments in the field of tourism sector in Hong
Kong are the following; the Lantua Island including Disney Theme Park of Hong Kong, Green
tourism, resort facilities and water sports in Sai Kung, a heritage, dining and cultural area in

4
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Central, a new Aberdeen tourism node integrated with development of the Ocean Park (Shen et
al., 2006).
The tourism commission of Hong Kong should also devise a focused and centralized marketing
strategy for boosting the tourism industry of the country. The quality of services is also one of
the major determinants of the success of tourism industry. The tourism commission should also
focus on the quality of services in order to enhance the quality of services (Heung et al., 2011).
There is a deep relationship between heritage conservation and tourism development. Tourists
come to visit the place to see the cultural heritage that a place has been conserved. The heritage
shows the culture, tradition, values of the places which attract the visitors to visit the place. If the
heritage is not being conserved the tourism sector of the place would not attract the visitor to
visit the place.
The main of this study is to highlights the roles and responsibilities of the tourism commission of
Hong Kong. This study will also focus on the relationship of stakeholders. It will also include the
impact of work of tourism commission such as social and cultural impacts, economic impacts,
and environmental impact as well as benefits and challenges of using the historic building.
The Tourism Commission
The Tourism Commission was established by the government of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region in May 1999 in order to maintain the position of Hong Kong as the top
destination city for visitors in Asia. The tourism commission of Hong Kong was established
under the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau (Chien and Law, 2003). The job of the
tourism commission of Hong Kong is to support the development of new events as well as

5
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
attraction and improve the tourism facilities in order to make Hong Kong a premier destination
for tourist. The Tourism Commission of Hong Kong is headed by the Commissioner for tourism.
The commissioner for tourism is responsible for mapping out the tourism development strategy
and policy of the government.
Organizational Structure
The tourism commission consists of seven members. As it is headed by the commissioner for
tourism, the commissioner for tourism is assisted by the deputy commissioner for tourism. There
are four assistant commissioners for tourism and one registrar of travel agents (Song et al.,
2003).

6
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
The vision of Tourism Commission
The vision of the tourism commission of Hong Kong is to develop and endorse Hong Kong as
the premier global city of Asia, a world-class destination for business and leisure visitors.
The mission of Tourism Commission
The mission of the tourism commission is to support the development of new events as well as
attraction and improve the tourism facilities in order to make Hong Kong a premier destination
for tourist.
Role and Function of Tourism Commission
The tourism commission of Hong Kong has a wide range of roles and functions to play in order
to develop and promote the tourism sector of Hong Kong. The major role of the tourism
commission is to improve the tourism facilities to attract more visitors. It has also supported the
development of new events and attraction in order to make Hong Kong a premier tourist
destination. The following are the major tasks that the tourism commission is responsible for
(Tourism Commission, 2018).
 To formulate the regulatory policies of the tourism industry
 To establish a link with the Hong Kong’s Travel Industry Council
 To build a link with mainland authorities on the initiative for the development and promotion
of tourism industry
 To create tourism cooperation with Macao and Taiwan and other nations
 To manage the operation of the new development project such as Ocean Park
 To formulate a plan for new tourism projects
 To manage the supply of hotels

7
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
 To control and monitor the performance of the tourism industry
 To manage and handle emergency incidents including hotels
 To coordinate and plan the provision of region-wide tourism
 To manage and cooperate the development and endorsement of cultural tourism and green
heritage
 To cooperate the implementation of Young Ambassador Scheme of Hong Kong
 To manage the operation of the Disneyland Resort as well as Park expansion works of Hong
Kong
 To manage the registry of travel agents in the administration of the Travel Agents ordinance
 To work as Secretory on travel agents to the Advisory Committee as well as to the TICF
Management Board
Tourism Project and Their Stakeholders
The term stakeholder can be defined as any interested party in the business is called stakeholder.
Therefore, “any group or individual who is affected by the achievement of the objectives of the
organization or who can affect the achievement of the objectives of the organization" is a
stakeholder (Freeman, 2010).
Types of Stakeholders
Stakeholders can be broadly categorized into two categories such as Internal Stakeholders as
well as External Stakeholders (Sadiq and Jain, 2014). The internal stakeholders are the board of
director, the employees, the representative of the employees such as trade association and trade
unions, function areas of the business such as finance, marketing, human resource, information
technology, etc. and the geographical area of the organization such as different branches. The

8
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
external stakeholders are the shareholders, the creditors, the suppliers, the consumers, the trade
bodies, the competitors, a private individual, the government, the local community, international
regulatory bodies such as WTO and IATA.
A stakeholder can affect the functioning of the organization. Some of the stakeholders are
directly involved in the business, and hence they significantly contribute in the process of
decision making. If the decision of the business is not served their interest, they will work as a
hindrance in the process of decision making as well as accomplishing the goals and objectives.
They also determine the success and failure of the organization (Isakov and Weisskopf, 2014).
Some of the stakeholders help in formulating the policies and procedures of the organization to
accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization. They also help in formulating strategies
of the organization for accomplishing the goals and objectives of the organization. Some of the
stakeholders determine the quality of product or services the organization offers. The roles of
some of the stakeholders also influence the organizational environmental and social disclosers.
Example of Tourism Project
Hong Kong Wetland Park: the first major green tourism facility of Hong Kong is the Hong Kong
wetland park at Tin Shui Wai. The wetland park opened on 20 May 2006 to the public. The
wetland park provides an opportunity for appreciating the natural heritage of the city to the
nature lover in an original and magnificent setting. Conservation, Fisheries, and Agriculture
department are responsible for managing and operating the park (Mckercher et al., 2005). The
wetland park has several facilities for the visitors such as Indoor Play Area, Kid’s Corner,
Wetland Snapshot, Swamp Adventure, and many more. The stakeholders of the wetland park are
the tourism commission, the government, the staffs, the visitors, the conservation department, the

9
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
fisheries department, the agricultural department, the local community as well as the people of
the city.
Example of Tourism Project
Aberdeen Tourism Project: One of the famous tourist attractions in the city is Aberdeen Tourism
Project. A consultant was appointed by the tourism commission in 2006 in order to develop a
conceptual design or the Aberdeen Tourism Project. The aim was to develop unique features of
the traditional fishing harbor. The tourism commission appointed a financial consultant in order
to assess the financial and commercial feasibility of the conceptual design as the conceptual
design involves a lot of commercial elements (Oktadiana and Chon, 2017). The government has
been funding the enhancement works for further improving the existing tourist facilities and
attraction in Aberdeen. The major stakeholders are the tourism commission, the government, the
financial consultant, the visitors, the staffs, the local community as well as the people of the city.

10
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Relationship of Stakeholders
The stakeholder relationship is critical to the business. If there is a healthy and strong
relationship among the different stakeholders the function of the organization will function
effectively and accordingly as well as the goals and objectives would be realized effectively. In
the above two examples, the major stakeholders are the tourism commission and the tourists
(Hazra et al., 2017). The tourism commission provides adequate and appropriate facilities to the
visitors in order to make them satisfied. If the interest of the visitors were not met, there would
not be a healthy and strong relationship between these two major stakeholders. The tourism
commission is also coordinating with the local community in order to provide adequate and
appropriate facilities to the visitors. If the relationship of the stakeholders is analyzed using
Power/Interest Model of Mendelow, 1991 it could be placed in the quadrant of high power/high

11
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
interest. It would be placed in this quadrant because all the stakeholders share high power as well
as high interest and can bring change or stop the plan of management if not satisfied.
Impact of Tourism Commission’s Work
The work of tourism commission affects the local community, environment, economy of the city,
social and culture aspect of the city (Tse and Prideaux, 2017). The impact of work of tourism
commission can be analyzed based on the following;
Social and Cultural impact
The social and cultural impacts are related to the attitude and behavior of the concerned people,
interaction between people and cultural background, the relationship of the concerned people
with the material goods, etc. The work of the tourism commission reflects the culture of the city,
the attitude, and behavior of the people, the tradition of the city (Veal, 2017). All of these have a
significant impact on social and cultural aspect. If the tourism commission introduces tourist to
the sensitive area, it can be detrimental to the city as well as for the people of the city. It may
also cause a loss of the culture of the city. It can also be helpful in preserving the culture of the
city as well as the cultural site of the city due to increase in resources.
Economic impact
In general, the tourism industry is considered as positive about its impact on the economy. The
work of tourism commission contributes to the GDP of the city significantly. The share of the
tourism industry in GDP is 16.7 percent which is quite impressive (Marin, 2015). The work of
tourism commission also generates employment in the economy which is also a good sign for the
growth and development of the economy of the city. As unemployment is considered as one of

12
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
the major serious issues of any economy, the tourism industry of Hong Kong contributes to
employment generation. Tourism industry shares nearly 5 percent of the total employment. It
also contributes to promoting local businesses. It enhances the living standard of the people. It
also has some negative towards the economy of the city. Due to the advancement of tourism
industry the cost of living of the people of the city would increase. As the standard of living
increases, the cost of living also increases. Development in tourism sector also attracts outside
business to enter into the city due to the expectations of the high rate of return. It also has two
sides positive as well as negative. If the external business enters into the local market the
economy will expand in terms of business and employment will be generated. It would also
increase the GDP of the city (Pratt, 2015). The negative side of it would be that due to the entry
of external business into the local market the small businesses of the local market may go out of
the market and hence the small entrepreneurs and their workers would be unemployed.
Environmental impact
It also has a significant impact on the environment. The work of tourism commission may affect
the carrying capacity of the area. The air quality, vegetation, water table, bodies of water, natural
phenomena, and wildlife could also be affected due to the work of the tourism commission. To
develop the tourism industry of the city, several projects need to be developed (Hong, 2015). The
development of the projects may decrease the quality of air and water. It may also affect the
wildlife as forests are being cut or the rate of deforestation is high.
Benefits and challenges of using the historic building
There are numerous benefits of using the historic building, but there are some challenges to it as
well.

13
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Benefits of using the historic building
One of the vital components of urban revitalization efforts is the preservation of heritage
building. The benefits of using historic building can be categorized into several categories such
as economic benefits, economic sustainability, and labor, energy saving benefits,
environmentally friendly- less waste, and other benefits.
The economic benefits are business benefits from locating in a heritage building. If the
businesses are located in the heritage building, it will help the business to generate more profit as
heritage building attracts more visitors (Nestico et al., 2015). It is also possible that the rate of
employment would increase. It increasingly helps in increasing tourism. As the tourism increases
more visitors come to visit and hence the government can generate more revenue. It also
improves municipal tax base through restored buildings.
The historic building creates more employment that the new construction. The historic buildings
are more labor-intensive than the new construction. It employees more labor than the machine
and hence increases the rate of employment. Historic buildings also use less energy than the new
construction. The historic building also creates less waste than the new construction. It also helps
in encouraging the improvement of existing infrastructure and stops deterioration.
The historic building is a proven energy saver. The energy required to operate a historic building
for 40 years is equivalent to the energy required to build a new building. It is also obvious that a
new construction produces much more waste than the conservation of historic building (Dore et
al., 2015).
Preservation of historic building is also beneficial because the demand for more land is
increasing and hence new building will be constructed to fulfill the demand of increased land. It

14
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
also increases employment and socio-economic status of the people. For example, Yau Ma Tei
Theatre Grade II building (1930), and Engineer’s office of the Former Pumping Station, Water
Supplies Department/ Red Brick House (1895) Grade I Building.
Challenges of using the historic building
There are several challenges of using historic building along with numerous benefits. One of the
major challenges of using historic building is its complex structure. Historic buildings may have
a complex structure. So, due to its complex structure, it may require expensive and technically
complicated modified design for adaption. For example, Baltic Flour Mill (1950)
Listed building consensus needed for all works of extension, alteration, and demolition to a listed
building which can affect the character as a building of historical interest or special architecture
(Gasparri et al., 2016). If consent is not being sought, but it is required, then it is considered a
criminal offense. If someone does not know that whether a building is listed or not, cannot
defend any criminal proceedings.
It may be tough with adaption to provide access for the people with especially abled. Another
challenge is that accommodation the standard needed by the historic building with adaption
would be difficult for instances acoustic and thermal performance requirement, indoor quality of
air, etc.
Historical significance and safety are also one of the major challenges of using the historic
building. It is very challenging to improve the safety and performance of historic building while
maintaining the historical significance of the building. Unforeseen conditions are also the major
challenges of using historic buildings (Marshall et al., 2016).

15
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
A Case Study in Hong Kong
There are several historic building or declared monument which is used for tourism, leisure,
events, and hospitality function in Hong Kong. The historic building or declared monument has a
great impact on the economy of Hong Kong. Every year, these historic building or declared
monuments attract thousands of tourists which significantly contribute to the economy of Hong
Kong. One of the famous and declared monuments of Hong Kong is “Rock Carving” at Big
Wave Bay, Hong Kong Island.
The Rock Carving at big wave bay was first discovered and reported a police officer in 1970.
The groups of ancient rock carving are found scattered along the boulder-strewn coastline of
Hong Kong. The pattern of the groups of ancient rock carving is mainly geometric, and these
groups of ancient rock carving contain images of human and animal (Rock Carving at Big Wave

16
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Bay, 2018). It is very hard to find that who has made these groups of ancient rock carving. There
is no empirical evidence and hence when, how, and why these have been made is very tough to
find. But the state of weathering of these ancient rocks carving stats that these groups of ancient
rock carving must have had a long history. The design of the groups of ancient rock caring show
a dynamic animal and geometric arrangement with a worked surface of 90cm x 180cm. The rock
carving at big wave bay is situated on a headland embracing the beautiful bay like most other
rock carvings apart from Wong Chuk and Shek Pik. Some of the available evidence shows that
the early inhabitants who made the rock carving mainly depended on the sea for a livelihood.
The group of ancient rock carvings might have been projected to guard the sea-faring people and
to appease the power of the sea as well.
Social Impact
Although it is hard to measure the social impact of historic building or declared monument but it
can be said that the rock carving has significant social impact. The rock carving displays the
history of Hong Kong and its population who was living at the coastal area of the island. The
pattern of the groups of ancient rock carving shows how the people of at that time were getting
their livelihood. It also displays the ancient culture of the Hong Kong (Petr, 2015). As it attracts
thousands of tourists every year to visit and see the rock carving, it develops an intercultural
understanding which help the local community to understand several culture their living style,
standard of living, values, beliefs, morale, etc. It also helps in developing friendship as the
people of local community assist the people of foreign countries while they visit the historic
building. It also brings foreign expertise to the city through conference and hence strengthening
ties. It has also some drawback such as invading the privacy of local community. It also imposes
modern ideologies on the local community.

17
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Economic impact
From the economic point of view, it has always been considered as a beneficial element. As it
creates new jobs for the people of the local community, it helps in improving the GDP of the
city. The people of local community get the various opportunity of employment which brings
down the rate of unemployment in the city. The revenue of the government increases which is
spent on the infrastructure of the local community which facilitate better transportation facility,
electricity, drinking water, and many more (Souza, 2016). The education system also improves,
and many students intend to learn the foreign languages. But there is a negative impact on the
economy as well. Historical building or declared monument attracts a large number of visitors
due to which competition in local business increases and the foreign player also enter the local
market and hence small local businesses shut down.
Conclusion
The tourism industry of Hong Kong is well established and well functioned. It significantly
contributes to the economy of the city. In order to enhance the functioning of the tourism
industry of Hong Kong, Tourism Commission has been established. The tourism commission of
Hong Kong is responsible for making the tourism sector of the city the premier destination for
the visitors. It formulates and implements plan and policies for improving the tourism sector of
the city. Several large tourism projects have been developed while some of the tourism projects
are in progress. The tourism commission is responsible for enhancing the quality of service of
the tourism of Hong Kong in order to satisfy the visitors and attract more visitors. The tourism
industry of the city has conserved several heritage buildings which creates new employment as
well as use less energy and produces less waste. The tourism industry of Hong Kong has

18
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
significant social and economic impact. As it has been identified that the share of the tourism
sector in the GDP of the city in 2017 was 16.7%, it also contributes significantly to employment
generation. It helps in developing intercultural understanding, but the negative impact of it also
cannot be denied. It creates a threat to the culture of the local community as the more visitors
visit the city brings their own culture which dominated the culture of the local community. It also
increases competition in the local market which has a negative impact on the small local
businesses.
Recommendations
In order to minimize the negative impact on the economy and society, the government, as well as
the people of the city, should cooperate with each other. It is the responsibility of the government
to protect the national interest and provide better facility to the visitors. The government should
formulate policies to safeguard the local small businesses. The government should provide them
special treatment to survive in the competitive market. The government should also formulate
policies to increase the level of employment for the people of the local community (Boianic and
Lo, 2016). The foreign-based business should hire at least a certain percentage of local people in
their company in order to operate in the city.
The local people of the local community should strongly hold their culture, values, beliefs,
norms, and tradition so that the alien tradition cannot dominate them. They should educate their
children about the importance of own culture and tradition. It will help the children to not adopt
the foreign culture. They should be interested in foreign languages, but they should not forget the
importance of local language.

19
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
References
Lickorish, L. J., & Jenkins, C. L. (2007). Introduction to tourism. Routledge.
Okumus, B., Okumus, F., & McKercher, B. (2007). Incorporating local and international
cuisines in the marketing of tourism destinations: The cases of Hong Kong and Turkey. Tourism
Management, 28(1), 253-261.
Fan, I., & Yim, J. (2011). Hong Kong Tourism Industry. Economic Focus.
Shen, L. Y., Platten, A., & Deng, X. P. (2006). Role of public-private partnerships to manage
risks in public sector projects in Hong Kong. International Journal of Project
management, 24(7), 587-594.
Heung, V. C., Kucukusta, D., & Song, H. (2011). Medical tourism development in Hong Kong:
An assessment of the barriers. Tourism Management, 32(5), 995-1005.
Chien, G. C., & Law, R. (2003). The impact of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on
hotels: a case study of Hong Kong. International journal of hospitality management, 22(3), 327-
332.
Song, H., Wong, K. K., & Chon, K. K. (2003). Modeling and forecasting the demand for Hong
Kong tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(4), 435-451.
Tourism Commission - Organisation Chart. (2018). Tourism.gov.hk. Retrieved 27 April 2018,
from http://www.tourism.gov.hk/english/about/abt_org.html
McKercher, B., Ho, P. S., & Du Cros, H. (2005). The relationship between tourism and cultural
heritage management: evidence from Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 26(4), 539-548.

20
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge university
press.
Sadiq, M., & Jain, S. K. (2014, August). Stakeholder identification method in goal-oriented
requirements elicitation process. In Requirements Prioritization and Communication (RePriCo),
2014 IEEE 5th International Workshop on (pp. 25-33). IEEE.
Isakov, D., & Weisskopf, J. P. (2014). Our founding families special blockholders? An
investigation of controlling shareholder influence on firm performance. Journal of Banking &
Finance, 41, 1-16.
Oktadiana, H., & Chon, K. (2017). Why do we teach what we teach? Perspectives from Asia’s
hospitality and tourism program directors. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 17(4), 281-
299.
Hazra, S., Fletcher, J., & Wilkes, K. (2017). Evaluation of power relationships among
stakeholders in the tourism industry networks of Agra, India. Current issues in tourism, 20(3),
278-294.
Tse, T. S., & Prideaux, B. (2017). Tourism planning requirements from a private sector
perspective: the case of Hong Kong. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(12), 1210-1214.
Veal, A. J. (2017). Research methods for leisure and tourism. Pearson UK.
MARIN, D. (2015). Study on the economic impact of tourism and agrotourism on local
communities. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47(4), 160-163.
Pratt, S. (2015). The economic impact of tourism in SIDS. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 148-
160.

21
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Hong, E. (2015). See the Third World while it lasts: The social and environmental impact of
tourism with special reference to Malaysia.
Nesticò, A., Macchiaroli, M., & Pipolo, O. (2015). Costs and benefits in the recovery of historic
buildings: the application of an economic model. Sustainability, 7(11), 14661-14676.
Dore, C., Murphy, M., McCarthy, S., Brechin, F., Casidy, C., & Dirix, E. (2015). Structural
simulations and conservation analysis-historic building information model (HBIM). The
International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information
Sciences, 40(5), 351.
Gasparri, N. I., Kuemmerle, T., Meyfroidt, P., Waroux, Y., & Kreft, H. (2016). The emerging
soybean production frontier in Southern Africa: Conservation challenges and the role of south‐
south telecouplings. Conservation Letters, 9(1), 21-31.
Marshall, K. N., Stier, A. C., Samhouri, J. F., Kelly, R. P., & Ward, E. J. (2016). Conservation
challenges of predator recovery. Conservation Letters, 9(1), 70-78.
Rock Carving at Big Wave Bay, Hong Kong Island - Declared Monuments - Antiquities and
Monuments Office. (2018). Amo.gov.hk. Retrieved 27 April 2018, from
http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_01.php
Petr, C. (2015). How heritage site tourists may become monument visitors. Tourism
Management, 51, 247-262.
Souza, T. V. S. B. (2016). Recreation classification, tourism demand and economic impact
analyses of the federally protected areas of Brazil. Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

22
Strategic Planning for Tourism and Leisure
Bojanic, D. C., & Lo, M. (2016). A comparison of the moderating effect of tourism reliance on
the economic development of islands and other countries. Tourism Management, 53, 207-214.