Leadership Styles and Management Techniques

The provided assignment is a compilation of research papers and studies on leadership styles and management techniques. It includes articles on shared leadership, empowering leadership, charismatic leadership, and the impact of human resource management on environmental performance. Additionally, it covers the Six Sigma process improvement methodology and flat organizational structure. The assignment aims to provide insights into effective leadership and management practices, highlighting their role in individual effectiveness, team performance, and environmental sustainability.

Management
and
Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction of organization and its management structure....................................................2
2. Role and characteristic of leaders and manager......................................................................3
3. Difference of managerial function and leadership roles by applying theories........................4
4. Role of leaders and manager in different situation ................................................................4
5. Apply different management and leadership theories ............................................................5
6. Strength and weakness of different approach ........................................................................5
7. Conclusion and recommendations .........................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
1. Operation management and its key approaches......................................................................6
2. Role of leaders and managers in managing operation ...........................................................7
3. Importance and value of key approaches to operation management .....................................8
4. Improving efficiencies of operational by managers and leaders ............................................9
5. Impact of external environment on decisions by leaders and managers ................................9
6. Critically evaluation of application of operation management to manage factor.................10
7. Conclusion and recommendations........................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management is a process of managing and controlling business activities. It helps the
firm in making optimum utilization of resources, maintaining cost effectiveness and achieving
goals of organization. On other side, operation management is centralized on production of
goods and services in company (Abapour and et.al., 2015). Management and operation is
essential for overall productivity of firm.
The present study is based on M&S. It is multinational retail company which specialises
in luxury food products, clothing and home goods. This report will introduce organization and its
management structure. It will explain role of leaders and manager in different situation of
organization. Moreover, it will define importance of operation management and value of its key
approaches in company.
TASK 1
1. Introduction of organization and its management structure
Mark and Spencer group plc is British multinational retailers in London. It was founded
by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds. M&S currently has 979 stores across the UK
including 615 that only sell food products. Organization made its repuatation with the policy of
only selling British made products. It entered into long term relationship with British
manufacturer. They are selling clothes and food products under St Michael brand.
Management Structure:
M&S follow flat structure of their organization. There is no middle level management in
company. Flat organization supervises workers less while promoting their rasied involvement in
decision making process. The advantages of this structure is decreasing budget costs and
removing salaries of middle management in M&S. Disadvantages of this structure is to create
confusion and possible power struggles among management (Flat Organizational Structure,
2018). Communication happen more easily between upper manager and base line workers,
allowing for more rapid changes and problems resolution.
With the help of flat structure, it incraese productivity. M&S using this structure for
increasing experience and reducing budget costs. It helps for maintaining corporate control and
final approavl on decision at exceutive level.

2. Role and characteristic of leaders and manager
Leaders: A person who is responsible for setting up direction and giving guidance to
their followers. They are representative of organization. Leaders influences group of people
towards accomplishing goals. They are helping their subordinates in making strategies for
increasing productivity of company. There are many qualities in leaders such as creating team,
motivating followers (Liao and et.al., 2017).
Managers: A person who is responsible for managing of whole organization. Manager is
responsible for planning, directing, coordinating, organizing and control. Role of manager
depend on their nature of work like top level manager are held responsible for vision and mission
of organization. They are controlling departments in company. Manager is setting priorties,
ensuring quality and resolving complex problems (Qu, Janssen and Shi, 2015).
Compare role and characteristic of manager and leaders:
Basis Leaders Managers
Meaning Leaders are the director that guides
the followers to achieve particular
goals
Manager are the owners and
orders the leader about achieveing
the goals.
Risk Leaders are taking risk for training
of subordinates.
As compare to leaders, manager is
controlling risk of M&S.
Goals and vision Leaders are creating vision and As opposed to leaders, manager is
Illustration 1: Flat Organizational Structure
Sources:(Flat Organizational Structure, 2018)

involving employees (Northouse,
2017).
creating goals of M&S.
Training and directing They are giving training of
followers in M&S.
In contrast to leaders, they are
trained to achieve goals.
Ability Leaders have ability to make team
members work in increasing
efficiency
Managers have ability to direct
leaders
Decision making Leaders work on the decisions
made by the manager.
Role of manager is to make
decision and directs the leaders
according to the decision.
3. Difference of managerial function and leadership roles by applying theories
Contingency theory: Contingency theory helps in all aspects of current situations of
company. This theory highlights on the importance of the situation arises in the company. In
accordance with this theory there are two factors included such as task structure and position
power of leaders (Shamir and Howell, 2018). there are no signature style to face the situation
but manager applies his own way to manage the situation.
System theory: It has a significant effects management and understanding company. It is
frame work by which one can investigate and describe any group of objects. This theory deeply
means that one enterprise or person cannot solve the problem as the work is done mainly beyond
the national boundaries.
Scientific theory: It is also known as classical theory of management. This theory is
applying for improving working condition and efficiency of individual in M&S. The theory is
applied in M&S as it defines clear role and responsibilities of managers. Administrative adopt
classical theory for making effective decision of company (Lorinkova and Perry, 2017). Leader
follows this theory for providing training to thier subordinates.
4. Role of leaders and functions of manager in different situation with the help of example
Decisions making: Managers and leadrs of M&S company should listen to each
members decision and accordingly take decisions. They must ensure that every member of the
company is cooperating with the decision making process.

Interpersonal conflicts:this is the situation which M&S usually faces. To overcome these
managers and leaders should have a free talk with the employees and and clarify the situation
occured. They should not avoid these situation as it can affect te performance of the particular
team (Reina and et.al., 2018).
Valued member leave company: this situation is very tough for the enterprise. To
overcome such problem, the leader of the selected company should respect the efforts of the
member and motivate them to work harder and manager must reward with some incentives or
awards (Metz and et.al., 2017).
5. Apply different management and leadership theories
Situational Leadership: It is an adaptive leadership style. This apporach encourages the
employees to work as per the situation arises. This theory helps to create individual and
workgroups. Situational leadership approach is creating proactive problem solving approach,
increasing retention, growth and sustainble performance of M&S. Leaders makes decisions for
supervising of their subordinates. this theory is not based on skills but is based on situation or
changing requirements of the company.
System Leadership: It implies more collective act from people in multiple organization
and variety of level. This theory helps to build up capacity to system mapping and other system
practices into our strategy work. This approach support growth and sustainable performance of
M&S because in this workers work according to own potential and ability. It involves fostering
reflection and more generative conversation. It centres on shifting collective focus from reactive
problem solving to co creating future (Chiu, Owens and Tesluk, 2016).
Contingency Leadership: It is an organizational theory that claims there is no best way to
organize a corporation. Contingency theory is to lead company, make decision rather optimal
course of action is contingent upon internal and external conditions. With the help of this
approach leaders of Marks and Spencer are able formulate their working style as per the need of
situation. According Fred Fiedler's model, this leadership is focused on relationship between
leaders and members. There is high task structure and leader's position power.
6. Strength and weakness of different approach
System Approach:
 The strength of this theory is that it provides efficient plan of action and good basis of
control (Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-Abarghooee 2014).

 The weakness is that it reacts very slow because the work is done beyond national
boundaries.
Situational Leadership:
 The strength of this theory is that the members become flexible to handle every type of
situation in the company
 The weakness is that the manager has to notice the skills of the employee based on the
situation on regular basis (Reina and et.al., 2018).
Contingency Leadership:
 The advantage of this approach is developing relationship between leaders and team
members in M&S. It emphasizes to importance of leader's style and demand of different
situation. This theory supplies data on leadership styles for developing leadership profiles
for human resources planning.
 The weakness is that actions are not spelled out that has to be taken in different situation.
(Metz and et.al., 2017).
7. Conclusion and recommendations
From above, it can be concluded that M&S follow flat structure of their organization. The
manager and leader has to motivate the employees so that they put good and skilled efforts in the
changing situation. There are different approaches applying in various managerial function and
leadership role in company.
Manager's of M&S should follow different approaches for growth and sustainable
performance of company as well as themselves. Leaders should apply various theories for
solving different condition of organization. Therefore, it is responsibilities of managers and
leaders for company growth and development. These concepts helps for improving productivity.
TASK 2
1. Operation management and its key approaches
The term Operation management means to ensure that the business operations are
effective or efficient in relation to production of goods and services. It includes design products,
development, production, trading, managing purchase, inventory control and evaluation of
processes (Abapour and et.al., 2015). Operation management is responsible for regular basis

maintenance and arrangment of M&S procedures and resources. It exists in all business areas
such as in production, services provisioning, procurement or back office administration.
Key approaches to operation management:
Six Sigma Approach: It is an approach that focus on quality. It is defined step sequence
and financial targets such raising profits or decreasing costs. Six sigma follows DMAIC model
for quality improvement and problem reduction. DMAIC stands for define, measure, analysis,
improve and control. The main objective of define phase is to summarize projects plans. It
focuses on clearly specifying problems. The purpose of measure step is to collect data that is
relevant to scope of projects (Rastogi, 2018). It is implemented in Marks and Spencer because
the approach assists the firm in managing continuous improvement. Moreover, it helps the
organization in maintaining cost effectiveness in business operations. Main aim of approach is to
analyze stage to find root cause of business inefficiency. Improve stage is upgrade the process by
determining potential solutions and implement them. Purpose of control step is to generate
detailed solution monitoring plan.
Lean Approach: Lean production is systematic method of removing waste within
manufacuring process of Marks and Spencer. This theory accounts for waste that is created
through overburening or uneven workpload. Lean approach focus on use of resources for any
Illustration 2: Six Sigma Model (DMAIC Model)
Source: (DMAIC – A Six Sigma Process Improvement
Methodology, 2018)

reason other than value creation for customers as wasteful and seeks to remove expenditurte as
much as poosible. The benefits of this theory is reduction of lead time and increasing
producivity. It is implemented by firm to maintain effectiveness in supply chain management
which aim at making optimum utilization of resources. (Abapour and et.al., 2015).
2. Role of leaders and managers in managingoperation
Role of Managers:
Financial management: Operation manger play role in controlling costs, bugeting and
keeping track financial. Their management of supply chain and other resources helps to
minimize costs of production. They study business forecasts, sales reports and financial
statement to find ways to maximize result (Liao and et.al., 2017).
Developing strategies: Operation manager is responsible for establishing policies and
setting goals as well as objectives for various department in company. They are responsible for
sales forecasting and planning of sales promotions. In M&S managers are responsible for
implementing supply chain strategies to maximize productivity
Managing resources: Manager play role for managing resources both raw material and
personnel. Oversight of inventory, purchasing and supplies is central to job. Human resources
involves determining needs, hiring workers and planning employees development (Qu, Janssen
and Shi, 2015). The role of manager is to manage use of resources to minimize risk and maintain
cost effectiveness.
Role of Leaders:
Maintain Team: Operation leaders play role in maintaining healthy and motivated team.
They are identifying when team member is struggling to meet performance goals and addressing
sensitive issues. Leaders role is to make sure that their management team is giving information
of individual. The leaders of Marks and Spencer are responsible for coordinating team workers
in order to respond to fluctuation in market trends.
Supply Chain management: Operation leaders play important role in supply chain
management and success of company (Bolden, 2016). They are working to design and execute
supply chain strategies that increased productiveness, decrease risk and effectives respond to
fluctuation in demand. Managing supply chain is the key responsibility of leaders because it
helps the individual in dealing in dynamic market demand.

3. Importance and value of key approaches to operation management
Importance of operation management:
Improving productivity: Operation management is important for improving productivity.
It means ratio of input to output. It provides a measure of efficiency of managers and leaders.
Utilization of resources: In operation management, there is optimum utilization of
resources leading to large profits of M&S. It play important role in handling issues such as
design and maintenance of system used for production of products (Chiu, Owens and Tesluk,
2016).
Imporving quality: With the help of operation mangement, company is able to make
good use of resources such as labour, raw material, money, etc. Quality improvement is very
important as it attracts the customers towards the product that leads to increaseing profits.
Value of key approaches:
Six Sigma Approach: This theory is helping for improving quality in operation of M&S.
DMAIC model is used for improvement of quality and managing operation of organization. It is
essential concept for minimum handling of materials, adopting statistical thinking towards
quality. It is the valuable approach for Marks and Spencer as it assists the firm in eliminating
errors and improving quality of business operations. (Reina and et.al., 2018).
Lean Approach: This concept is important for managing operation of M&S. It is
maximize simplicity of processes and decreased consumption of resources which are used in
production. It is also reduced of mistakes and changes of orders. The approach has considerable
value of Marks and Spencer as it helps the management reducing waste, managing smooth flow
of functions and perfection.
4. Improving efficiencies of operational by managers and leaders
Quality Improvement: Managers and leaders are improving quality of operation. They
are following different techniques and methods of managing efficiencies of operation. With the
help of quality improvement, manager is meet objectives and goals of M&S.
Safety Performance: Managers is able to make decision for safety performance in M&S.
With the help of saftey performance, they make efforts on improving efficiencies of operations
(Metz and et.al., 2017). Leaders and managers make appropriate measure safety performance at
workplace. Through, this component, they meet business objectives. Thus, safety performance

helps to increase the quality of goods at low cost of production which helps in attracting
customers towards the company.
Inventory control: It is most difficult systerms of organization. Operation management
overseas inventory systems which determine effectively manage the inventory in M&S. With the
help of effective controlling of inventory, managers is able to improve efficiencies of operational
of company. Through improving operational efficiencies, leader is able to meet business
objectives.
Utilization of technology: Operation manager and leaders use different technology for
effective operations and improving efficiencies in M&S. With the help of
innovationmanagement , manager will be able to meet objectives and goals of company.
Implementing approaches: Operation manager is able to implemente different theories
for improving operational efficiencies of M&S. They are adopting continuous improvement
approach for betterment of operations. With the help of approach, manager will be able to reduce
waste and cost function which will assist the firm in meeting goals and objectives. (Bahmani-
Firouzi and Azizipanah-Abarghooee 2014).
5. Impact of external environment on decisions by leaders and managers
Political Factors: Governement regulates free trade policy for business which influences
on operation of M&S. Due to policy, organization is reducing in sourcing costs. Modification in
taxation policy and changing government effects on decisions which is made by leaders and
managers. Decision relating to policies and regulation of governance (Deihimi, Zahed and
Iravani, 2016). thus, if there is change in government policy it will affect business environment
as the desire for trading internationally will be affected.
Economic Factors: the business factors mainly includes tax rates, general demand
interest rates etc. Thus, this affects the business environment to great extent. Hence, customers
are very concious about the price so the company has to change the marketing way of the
product to make customers attracted.
Social Factors: Customers demand, fashion and trends are included in social factors.
These components are directly impacts on operation of M&S. Organization is focused on organic
and green produce which brand to push. Social factors affects on decisions fulfillment of
customers demand which is made by managers (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2017).

Technological Factors: Changing in technology is directly effected on operation of
M&S. Company is focused on adopting innovation technology for effective operation. These
factors are also impacted on decisions which are amde by leaders and managers. As todays
generation is fond of online shopping, the company has to update the website and technoly so
that the customers gets attracted towards the product.
Legal Factors: Modification in laws and regulation relating health and safety, consumer
protection and labur law. These components are affects operation of M&S and decisions of
leaders relating consumer and labour. The company must have complete knowledge about the
legal formalities outsde the boundaries and should concentrate on labelling and safety of
products which encopurages the customer to buy the product.
Environmental Factors: Organization is focused on sustainable products and
environmental friendly. M&S affects by strict regulation regarding environment and consumer
pressure on ethical green practices. These elements affects decisions which are made by
managers relating environment regulation and operation process like, use of renewable
resources, limiting use of natural resources (Paillé, Chen, Boiral, and Jin, 2014).
6. Critically evaluation of application of operation management to manage factor
Application of operational management helps to manage different external factors which
are impacted on wider community environment. There are many application to manage
operations such as develop supply chain capabilities, cloud competencies and trend analytics. In
critically evaluation, cloud competencies is saving costs and strong control of effective
environment.
Thus, M&S will have to change the plans and policies and has to perform according to
the market situations that affects the companys internal environment.
7. Conclusion and recommendations
From above operation management and its key approaches are essential for M&S.
Leaders and managers are playing critical role for improving efficiencies to manage operation of
company and to meet businees objectives. M&S operations and leaders decisions affected by
many external environmental factors. Organization is used many application of
operationalmanagement to arrange factors which are impacted on wider business environment.

Manager os M&S should follow six sigma approach for managing operation of their
company. The communication process between the manager and followers should be good that
helps the employees to get motivated to work harder and increase the productivity.
CONCLUSION
This report summarized that M&S follows flat structure in the organization. It can be
discussed that many role played by leader and managers for resolving different situation of
business. It can be concluded that various theories in which managerial functions and leadership
roles are essential. The above assignment is further based on the the roles and functions of
manager and leader.
Furthermore, it is concluded that management and operations play significant role to
increase productivity and efficiency of the selected company.

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