Review of Recent Research Papers and Articles

This assignment requires reviewing a list of recent research papers and articles published in various journals and conferences. The papers cover topics such as strategic planning in municipal government, sales and operations planning, selective disassembly planning for waste electrical and electronic equipment, modeling and management of energy systems, influence analysis of supply chain management, optimal planning of microgrid power, smart operations, and sustainable service supply chain management. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive review of these papers and articles, highlighting their key findings, methodologies, and implications.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
.........................................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
a) Differences and similarities between a leader and manager..............................................3
b) Functions of management given by Henry Fayol..............................................................4
c) Different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency....................................................................................................6
TASK 2...........................................................................................................................................7
1. Different approaches to operations management and identifying what is used in the store7
3. Importance of operations management at Marks and Spencer of Store manager..............9
4. Identify factors that can have an effect on the operation's management for Marks and
Spencer.................................................................................................................................10
5. Factors Impact upon your decision making as a store manager ......................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
This project discusses about operational management. It deals with designing and
controlling process of management. Business performs different processes that are managed by
managers. Leaders motivate employees to work (Anderson and Cochran, 2018). To increase
profitably and productivity, firm adopts different methods and strategies. This is a basic process
of management. Further, this project discusses about roles and characteristics about managers
and leaders and management principles given by Henry Fayol, along with different types of
leadership styles, different strategies used by business, role of store manager, importance of
management in Marks and Spencer, factors that affect operational management and impact of
decisions taken by manager of company.
TASK 1
a) Differences and similarities between a leader and manager
Leader gives command to their group or community. They lead organization and give
directions to employees. They are in a position to dominate people and influence group.
Leadership is concerned about people (Chenoweth and Bird, 2018). Different business process is
managed by manger. It is responsibility of the manager to administer or guide people of
organization. They are responsible for completion of task in organization. Managers and leaders
play very important role in an organisation. Here is a comparison between their roles and
characteristics.
Managers Leaders
Management of tasks in different departments
is done by manager. They are responsible for
completion of specific tasks in that department.
They coordinate different activities in an
organisation and get work done on time.
Managers sets target for people in organisation
The role of leader is to guide group. They
motivate people in-group, to perform
effectively to achieve goals in an organisation.
Leader prepares group of effective workers to
achieve targets on time.
Managers have set of responsibilities and
observe situation of organisation and gives
instructions about execution of task (Johnsen,
2018). They follow guidelines given by
Leaders show light of hope to their followers.
They individually contribute towards the goals
of organisation by providing individuals with
instructions. Leadership is a natural process,

management institutions, are very rigid in
nature and never change their style of
management.
they give an expression of ideas to their
followers. This person always encourages
management to work effectively.
Manager decides to keep their tasks specified
or in limited hand, this makes work precise and
targets are achieved on time (Kristensen and
Jonsson, 2018). Managers control actions of
their group. They provide guidance to their
employees.
Leadership is people oriented, they study or
analyse behaviour of people in their group and
on basis of there analysation they decide that
weather a person is ready to handle more
responsibilities or not. Leaders don't control
people they guide them towards their goals.
Managers control actions of their group. They
provide guidance to their employees. Managers
have rigid nature, they follow proper set of
instructions and apply same on every situation.
They have mindset and do not like changing
their opinions.
Leaders don't control people they guide them
towards their goals. Leaders are focused on
needs of their followers. They personally
analyse different situations of organisation. As
leaders are concerned about their followers,
they guide and motivate them to face different
difficulties of an organisation.
There are different departments in
organisations, different works is performed by
departments. Mangers are in charge of
performance in these departments whereas
leaders focus on directing their followers how
to perform task on time.
Leaders are very flexible in nature, they always
like to experiment new ideas. Risk taking
ability of leaders is very high. They do not
flow any guideline or instruction, they change
their leadership style according to different
organisation situations. They adopt different
strategies as they are required to deal with
problems.

b) Functions of management given by Henry Fayol
This theory is given by Henry Fayol, who was an engineer in 1961. Many management
theories were given by Fayol. These strategies were designed according to experience. These
principles help organisation to function in better way.
There are different situations occurs in a business where managers and leaders have to
implement strategies and plans in order to solve them effectively. Planning is a stage where
leaders and managers prepare for the future uncertainties. Employees sometimes need guidance
in various difficult situations in order to understand their roles that commanding will help them
to make their work better and effective. Coordination and control is needed when a situation
arises of conflicts and misunderstandings between employees which will help to solve their
issues and restrict bad behaviour of employees at workplace. Here are functions of a manager
applied in different situations:Planning: it is initial stage of any business. According to Henry,
this involves looking into future and drafting plan according to requirements of future. It defines
various ways of performing a specific task. Planning is done according to availability of
resources in business. In this process, businessman focuses on resources of an organisation that
are used effectively. It is a continuous process and is required at every level of organisation. This
process is forward looking process as it deals with prediction of future and making strategies.
Scanning of business environment is done in this process, as it helps to deal with upcoming
threats. Managers always evaluate plans and make necessary measures and corrections in them.
Organisation: In this process, work is divided in different departments according to skills of
employees. Division of work help management to complete task on time. This process can help
employees to gain perfection in particular tasks. It is very important to divide tasks according to
skills and talents of employees. Managers can delegate work to different employees, they are still
accountable to top-level management for work. Alone one person cannot do all work of
organisation, it is very necessary to divide work. There are different departments like production,
selling, promotion, distribution in organisation. All of these are interdependent; they work
together towards goals of organisation (Li, Xia and Chao, 2019). This process is effective if
resources of organisation are properly utilised. Commanding: after departments are made,
proper command or instructions regarding performance of task is given by manager. These
instructions are communicated in simple language. Managers motivate employees to complete
task in effective manner. It is very important process in business. If commands are not properly

communicated to employee, this will lead to incomplete target. This process help manger to
increase efficiency. Work cannot be completed on time if proper instructions regarding task is
not communicated employees. Coordinating: Different activities are performed in different
departments, co-ordination is very important. It helps to perform right work on right time, in
order to avoid confusion and duplication of work in different departments (Zamani Sabzi, Abudu
and King, 2018). This process ensures that co-ordination of activities is clearly communicated to
employees. This strategy is required by every department in organisation. In case, there is lack of
co-ordination between departments then there are chances of duplication of work. This will
increase cost of project and resources of organisation that will not be utilised in effective manger.
Controlling: it is last function of management. According to Fayol, this process measure
performance of employees. This measurement is done on basis of standard set by industries. If
performance of employees is not according to prescribed standard, managers find out reason of
differences After identifying reasons of deviations, managers will make necessary changes in
existing process or will make new strategies and plan. Controlling is persuasive process and is
required by every department in organisation. This process is both forward looking and
backward looking of program.
c) Different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency
The leadership theory basically uses in the business operations to control the entire
operations effectively and efficiently. Leadership style which encouraging, mentoring and
incubating to their team, member. There are various theories and approaches applicable in the
business process and operations discussed below:
Situational Leadership- This theory is base on the assumptions because the situation changes
according to the requirements of business. This is the most effective approach to adopt new
leadership style to change the business environment. This theory depends upon situations and
issues and problem that occurs in business activities. According to this theory, it identifies
leadership style of effective leader therefore, effective leader always try to influence their
colleagues enhance their skills and knowledge for growth and development. This is the best way
to understand the need and requirement of business. It also identifies the actual resources require
for business development There are various leadership styles such as telling, delegating,
participating and selling that are essential for leadership to manage all styles in proper ways.

For example- A situational leader always lead the situations by understanding which factors
should be influenced in order to make changes effectively. According to Marks and Spencer, The
employee of this organization works under the leader and they guide in proper way. Success
depends upon team leader and his style where, how can handle in the critical Situations (Liu, Yu
and Liu, 2018). All organizations need to make an effective strategy and planning to achieve
their objectives.
System leadership- System leadership style is very important for an organization that is
applicable in business operations to change the style of leader. It will manage entire business
activities with the help of System leadership style. This is essential for each and every
organization to manage business process in proper manner. This is the best approach to handle
the management system in proper way. The most of the peoples are focus on the management
system and their services.
For an example: A good leader always tries to interact with other employees to understand their
ideas for growth and development. Manager of Marks and Spencer has capabilities and skills to
manage all operations properly and systematically.
Contingency leadership- This leadership theory is a crucial part of organization to identify
leadership style that suitable for business functions because leadership style is important for
balancing coordination between employees and management. It is an effective leadership quality
to control needs, context and success of an organization. This theory mainly focuses on
establishing an effective relationship with leader and their subordinates.
For an example, An effective leader manage and control his style by taking both situational and
individual factors in order to make coordination with his workers at workplace. This will help
leader to manage work of employees in different situations by making their coordination more
effective and efficient.
TASK 2
1. Different approaches to operations management and identifying what is used in the store
Operations management is a process that has some specific responsibilities to operate a
business operation such as essential resources that are useful in the purpose of meeting and
conference. It also provides high quality of services in global marketplace. They use an effective
raw material that develops high standard products in market.

Marks and Spencer is a popular organization to provide the best quality of services. There
are various stores available in every location and it is easy for customers to buy products from
nearby stores. This organization involves various processes that manage the business functions
such as raw material and labour; therefore, they put some energy to convert into the effective
services and goods. There are important approaches applicable in an organization to manage the
entire operational management system in proper manner.
Lean manufacturing approach- In this approach, the store manager produces an effective
quality of services and goods to their customers. The store manager has seen the actual price of
product. It can easily understand the requirement of business operations with the help of this
approach.
Customer centric approach- this approach is essential for business because it easily identifies
the right and standard products (Palandeng, Kindangen and Massie, 2018). The store manager
searches the actual need of business and it provides an effective quality of product in market so
that it increase their productivity and profitability. Most of the customers have attracted towards
the store
Software centric – This approach allows and knows about particular products that are sold or
not. Manager try to determine the actual needs and requirements of resources that are suitable for
manufactures.
2. Responsibilities and Role of store manager with a classic example of an operations manager
Operations Manager is important person to manage the entire business activities and
operations in effective manner. They have good communication skills to interact with clients and
identify the actual needs of client.
Marks and Spencer is the best firm to hire an efficient store manager to control the
business process and they have moral responsibility in managing business tasks towards
company
Communication skills- According to Marks and Spencer, the store manager have an effective
communication skill to interact with other employees. They have skills and knowledge to easily
determine the opinion of employees towards development. They should communicate in a
manner which is easy to understand for employees in order to improve and develop
communication and its purpose effectively. Store manager removes all the disagreements in
business environment. They plan a new strategy to increase their business all over the world.

Goal setting- Each and Every organization has specific goals and targets so that they always try
to achieve their objectives by planning innovative ideas. The store manager analyse business
operations to find out what require for business process. They would be analysing each
department level and their achievements. For Example- M&S has specific goals that implement
new ideas for increasing their profitability and always try to increase brand image and value in
front of customers (Voisin, and Kraucunas, 2018).
Resource Management-The store manager of Marks and Spencer allows the management to
managing all essential raw material and personal growth. This is important for organization to
taking all purchasing details, supply chain, operations performed in proper manner.
Planning an effective strategy- Marks and Spencer is planning a new idea that implements the
ideas for execution and development. This is very important for organization to change their
business planning style because the customer demands change according to the trends. They
always influence their employees to develop an effective quality of product in marketplace. It is
essential for development to enhance their business operations all over the world.
3. Importance of operations management at Marks and Spencer of Store manager
Operations management is a process to run business activities with the help of
management system. This system handles all situations in proper manner and identifies the actual
business process. They mainly focus on increasing their productivity and sales in marketplace.
Each department has separate manager to perform many functions and tasks for growth and
development. Marks and Spencer is the fastest growing organization that have many departments
to play different roles for growth and each department have separate manager to manage
business operations and planning in proper manner.
Operational management involves many strategies that are applied on the business
operations such as activities, planning, coordinating and organising; these are important steps to
plan and work within the organization (Perry, Overstake and McCarthy, 2018). The store
manager maintains the relationship between employees and clients.
There is importance of operational management that would influence manger to their customer.
Influencing profit- Financial manager motivates and influences their employees to develop an
effective quality of product in market so that it will increase their profitability in a million
pounds stores. Store manager always tries to planning innovative ideas that implement in
business activities.

Staffing and training- Personal manager motivates their employees towards goals and
objectives. They provide an effective training and development program to enhance their skills
and knowledge. M&S has efficient and talented staff to always focus on their objectives. The
manager balances coordination between staff to understand their capabilities and needs. They
implement some policies regarding training and appraisal.
Selling and merchandising- Commercial manager influences their customers to buy an
effective product so that it increases their profitability and productivity in marketplace. They
motivate employees to put some innovative ideas for development. They add some unique
features in product and then testing the item before production.
4. Identify factors that can have an effect on the operation's management for Marks and Spencer
Operational management is important part of Marks and Spencer to perform different
functions and task for development. This management system is planning a good strategy to
establish an effective business environment. There are various factors that affect the business
operations as discussed below:
Economical factor- This factor is affecting economic conditions of business such as exchange
rate, economic growth, inflation and interest rate. Economical factor is very important for
organization because this factor has impact on micro- environment and macro-environment. This
factor deals with the management system because there are various tasks perform by manager
(,Quashie, Marnay and Joós, 2018). They also manage demands of customers that increase in day
by day. The government uses different roles in the business process such as control the rate of
interest, policy and expenditures.
Technological factor- For advancement of technology, M&S also uses modern technology to
improve performance of business operations as well as production. They directly affect the
marketing strategies and planning because according to market, It can not use traditional method
and adopts a new technology for growth and development. There are many effective tools and
platform to promote their products in proper ways. The organization produces an effective
service, goods, and it also communication different way with the consumer and buyer.
Social factor- This factor is affecting social culture, traditional culture that shares information
and attributes in an organization. This factor affects different areas such as career attitude,
population growth, its distribution, and health consciousness that affects the market values
whereas the organization understands the need and requirement of consumers.

Governmental regulations- Marks and Spencer is a popular organization to establish their
business in other countries. First of all, they follow some rules and regulations that creates by
government. The organization influences their employees to follow all rules and regulations that
are generated by the government. It is very important part of an organization includes all rules,
policy in their business development. Most of the times, it will affect operations' management
such as zero tolerance, terminations etc.
5. Factors Impact upon your decision making as a store manager
The factor is a crucial part to be concerned about business operations and situations in
Marks and Spencer. There are various factors applied in the business operations that are
discussed below:
Governmental factors- These are important factor that cause by which applied all rules and
regulation in the business planning. Each and every organization use policy and rules to
managing the whole business in proper manner. The operational management construct an
efficient law that are making perfect organization (Ramanathan, 2018). This factor is also
improve the employment scale and change the future scope with the help of organization. This
factor is helping to managing the business process as increase profitability and productivity in
marketplace. M&S is good organization and use an effective raw material to manufacturing a
standard product in marketplace. It converted into the best quality to goods and services. In most
of the cases, this process is very complicated due to unavailability of resources, lack of
knowledge and skill etc. they also improve the performance of organisation and then establish an
efficient organization. Government creates an effective rules and regulation for growth and
development in the organization.
Missionary goals- Nowadays, the competition level increases in market so that it is requires
changing their business style as well as goals and targets. The modification of goals and targets
required to planning a new strategies and techniques because with the help of techniques easily
identify the business need and requirement. They have change their style according the demand
of consumer. In this way, it increases job opportunities, market share and values. Changes
require for each and every business.
Commercial enterprise factor- Marks and Spencer performs various operations and functions
to manage their investment and financial operations. For Example- Marks and Spencer uses
resources such as raw material, equipments, human resource etc. for business development. It is

necessary element to manage the business operations in proper manner (Tseng, Lim and Zhan,
2018). This factor is mainly focus on improving the rate of interest and market value.
Economic value system- this factor is focuses on identify the specific criteria of organizations.
Marks and Spencer follow some rules and regulations to deals with consumer to determine their
needs and requirements. These rules, regulations, policies are affects the operational
administration and procedure of taking important decision by Store manager and Leader. Both
are important person to manage the business function in proper manner. Manager is the
backbone of a firm to handle all critical situations. There are various critical situations occurs in
business at the time of execution where it requires changing their functionality and procedure. It
also affects the structure of organization as well as operations.
CONCLUSION
This report is determine responsibilities and roles of leader and manager because these
are important part of an organization to manage the entire business activities. There are various
models and approaches that are used for growth and development. As per discussion, it includes
different theories applied in business operations and functionalities. It is very important part of
organization to improve the performance of employee. There are important factors that impact on
the business environment. This factor is helping to manage the business process and it increases
profitability and productivity in marketplace. Manager and leader both play an important role in
an organization to increase their brand image in marketplace. They try to improve the
performance of employee as well as management system. This report is determined the business
requirement in the marketplace. Marks and Spencer always improve their performance of
employee with the help of effective training and development program.

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