Historical Review of Operations Management

This assignment provides a comprehensive review of operations management in different contexts, including manufacturing, logistics, and project management. It covers historical analysis, key concepts, operation modes, results assessment, and relative incentives in various industries such as beef cow-calf operations, marine operations, and reservoir management. The review also touches on performance measurement and management, risk management, and intelligent decision support systems. By analyzing these aspects, students can gain a deeper understanding of operations management principles and practices.

MANAGEMENT &
OPERATIONS

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations have the important aspect in process of productions and
other operational work in organisation to achieve the business objectives. In these report we had
discuss about Mark and Spencer which is an retail sector organisation practice better
management operation work with effective leaders and managers. But it is important to
understand the difference between leader and manger with effective characteristic in M&S. Also
the role of leader and their function is important to apply to control the different situations in
organisation. Some of the hypotheses and model of authority style likewise help for M&S to deal
with their activities. Diverse key methodologies of task administration a trough and pioneer will
play to support the creation procedure of association. For accomplishing the hierarchical target
activity administration have compelling significance.
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and manager for M&S.
For every organisation a leader and management plays major role for achieving goals and
objectives. As the M&S have huge manpower in their organisation and to manage all these they
need effective leaders and better management. M&S leader and mangers play the different roles
in organisation. As the comparison between leader and manger with their characteristics in
organisation as follows:
Key Points Leader Manager
Meaning Leader is a person who leads
the team with innovative and
style of leadership. Leaders
have the mission and vision
for organisation. As such
M&S leader try to boost team
performance with their
effective leadership style.
While mangers are key person
who bring organisation
operation in a systematic
manner with their management
skills.
Focus Leader always focus on to
achieve the organisational
mission and vision with right
team (Arnason, 2009). Also
The main focus of the manager
is to optimum utilisation of
organisational resources to get
better results.

they try to coordinate with
team members for better
outcomes.
Decision making process. Leader always take decision
for betterment of organisation
and it can be high risk
involvement in their decision.
If their de scion have been
failed they take responsibility
on them
While manger have to execute
the decision taken by the top
level management with proper
supervision. They are not free
to take any decisions. Because
it can be damage to whole
organisation.
Power The power of leader in M&S is
they can take any decisions
without the permission of
anyone (Cachon and
Terwiesch, 2009 ). But a right
team will give more power to
leaders.
Manager power in M&S is
limited. They have to work
according the plans and
polices of organisation.
Personality Leader personality will
influence the organisation
system and their team. The
attitude and behaviour of the
leader is important to achieve
any goals for organisation.
Also team will be performed
better with leader’s effective
personality.
While the manager behaviour
and attitude is decent. They
bring professional personality
in organisation to manage day
to day operations. The think
before act.
Risk Leader always take high risk
for getting better outcomes. As
they never try to lose any
opportunity for betterment of
On other side manger in M&S
will never take risk as their
decision might be damage the
organisation goodwill. Also

M&S. Leader know the
situation but they take risk on
trust of team
they don't have the power to
take risk without the prior
persimmon of higher authority.

P2 Examine how role of a leader and the function is applied in different situation of M&S.
Leader Manager
It is the leader role to communicate with their
team to solve the problems of team members.
As same manger have to uncommunicated with
employee on daily basis to know them actual
output of plans.
Sometime leader have the power to take high
risk for betterment of organisation and it can
bring the conflicts also with their wrong
application. If the leader failed in their
execution they try with better possibility of
resource and achieve the result for organisation
As the manger have to think twice before
taking any decisions. Because manger already
don't have the authority to take decisions. If
nay decision have to be made for manger they
have to take permission form their subordinate.
Sometime situation may arise in front of the
manger resulted the lower production due to
not availability of raw material
Leader give chance to participate their team
to handle the conflicts situations with effective
plans to avoid these situations
Mangers focus on optimizing and utilising the
resources and to manage the inventory and
other operational work in organisation
It is essential for leaders to have focus on the
application of diverse quality standards so that
team motivation can be advanced.
Manager need to ensure that set targets are
being delivered in creative manner to meet the
outcome at workplace.
Leaders focuses on control over better results
with motive of systematic functioning
Manager considers the profit advancement and
cost control functioning to meet the standards.
As the M&S deal in retail sectors with large size of business operation in organisation. For
every result leader and manager in any organisation have major role. But the important things is
applied such roles and responsibility for achieve the organisational objectives is makes the
difference in them. If the size of organisation is large conflicts and other problem will also occur
in such situation leader and manager decision are important to bring the normal position in
organisation with their effective roles and responsibility (Drury, Conboy and Power, 2012). At
that time they have to deal with customer and other stake holders of M&S to control the
situations in a limited periods. For M&S leaders don't focus on small problems because their
effective team to accomplish the different task in better way. As the situational leadership bring

the better outcomes as these types of leaders will save organisation in every conflicts situations
with their better decisions. But the manger have tom analysis the situation and then they have to
set new planning for solve any problems in organisation. Sometime it is the manager who will
focus on employee’s problems and other operation management work in organisation. But leader
have to focus all the parameter as they've to deal with internal and external problems occurs in
terms of organisation. No matter whatever the situation may arise in organisation mangers and
leader have to control situations and bring the team and employees performance better to never
face such problems in front of them in future. It can cause then operation and management as
they have to set new budgets. Also for M&S leader and manger function is important to achieve
the organisational objectives. Leader never think about the results before taking any decision but
manger think and they act on conclusions to avoid conflicts situation in between operational
process.
P3 Different theories and model in M&S.
In order to have effective development of M&S the management need to focus on diverse
theories so that key standards can be well maintained. It has been noticed that if business firm is
not having appropriate selection of leadership theory then it might affect the overall process
effectiveness. It has been noticed that for better competitive advantage the management of M&S
need to analyse the significance of different theories within business operation (Arnason, 2009).
It will assist in leading business to impressive level of success and ensure about the improvement
in market performance. Classification of leadership theories can be as situational, system and
contingency leadership.
In addition to this, application of situational leadership can be referred at the situation
where management has deal with different workplace conditions. It means the M&S can have
selection of technique and frameworks according to need of situation. For example, if members
are in need of collective activities then leader can focus on participative values. It will enhance
the morale of employees and assist in meeting objectives (Cachon and Terwiesch, 2009). As
same in the other situation where management need to take strict decision then they might focus
on autocratic leadership. This type of the leadership is the situational in which they deal in the
certain situation leader have to perform different task. By having selection of activities according
to key norms is beneficial it assist in meeting objectives (Drury, Conboy and Power, 2012).

Other than this, system leadership is a technique that allows to have operations in a
planned and systematic manner. Leader mainly focuses on the cultural and social factors in
collective manner for effective consideration of decision making process. With an effective
consideration of such values the business firm can easily provide a support to employees in order
to attain the sustainability (Keskinocak, Swann and Villarreal, 2010). It is also beneficial for
improving coordination among members so that activities can be accomplished in desired
manner. Each and every task with a reference of such leadership can be completed within desired
time frame. Also, feedback can be provided to members in order to resolve issues which is
essential for continuous improvement.
Contingency theory of leadership is referred as idea that allows business firm to have functioning
in manner to deal with diverse conflict situation. It means such kind of leadership is beneficial
for M&S at the circumstances where they need to deal with issues. This theories in the applied
the different way in the M&S in which the conflicts are not on handle by the management it will
be solve where it have been arise (Fuggetta and Di Nitto, 2014). By having an effective
consideration of such values the business firm can easily have improvement in economic and
environmental conditions for leading business towards impressive level of success.
As per overall analysis, it can be said that situation leadership is most accountable theory
for the M&S because it helps in dealing with different workplace situation. By having an
application of situational values the issues can be analysed properly according to which decision
need to be taken into account (Van Ginkel and Barkema, 2012).
P4.Explain the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers
play
Approaches
It has been noticed that M&S is considered as one of leading retail sector firm in the UK.
Company is focused towards application of diverse frameworks in order to have continuous
improvement in process and lead business to impressive level of success. It has been witnessed
that company is continuously trying to improve its operational values by having transformation
in technology. With an application of such aspects the issues are being resolved in desired
manner so that long term opportunities can be attained (Klassen and Angell, 2012). Company is
also having efforts in terms of cost control. By having an effective consideration of cost control
the financial opportunities can be advanced. Cost management technique has been employed in

respect to such aspect. Along with this, company is also having efforts for improvement in its
product line and quality. In addition to this, tools like total quality management has been
employed. It assist in make sure that the quality standards are properly maintained so that long
term opportunities can be attained (Klassen and Whybark, 2014).
It has been noticed that innovation, inspiration and integration are key values which are
being promoted by the management in recent years. With a reference of such values the
workplace issues can be resolved in desired manner. Innovation at workplace allows to accept
challenges in more efficient manner which provide sustainable development. Integration in work
activities improves the coordination among departments. It assist in leading business firm
towards impressive level of success (Krajewski and Ritzman, 2015). CRM is also a factor which
facilitate in resolving conflict situation. In addition to this, it can be said that customer
relationship management has been improved which facilitate in effective record keeping of
customer information. Decisions in regard to customer satisfaction are being promoted properly
through reference of CRM. Along with this, M&S has also focused on improvement in resource
allocation. Labour and machine allocation as per need has also improved the overall performance
of business (McLachlin, 2013).
Six Sigmas: It is the imperative action that serves to decide innovative outcomes at work
environment. It upgrades exhibitions of M and S to create benefits and income at work
environment. Along these lines, administrator assume part to make adequacy and determine
norms in precise way. Next to this, pioneers assume part to convey duty and parts to accomplish
targets.
Lean hypothesis: Lean hypothesis another critical capacity that works deliberate
outcomes. It is the strategy which used to decrease squander material from M and S in their
assembling procedure. With this respect, chief needs to expel overburden and loads in
methodical way. Pioneer of the picked business need to set parts and duty to work exercises.
TQM
Under this approach management of company mainly focusing on long term success
through customer satisfaction. This is the efforts of all the employees that are working into
organisation and improving process and products of company.
JIT production
This type of approach is applied by company to increase efficiency and decreasing
wastage of inputs or materials. This approach was mainly implemented into Toyota in their

production and that is the reason as to why it is called to as Toyota production or Just in time
approach.
Role of leader and manager
Operation management is considered as one of most critical aspect for every organisation.
By having a continuous development in terms of operations the business can attain better
opportunities. In respect to have effective operations the leaders have to ensure that members are
well aware about key guidelines. If member is not having information about the guidelines then
it will affect the effectiveness of overall activity. Along with this, it has been noticed that
improper reference about the purpose of activity also affects the outcome. It means the leader
also need to ensure that correct information is being shared with member so that he can
understand the significance of act (Morey, 2012). Along with this, manager focuses on the
application of diverse measures in the practice so that better outcome can be attained. Also, with
a reference of monitoring activities the manager need to ensure that ethical working is being
accomplished in all the teams.
Manager also need to provide proper allocation of budget and resources to team so that
overall operational performance can be advanced. In addition to this, it can be said that leader
focuses on the responsibilities allocation so that resources can be used in optimised manner. It
improves the productivity and lead business firm to impressive level of success. In order to have
continuous development the manager need to work as a mediator between government and
organisation. It allows to maintain the workplace sustainability (Randall, Reiss and Gordon,
2003).
P5 Importance of Operations Management in achieving Objectives
Operation management is referred as essential section for every organisation which assist
in leading business towards impressive level of success. With an effective consideration of
operation management the business firm can easily ensure that productivity has been advanced in
recent years. It also assist in completing day to day activities so that goals and objectives can be
accomplished. Along with this, it has been noticed that operation management is significant to
have appropriate allocation of resources so that better opportunities can be created (Page, 2012).
The more the operation management will be strict the productions increase in the organisation. It assist in
improving the production which might assist in gaining competitive advantage over competitors. With an
application of key measures the operation management process can be advanced. It helps in make sure
that quality of production is impressive so that better outcome can be attained.

Operation management is necessary to ensure that leaders and managers are performing their roles
and responsibilities in critical manner. Leaders and managers are important in maintaining the operations
of business in keeping up to date certain activities which have major impact on the profitability of the
company. In addition to this, it can be said that operations of M&S are mainly dependent on skilled
workforce (Radnor and Barnes, 2013). Though skilled operations the quality products are being offered
in market to meet customer needs. It has been witnessed that operation management also allows business
entity to gain strengthen in respect to diverse factors. Classification of factors can be as planning, staffing,
controlling, directing, motivating, etc. Along with this, it can be said that if operation management
standards are well maintained then it will improve the smooth working. It will advance the satisfaction
among members and employees because of advanced quality work practice (Seshadri and
Subrahmanyam, 2013).
Operations management help achieve efficiency in stock management by using JIT
Like if company is implementing this JIT approach then they would be able to control all
kind of wastage on time, goods and money as well. All the things and process would be in
alignment and this would be achieving in efficiency into stock management with the application
of products and service of company. This is the objective of company which would be achieved
if they are using JIT approach and implementing that into their daily process. The main thing
which could be done is to reduce the cost of producing goods and services and then forecasting
demand in accurate manner.
P6. Assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational
management and decision-making by Leaders and Managers.
It has been noticed that there are number of factors which affect the business environment of
M&S. It is necessary for management to have understanding about factors so that long term
development can be accomplished.
Globalisation:
In addition to this, it can be said that market condition is a factor which influences the
overall business activities. It has been noticed that if market share within UK of company is
decreasing that means company is not having effective operations. In order to overcome such
kind of issue the management need to improve the standards and take decisions to make sure that
quality is being advanced (Simonovic and Savic,2013). It is necessary for management of M&S
to have production according to key trends of market so that needs can be accomplished. If such
values are not being taken into account by the management then it will affect the overall outcome

and forces to have bring changes in standards. Customer taste and preference are also key values
which might affect the environmental conditions.
Economic conditions:
Economic conditions are also considered as significant value which influences the business
work conditions. If economic aspects are not stable then it will force business entity to have
reduce in pricing of products and services so that customers can easily afford such products. At
low income level people are more attracted towards purchase of products and services at low
cost. Also, such factor forces manager not to take investment or expansion decision if the
economic conditions are not favourable for the company (Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston,
2012).
Technological:
Along with this, it can be said that technological values are also being considered as critical
aspect which might affect the overall outcome. In addition to this, it can be said that if new
technology has been introduced in market for better production of retail goods. It means in order
to have impressive production the manager has to take investment decision so that such
technology can be employed within organisation. It allows to have sustainable development and
lead business firm to impressive level of success. In this respect the financial terms also need to
be referred. It is necessary because if fund allocation is not appropriate as per standards then it
will affect the application of technology within firm (Slack, Chambers and Johnston, 2012).
Socio cultural:
These types of elements would also be including like that of life style and cultural of
people and this would be effecting the demand and thus operation of the company.
CONCLUSION
From Management and operations it is concluded that risk taking decision form leader
and better management skill of a manger bring the better productions in organisation. For M&S
leader assume particular part and obligation to accomplish authoritative gaols. To each
circumstance trough and pioneer have principle centre to control issues and inspire the workers
for better outcome fundamental tasks. To make the generosity and draw in costumer to utilize
results of M&S trough and pioneer arranging will be successful to meet such focus on time.
Additionally the situational authority style and possibility hypotheses and model are essential to
actualize in association as indicated by the pioneers and trough state of mind and conduct

towards association. As the distinctive parts play by pioneer is critical with right key
methodologies of activity and administration. To accomplish the M&S target task and
administration will assume imperative part in association.

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