Leadership Theories and Applications

This assignment delves into the intersection of leadership theory and the practical application of microgrid management. It examines relevant research papers on topics such as energy management in hybrid AC-DC microgrids, smart modeling for distribution system operation, and the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in knowledge creation within microgrid contexts. The analysis also considers various leadership styles, collective approaches to leadership, and their relevance to effective microgrid implementation and development.

MANAGEMENT
AND OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
P.1 Role and characteristics on leader and manger ....................................................................1
P.2 Leader and function of manger in different situational context............................................2
P3 Different theories and models applied in M&S.....................................................................3
P4 key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play.....4
P5 importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives.............5
P.6 Factors affecting businesses environment of M&S..............................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
In business is focus on leadership in the organisation. Leadership is very important to for internal
as well as external filed in organisation. Marks and Spencer company is work is cloth filed. This
company is basically located in United Kingdom. In this organisation is focus on improve
manger working habit and team leader. In this way company is focus on function of the
organisation and internal performance in the organisation. In each and every organisation id
focus on improve performance in the organisation. Leader plays a very important role in team
work in the organisation. M&S will focus on the each and every team players in the organisation.
In organisation to control overall team members in the organisation. In organisation manger
control all team leader in the organisation.
P.1 Role and characteristics on leader and manger
In each organisation is focus on to improve internal performance in the organisation. In each
organisation role of leader is help to each new team in the organisation, to achieve every task
successfully in organisation. Role of leader are as follows:-
 Monitor the team members: - In organisation leader is focus on each team members and
there working condition in the team. Leader is guide each team members to about the
work in team . It is monitor each and every team members in the organisation.
 Vision: - In each organisation vision is very importation to achieve goal. Leader set a new
vision in team and set all the work about the vision. Leader is help to every team
members and achieve vision.
 Strategies: - In each organisation it is focus on the strategies in the organisation. It will
help to analyse the overall strategies to achieve the work in the organisation. Strategies is
very important to each and every organisation to set a best strategies and achieve the best
profit in the organisation (Bealkowski r. and et.al 2015). Leader is set a best strategies in
the organisation to achieve profit in the organisation.
This is all leader role in organisation or a new team in the organisation. Leader is focus each
team members to work hard.
In organisation manger role are as follows:-
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 Set objective: - It each organisation a manger set objective in each filed in different
market. To set a complete objective is one of the most important activity in the
organisation.
 Motivate and communicate: - In corporate field manager will be focus on motivate of
employees about the work in the organisation. Motivation is help to achieve target in
short period. Motivation is boost employees performance in the organisation and work
done by employees in effective way. Communication is help to solve any problems or
clear and doubt about the work and mission in the organisation.
 Develop people: - In organisation is focus on the each employees training time in the
organisation. Training help to achieve profit in the organisation and doing best job in the
organisation (Hatziargyriou and et.al., 2014). Training is help to develop new people in
the organisation.
This is all about the leader or manger role and characteristics in the organisation. Marks and
Spencer company is focus on each and every activity and work with all the role in manger in the
organisation.
P.2 Leader and function of manger in different situational context
In each organisation is focus on manger and team role in the organisation. Marks and Spencer
company is focus on each manger function is help to increase profit in the organisation. In each
organisation is help to achieve growth rate in the organisation. The company is help to each
manger function to achieve profit and help to growth rate in the organisation. Manger function is
help to each employees in the organisation (Bealkowski r. and et.al 2015). It each organisation a
manger set objective in each filed in different market. To set a complete objective is one of the
most important activity in the organisation. Motivation is help to achieve target in short period.
Motivation is boost employees performance in the organisation and work done by employees in
effective way. Communication is help to solve any problems or clear and doubt about the work
and mission in the organisation. In each organisation motivation is the best function in the
organisation, it will help to achieve profit and motivate each and every employees in the
organisation (Hatziargyriou and et.al., 2014). It is improved internal performance in the
organisation. In different situation role of leader is help to increase profit in the organisation.
Role of leader is help to every team members to complete a task on time. n each organisation it
is focus on the strategies in the organisation. It will help to analyse the overall strategies to
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achieve the work in the organisation. Strategies is very important to each and every organisation
to set a best strategies and achieve the best profit in the organisation. Leader is set a best
strategies in the organisation to achieve profit in the organisation.
P3. Different theories and models applied in M&S
If the organisation wants the better success in business the various theories and model
will help for positive impact on the production process and employee management. Due to the
high competition in the market and various changes will be help through implementation of
models and theories in organisations. These will help to give direction to employee for
enhancing the productivity.
 Situational leadership: These type of the leadership will work according to current
situations. Leaders who have the capabilities to perform in different situation exit in
organisation and take decision as per the situations arise and step to be taken for
improvement the operation and productions process (Casolino, 2012). Also employee
need to motivate in various situation which can be hindrance their performance. In all the
situation the leader have important role in organisations.
 System leadership: These theories of system leadership is refers as the rules and
regulation must be considered in the process of all the activity which can be important
part of the organisation performance. In system leadership outcome will be perfect and
chance of error will be less. If any errors will be arise under this leadership whole the
work will be redone. As per the condition of M&S system leadership will play the
important role to boost the employee’s performance. The culture and values of the
organisations are high and it is important for leader to retain the image of organisation
with better leadership. Rules and regulation of the organisation are more important for the
system leadership.
 Contingency theory: These theories suggest there is best possible way to organize a
company and make the important decision and the optimal course of action is contingent
upon which can be internal and external situation of the organisations. As per the theory
the manger and leader will take decision in organisations (Baboli, 2014). The
organization will set the standard to bring the difference from the competitor practices
and organization practices. Contingency theory will play the major role in M&S.
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P4 key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play
Operation management plays a crucial role in success of business. Operation management
includes different theories and factors to manage the organisation environment in effective
manner. Following are the key approaches which is pursuing by mentioned company:
Six sigma approach: this approach is most important for the business growth because this
approach focuses on quality of product. As M&S is most famous multinational retailer company
so customer loyalty is very important for this organisation (Dale, 2015). And they manage their
customer loyalty by providing the high quality products. Customer’s pays money for good
quality products if cited company is not able to provide quality products than customer will go
with new and other corporation. This will decrease the productivity and business of
administration.
So the role of leader in this approach is to provide the new techniques and skills to the
employees so that they can perform in effective manner. Leader of cited company must offers the
motivation trainings to the workers. When employee gets satisfy with their job and task, they
will try to perform at best level and provides their extra efforts to the organisation. By using new
skills and ideas employee will achieve or complete more task this will increase the productivity.
On the other hand manager has to check the quality of old and new products on regular
basis. Operation manager of cited company should make the effective plan to improve the
quality of products. He should also focus on the services which are given to the customers by
employees. Manger can use trending charts, calculations and other ratios as six sigma tools.
Total quality management: this approach is used in mentioned organisation to improve its
efficiency in production. As M&S is multinational retailer company it specialises in the selling
of clothes and luxury food products. So to attract the customers, operation manager of this
company have to focus on the customers desire. Organisation have to provide the products
according to the people needs and interest. To improve the productivity cited organisation should
provide the branded products which are liked by customers. The role of manager in this approach
is to make the plan and collect the information about the customer’s needs. They should store the
branded and high quality products to attract the customers.
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Just in time inventory or Continuous improvement process: this approach is used to remove
the production cost. In this approach manager of M&S orders the products from supplier only at
time of need. This approach increases the efficiency and reduces the waste materials problems.
By using this approach, Organisation are free from the load of store the old and waste products.
So this approach is very useful to reduce the storage problems of waste materials. So this
approach reduce the production cost and increase the benefits for business.
Roles of leaders in these approaches:
Motivate the employees: most important role of leader in this approach is to motivate the
employees because to provide the high quality products worker's performance and efforts are
very necessary.
Trainings for development: to enhance the employees' performance leaders should
provide the development trainings to the workers so that they can able to perform at high level
and gives their extra efforts and ideas for complete the task (Nicholas and Steyn 2017). This
development trainings will help employee to learn new skills of services.
Roles of manager in these approaches:
In this approach the role of manager is to manage the quality of old products and make
the plan before launch the new products. Manager of cited company have to check the quality of
products on regular basis and try to satisfy customer's needs. Manager must make effective plan
by collocating the data about the customer's desires.
P5 importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operation management focus on the different task in organisation they play a main role in the
success corporation. Operation management of cited company focus on the long term and short
term objectives. He plays role in both row material and personnel. Operation manager manage
the people, equipment, technology, information and others resources needed in the production of
goods and services. Operation management of cited company is the central core function.
The main work of operation manager is to manage the staff and organisation environment in
effective manner. Operation manager of cited company uses different channels and techniques to
collect the data and information about the products and staff. Sometimes due to lack of good
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leadership conflict and disagreements situations comes out among workers, so that its operation
manager's duty to resolve the conflict problem. He has to manage a good relation among the
employees. In M&S all task are completed on the right time so it is directly helps down M&S to
achieve their goals (Cullen and Yammarino, 2014). To complete the target operation manager of
mentioned company focus on the lower and higher fields of business. Apart from this manager
has to manage the all other staff in effective manner. People skills, creativity and technology
knowledge are plays important role for success in operation management success. Operation
manager systematically determines the performance of individual team. Operation manager
works as transform he converts the inputs such as raw materials, technology, information into the
output in terms of services and goods.
Operation manager of mentioned company focuses on two factors such as:
Customer satisfaction: to improve the business growth customer's satisfaction is most
important for any corporation. Operation manager of cited company focus on the services, he
selects the best employees for providing the services to the customers. When employees provides
the best services to the customers than customer feels good and be loyal for that organisation.
Employee must listen the customer's problems and issues and try to solve them. Apart from this
operation manager has to provide some skills and techniques by which employee can provide
good service. Employee must keep the positive attitude and behaviour with customers. Operation
manager is responsible of creation of goods and service.
Resource utilization: operation management focus on the utilization of resources. When
employee are unable to use the resources carefully than it will increase production cost of
organisation. Operation manager focused on the skills of workers and provide them new
techniques and skills of resource utilization. Operation manager makes teams and take feedback
of employees from supervisor. He determines the whole performance of employees and analyse
that what factor can increase employee's performance. He will try to provide enough resources to
the employees to complete the target.
Operation manager determine the quality of products, speed of employees, dependability,
product flexibility and cost to improve the business growth (Edwards,Elliot., Iszatt-White and et.al.,
2013). So in the cited company operation manager plays important role to improve its image in
the market. Operation manager of M&S are managing the different process, inquiring and
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directing. He directs the all employee to increase the quality of products. He makes the plan for
new products to attract the customers and to increase the benefits of business.
P.6 Factors affecting businesses environment of M&S.
To every organisation the various factors will affect the business environment in which
business performance will either decrease or increase. The manger and leader will take decision
according these factors to bring changes in organisation to improve business environment. The
following factors are affecting to M&S business environment:
Political Factors: These are the factors which can be the major impact in which the intervention
from government. The implementation of various policy such as taxation and fiscal policy will
effect on the business of M&S. If the government will increase the tax that will direct impact on
the organisation and huge burden on the revenue. If any restriction made due to political pressure
which is hindrance for organisations. Sometime goods and service wants to provide the people
according to their norms (Ba and Nault, 2016). If any bilateral relation with other nation with
government have also major effect on the business operation of M&S.
Economic Factors: These factors have adverse effect on business environment in terms of
inflations, level of growth in economics, changes in interest rate and exchanges rate. Economic
condition of UK is not in the control. Inflation has been increase which is directly impact on
M&S business environment in terms of availability of raw material prove will increase and the
cost of goods and service will also increase. Changes in exchanges rate will be impact on supply
of money in market and adverse effect on M&S business environment.
Social Factors: these factors include the values and culture of the society that can be directly
impact on the business environment. High trends of society will pressurise to bring the new pater
of goods and service. The changes of customer preferences and taste also effect on M&S
operation. It is important for the organisation to bring the new fashion and trends according to
the demands of society.
Technological Factors: These are the factor that will effect on business environment of M&S in
terms of changes in technology will impact on the production and operation process of the
organisations. In M&S new machinery have been introduced for rapid productions. Also, the
research and development team will address the customer preference and introduce new trends in
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market. But due to changes in technology the operation and production of organisation will be
fast and the heavy cost on the machinery will impact on revenue.
Legal Factors: These are the factors that will introduce the business environment of M&S in
which introduce of various legation and rules and regulations for organisation can be impact on
performance. Changes in labour law and company law will also bring the pressure on
organisation. It is important for organisation to consider all these laws before any decisions.
Environmental Factors: these are the factors which can be impact on the business environment
of M&S. As the utilisation of natural resources for the operations and production process of the
organisation. Logistic of the organisation should be effective and it should not be cause to the
environment due to effect of pollution (Antonakis and House, 2013).
The above factors that will effect on the business environment of M&S. The leader and manger
should considered all these factor for taking necessary decision of businesses. It can be influence
on the operation and management process of M&S if the factors are not considered for various
decisions.
CONCLUSION
It can conclude that the report focus on the roles and responsibilities of leaders and mangers.
This report also explained the difference between role of leaders and mangers. Leaders are those
who motivate the employees and guide them to improve the growth of business. Whereas
managers are those who manage the whole environment of organisation. This report also focused
on different approaches of leaders which helps the corporation to grow effectively. This report
also colluded that there is main role of operation manager in the success of organisation. This
report also explained the key approaches of operation management. Apart from this report also
describes the factors which affect the organisation.
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RFERENCES
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Ba, S. and Nault, B. R., 2016. Emergent Themes in the Interface Between Economics of
Information Systems and Management of Technology. Production and Operations Management.
Baboli, P.T. and et,al., 2014. Energy management and operation modelling of hybrid
AC–DC microgrid. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 8(10). pp.1700-1711.
Casolino, G.M. and et.al., 2012, September. Smart modeling and tools for distribution
system management and operation. In Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON), 2012
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distributed clients and servers. U.S. Patent 7,730,111..
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method, and operation management program. U.S. Patent 8,700,953.
Bealkowski, R., Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 2015. Virtualizing
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Hatziargyriou, N. ed., 2014. Microgrids: architectures and control. Wiley/IEEE Press.
Liu, Z. and Liu, S., 2016, July. Operation support of Beijing metro automatic fare
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2016 International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship
management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation. Information &
Management, 51(1). pp.27-42.
Dale, B., 2015. Total quality management. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Nicholas, J.M. and Steyn, H., 2017. Project management for engineering, business
and technology. Taylor & Francis.
Cullen, K. and Yammarino, F.J., 2014. Special issue on collective and network
approaches to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1).pp.180-181.
Edwards, G., Elliott, C., Iszatt-White, M. and et.al., 2013. Critical and alternative
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10.
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