Organizational Behaviour and Leadership Styles

This assignment provides a comprehensive study of organisational behaviour, focusing on the importance of understanding employee attitudes towards their organisation and peer members. It discusses Handy's Model for organisational culture, Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory as a motivational technique, Tuckman and Jensen's Model for effective team formation, and Path Goal Theory to motivate and lead team members. The assignment also explores different leadership styles, including Laissez-Faire Leadership and Democratic Leadership, in the context of A. David Co & Limited.

Organisational
Behaviour

INTRODUCTION
Organisational Behaviour refers to the study of way in which individuals interact with
each other or within groups. It is directly concerned with prediction, understanding and control
of people's behaviour in an organisation. As it is a multidisciplinary field, it impacts by
development in various allied disciplines involving psychology, sociology etc. Analysis of
organisational culture helps to maintain decorum within organisation (Alfes and et. al., 2013).
Managers has to introduce new changes which helps to achieve future goals and targets. In the
present assignment, chosen organisation is A David & Co Limited which delivers fresh food to
customers involving seasonal vegetables, fruits and bread along with variety of beverages. This
report covers influence of politics, power and culture on behaviour of individuals and
organisation. This also discusses motivational techniques for individual and team, techniques of
effective team, concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power influence individual and team performance and
behaviour
Organisation is a place where number of employee works in order to achieve targets.
There are many workers working in A David & Co Limited in order to achieve good image in
industry. Organisational culture, power to employees, roles, etc. are essential for performing
business operations according to market trends.
Organisational culture- In organisational culture, philosophies, values, environment are
considered. There are some benchmarks which has to be considered by employees at workplace.
There is difference in working style of employees, so manager has to set organisational culture
according to market trends (Bolino and et. al., 2013). A David & Co Limited delivers
organisational culture with the help of written or oral documents. Organisational culture can be
understood with Handy's Model of organisational culture. This have four elements which are
discussed as under-
Power culture- According to power culture, in organisation there are few people who are
responsible for taking decisions. According to this culture, power must be delivered to some
people. They have power to take decision. This is effective for getting appropriate decision in
specific situations. Subordinates of A David & Co Limited has to work according to orders of
1

superiors. This affects performance of individual as well as team because decision making power
is concise to some people.
Role culture- There are different roles and responsibilities at A David & Co Limited.
According to this culture, different roles are assigned to employees and they are liable for it. This
helps superior to fix accountability for some specific task. This culture affects working style of
team as well as individual because they have it is easy to fix accountability, so employees ahs to
work according to market trends (Burrell and Morgan, 2017). There is less risk of failure because
employees of A David & Co Limited give their best.
Task culture- task culture helps to complete task in time. A David & Co Limited must
apply this culture because in this person is responsible for some specific project. Through this
culture, it is easy to get positive results. Managers can easily check operations are performed up
to what extent, positive or negative results as compared to benchmarks. If task or project is
assigned improperly, then this affects performance of workers as well as team.
Person culture- This culture give more importance to employees rather than task or
project. This culture emphasises on knowing perception of employees. In such culture,
employees are most essential asset as they contribute in order to grow and develop of
organisation.
From above discussed Handy's Model of organisational culture, task culture is best and
appropriate for performing task in appropriate manner. There is positive results from task
culture, because employees are responsible for their assigned duty. There is bright possibilities of
getting positive results at end because project is completed under proper guidance and
leadership.
Organisational power- Power means ability to perform task to make decisions. A. David
Co. and Ltd. Company deals in food and beverages sector so there is requirement of alterations
in policies because of change in taste of workers (Chiboiwa, Chipunza and Samuel, 2011). There
must be some power to superiors to make decisions in order to satisfy customers. Power helps to
make decisions frequently and less possibilities of delay in decision making. There are
possibilities that due to change in roles and responsibilities manager of A. David Co. and Ltd.
Company has to deliver some powers which helps to perform operations in effective way. When
some power is delegated to employees then performance of overall organisation can be
improved. For instance, managers of marketing has power to alter marketing strategy after
2

analysis of situation, then decisions ca be taken with faster speed. To motivate employees, there
is requirement of monetary as well as non- monetary measures. Delegation to power is one of the
best way to motivate employees to get better results. To get positive results, it is essential to
balance between roles responsibilities and power to employee. Employees are accountable for
their task performed by them.
Organisational politics- Organisational politics means activities among employees.
There are some official and nonofficial relations among employees at work place. These
relations can give positive or negative result on performance of individual as well as team. In
case there is more organisational politics at A. David Co. and Ltd. Company, then there are
possibilities of miscommunication among employees (Christina and et. al., 2014). This affects
organisational performance. There is requirement of some changes in working style which are
essential for growth of association. There must be job rotation of employees at A. David Co. and
Ltd. Company which helps to reduce negative impact from gossips. This also helps to cross
check working style and authenticity of business operations. Managers must create familiar
relations with employees which helps to maintain good environment within organisation.
TASK 2
P2 Process and content theories of motivation and motivational techniques
Motivation forms integral aspect in building up confidence and to encourage employee to
put up their best efforts in undertaking their assigned tasks, roles and responsibility. In context to
A. David Co. and Ltd. Company pays critical attention to build up dedicated, flexible and
motivated team proficient in fulfilling needs and requirements of its customers. For inducing its
workforce morale and motivation A. David Co & Ltd. applies several training and development
programs on regular basis so as to keep its staff core competencies and KSA up to date in
reference to changes occurring in market dynamics (Coccia, 2014). Also firm applies some most
prominent motivational theories and approaches that add on to encourage its employees that are
been mentioned below:
Content Theory : This theory is popularly known as theory of need that explains the
various reasons for frequent changes that occurs in taste, preferences, demand and aspiration of
customers in span of time. Content theory enables managers of A. David Co and Limited to
ascertain prominent factors that could assist in influencing conduct of its employees. It analysis
various micro elements that majorly affects human behaviour and inspires an individual to work
3

towards attaining their personal and professional goals. It encompasses various motivational
theories within it out of which A. David Co & Limited applies mentioned below theory:
Maslow Theory of Motivation: This theory enables A. David Co & Limited to ascertain
and determine strength of needs and how a person's requirements keep on shifting from one to
another as each gets fulfilled. These needs are being categorised in 5 types that are represented in
form of pyramid in hierarchical order. Mentioned below is explanation of these needs in context
to A. David Co & Limited : Physiological Needs : It includes basic necessities of life for a person such as food, cloth,
shelter etc. without which an individual couldn't survive (Dartey-Baah and Amoako,
2011). A. David Co & Limited ensures that physiological needs of its employees in
context to their working environment is been fulfilled. For this, management strives to
provide hygienic working conditions, canteen, clean drinking water and other basic
amenities to its staff members so that absence of these do not negatively effects their
productivity and performance Safety and security needs : It is associated with need related to health and safety and job
security that every person expects from its employer. A. David Co & Limited in this
context undertakes several safety measures like fire extinguishers, emergency exits etc. in
order to keep working premises safe. Also, company offers various insurance policies
related to health, medical, life and others for each of its staff members (Kinicki and et.
al., 2014). Further in context to job security need A. David Co & Limited significantly
follows all legislations that are incorporated by UK government in relation to employee
termination or lay off. Social needs: This relates to an individual aspiration to get associated with certain social
group, to be loved and get affection from others. A. David Co & Limited for fulfilling
this need of its employees by maintaining two way communication with its staff by
organizing various employee engagement programs, recreational activities etc. that gives
workforce opportunities to interact among themselves and to understand one another. Esteem needs: This needs of an individual make them desire to be appreciated,
recognized and respected for the handwork they are putting in completing their assigned
job with best of their capabilities (Dobrow, 2013). A. David Co & Limited to fulfil
professional needs of its staff undertakes reward system, compensation and benefits
4

schemes to acknowledge their performance. It includes various monetary and non-
monetary rewards such as salary increment, promotion etc.
 Self-actualization: This need is associated with an individual's desire to ascertain and
analyse its own potential, capabilities and strengths that is required to achieve their
personal objectives. Managers and leaders of A. David Co & Limited in order to help
their employees to attain this needs delegate appropriate responsibilities, provide them
with certain authorities and encourage them to take high challenges to become an expert
in their field of operations.
These are the factors in which Maslow divided the need and expectation of an individual
that motivate them to work toward accomplishment of their need. This theory is beneficial for
the managers of David Co & Limited as by analysing these need they can motivate employees to
work toward the accomplishment of organisational goals. But on the other side, the major
drawback of this is that only few people become able to fully self-actualized without fulfilling
their physiological, social need without any sense of belongingness. Another disadvantage is that
the theory is inflexible as until an individual fulfil its one level need it won't move to the second
stage.
Process Theory: This theory is basically associated with the process that a firm is required to
follow in order to encourage its employees to complete a specific task or job. Also it analysis
various factors that are probable to inspire an individual to perform a particular work. A. David
Co & Limited in context to implement this theory take into consideration mentioned below
model:
Vroom's Expectancy Theory: V room's expectancy theory reveals that an individual
cam be encouraged or inspired on the basis of outcome i.e. reward (Francis, O’Connor and
Curran, 2012). This implies for a firm to induce its employees to show proficiency and high
performance in their work it is essential to give them certain reward as a motivating factor to
perform. A. David Co & Limited applying this theory apart from paying good to its workforce
also provide them with several opportunities to grow within company. V room's expectancy
theory reveals that an individual can be encouraged or inspired on the basis of outcome i.e.
reward. This implies for a firm to induce its employees to show proficiency and high
performance in their work it is essential to give them certain reward as a motivating factor to
perform. A. David Co & Limited in this respect provides various reward system under which it
5

recognizes best performers. Further company provides various facilities such as flexible work
timing, pension and other benefits so as to motivate their staff and to develop their trust in
company.
TASK 3
P3 Effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
For A. David Co & Limited like any other company its workforce forms cornerstone for
firm's growth and sustainability. Therefore, to maintain its competitive edge over its market
rivals it is essential for firm to retain its proficient staff and to attract potential candidates by
providing them opportunities to grow and develop their career with firm. Mentioned below are
various teams that are managed by A. David Co & Limited in its business operations: Project team: Project team involves employees that belongs to different groups however
they are undertaking same functions and works towards attaining a common goal or
objective. These team are being formulated for certain time period and get dissolved once
a particular project is completed (Gabriel and et. al., 2015). A. David Co & Limited get
assisted by its project team when the company is planning out to launch a new product or
service. Functional team: These forms the permanent teams that are well structured based on
proper vertical level of firm hierarchical. This team is having one manage who is having
authority to handle all internal operations and external relations of a specific department
to which they belong. All members in this type of team is having different work roles
and responsibilities however they all are bind by same function of department. A. David
Co & Limited is having various functional teams like HR department, Finance etc. that
work autonomously to attain firm's vision and objectives.
 Virtual Team: These team are not physically present and communicate all information in
a digital manner. A. David Co & Limited make use of several advance communication
tools such as email, video conferencing etc. to aid its virtual teams to share information
their members that are presented at various different locations.
Team is one of the essential component and at the same time, effective time is most
essential component for getting positive results out of operations (Gold and et. al., 2013). Every
team has their own responsibilities and roles which are important for the completion of projects
and tasks to be completed in the organization. But it depends upon the project on which the
6

company is going on, the needs of the project and the size of the project about the needs and
requirements of the employees needed to complete the project. The successful teams in an
organization are risk taker and do not care for the bad results whereas the ineffective teams are
less confident, less risk taker and does not provide positive outcomes from the work done by
them. This could become the reason of the failure of projects that are carried out in an
organization. It is responsibility of HR managers of A. David Co & Limited to frame team
according to skills and competency of workers. It is essential to analyses demand of team and
then team has to be framed. Importance of effective teams are-
Proper accountability- In effective team team mates are aware of their roles and
responsibilities hence they know to whom they are accountable. Effective team helps managers
of A. David Co & Limited can ask for specific roles and responsibilities. Workers are also aware
to whom they are accountable.
Achievement of targets- Team is formed to accomplish some specific task. There are
many time bound activities which employees has to accomplish. Effective team helps to achieve
targets on time. Effective team focus on quality as well as time for completion of their roles and
responsibilities. This helps A. David Co & Limited to satisfy consumer demand.
Improvement in performance of organization- A. David Co & Limited deals in food and
beverages sector having different departments such as kitchen, cafe, finance, etc. Hence it is
responsibility of to level managers to frame teams according to core competencies of employees
(Graham, Ziegert and Capitano, 2015). This helps to improve performance of various
departments and ultimately overall organization.
A. David Co & Limited can frame effective team with the use of Tuckman and Jensen's
model. In this process there are five steps of development. They are discussed as under-
7

(Source: Teamwork Theory: Stages of Group Development, 2018)
Forming: This is the first stage of framing team. In this step team is framed as per their
skills and competencies. In team employees are aware of their job roles and responsibilities.
Some are ready to work with polite nature, while some need guidance and motivation. As there is
difference in working style of workers, so under this stage team leader set benchmarks according
to while employees as to work.
Storming: After forming, storming is performed. According to this stage there are
possibilities of some negative as well as positive relations among workers. Manager has to
analyses reason of conflict and then policies has to be framed. During this stage, active listen,,
conflict management, etc. skills are required.
Norming: After storming, norming stage is happened. In this stages, possibilities of
conflict reduce down and team mates starts accepting each other. There are personal as well as
professional relations among employees which helps team in effective way. In this stage there is
ease in communication among team members. This helps to build good relations among them.
Performing: After norming, performing stage is happened. According to this stage team
mates accepts each other and they are comfortable while each other. Hence they perform
8
Illustration 1: Teamwork Theory: Stages of Group Development

operations according to set guidelines. In this stage outcomes are positive and energy level
among ream mates is more. There is requirement of leadership and motivation for getting
positive results.
Adjourning: After performing teams moves to adjourning step. This stage is also known
as Mourning stage. Team is farmed for some specific reason, so after completion of task in
performing stage, team dissolves. Officially team gets dissolved but team mates remain in
contact because of familiar relations.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation
Organisational behaviour is one of the effective approach used by managers of A. David
Co & Limited in order to improve performance of workers. There is requirement of proper
guidance and motivation which helps organization to make changes in accordance to market
trends. A. David Co & Limited has customers who have difference in their demand (Huang and
Bond, 2012). So it is the responsibility of managers to make employees aware of demand and
then provide up to the mark product. In order to implement changes effectively, there are
concepts, philosophies which helps to bring synchronization in activities. Concept of
organizational behavior can be understood with two main aspects. These are discussed as under-
Nature of people
People means employees working in A. David Co & Limited. There are many workers
from different geographical background, education, skills, etc. So there is difference in their
working style also. HR manager must communicate related to working style which helps to
maintain quality of work at A. David Co & Limited.
Nature of organization
Organization is the place where number of employees are working to attain same
objectives. Environment of A. David Co & Limited affects working style of employees, so this
affects operations of organization. Environment of organizations gives positive or negative effect
on performance of employees as well as team. This can be understood with work group and
formal authority system (Judge and Kammeyer‐Mueller, 2012).
PATH GOAL THEORY
Path goal theory tells about leadership style which is effective and efficient as per
environment to attain goals and objectives. Path goal theory helps to motivate employee,
9

empower and satisfy them which ultimately helps to improve performance of overall
associations. This theory consist of following aspects-
EMPLOYEES CHARACTERISTIC
There is difference in working style of workers according to skills, experience, etc. so
managers have to assign task according to capabilities of workers. This helps to get better and
positive results.
TASK AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC
This is one of the important component of path goal theory which helps to achieve targets
on time. In this below mentioned elements are discussed-
Work group- There are employees working group. There is good as well as bad relations
among employees, so possibilities of conflicts arises. It is essential that HR managers must
emphasis on creating interactive activities which helps to bring positive environment in society.
Formal authority system- There is hierarchy in A. David Co & Limited which helps to
perform business operations in effective way. Top level managers of A. David Co & Limited are
responsible for delivering roles and responsibilities properly and at the same time subordinates
are also required to accountable for their responsibility (Kalliath and et. al., 2013).
The main objective of the Path Goal Theory is to increase the motivation of the
employees in an organization with the help of making improvement in the job satisfaction which
the individual is having from the job. The focus of the theory is on increasing the work
performance of the employees of an organization so that they could perform better and help the
organization in the achievement of goals and objectives in an effective and efficient way.
LEADERSHIP STYLE
There is requirement of leadership in order to perform business operations in appropriate
way. A. David Co & Limited has competition with other food and beverages organizations. In
order to compete with them , it is essential that managers has to provide guidance to workers.
This helps workers to know pathway to perform assigned task. A. David Co & Limited uses two
leadership theories i.e. Laissez-Faire Leadership, Democratic Leadership
Laissez-Faire Leadership- This leadership styles gives authority to employees to work
according to their mindset. There is no role of managers in guiding and monitoring team. Team
members are independent and they are liable for their act. HR manager of A. David Co &
Limited use this style peers members are highly qualified and experienced (Kaur, 2013). There
10

are possibilities of conflict among team mates but at the same business operations of A. David
Co & Limited can be performed under innovative manners.
Democratic Leadership- Under this style, there is cooperation of managers in performing
job roles in effective but there is equal involvement of employees is also there. According to this
theory there is discussion about methodology to perform task in best way. Final decisions is with
managers but there is arrival of new and innovative ideas. Through this leadership, employees
also feel important part of A. David Co & Limited. This helps them to motivate and come with
new approaches to get positive results.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion concept of organizational behaviour is clear. Organisational
behaviour is study of worker's attitude related to association and other peer members.
Organisational power, politics, culture affects individual as well as team performance. Handy's
Model is used which is important and relevant for understanding culture happening in
organisation. Maslow's Need hierarchy need is one of the best motivational technique because it
satisfies demand of lower as well as highest level individual which helps to maintain long term,
relations with employees. Merely team framing is not essential but team must be effective. To
make team effective Tuckman and Jensen's Model is studied. With the help of Tuckman Model it
is easy to achieve goals and objectives and it assist in framing as well as adjourning of team.
Managers must analyse external changes and then change in policies has to be delivered to
workers. This helps to get positive outcome. Path Goal Theory is used to motivate and lead team
mates.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
12

Online
Teamwork Theory: Stages of Group Development. 2018. [Online]. Available
through:<https://www.project-management-skills.com/teamwork-theory.html >.
13