Health Psychology - Assignment

PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO HEALTH AND
SOCIAL CARE

Table of Contents
PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE....................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO.1.................................................................................................................................................3
LO.2.................................................................................................................................................9
P2.1. Explain social and biological factors that influence human behaviour as linked to the
controversy.............................................................................................................................9
P2.2. Analyse the importance of social roles in health and social care................................10
LO.3...............................................................................................................................................11
P3.1. D1. Application of psychological theories in relation to Sam case study...................12
P.3.5.D3. Analyse the psychological theories that enhance understanding of relationship in
health and social care............................................................................................................13
P3.3 Analyse the psychological theory that informs understanding of mental disorder......12
P3.4.D2.Application of psychological principles affecting the behaviour change in health and
social care.............................................................................................................................13
P3.2.M3. Psychological theory relate to behaviour disturbance..........................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Health psychology is the study of psychological as well as behavioural processes in
health, illness and healthcare. It is concerned with understanding how psychological, cultural and
behavioural factors contributes to physical health and illness. The health of person is also
affected by behavioural factors. Psychology is very important in health care as all the treatment,
diagnose to treat the problems related to psychology and behavioural disorder (physical or
mental heath) are only addresses or cared by a psychologist. In this present report, the detailed
knowledge about the impact of heredity and environment or human behaviour will be presented.
Different theories of life span development and there comparison will also include in this
assignment. Furthermore, psychological theories as well as life stages of human development
will also present in this study. In addition to this, social and biological determinants of human
behaviour are also included in this report.
LO.1

P1.1. Compare different theories of life span development.
Life span development is the entire process of human development from
conception to death. It is holistic approach in order to understand all the
cognitive, psychological, emotional as well as social changes that a person
go through. It explores how people change and grow from the concept to
death.
Erik Erikson, in full Erik Homburger Erikson, also called Erik H.
Erikson, (born June 15, 1902, Frankfurt am Main, Germany died
May 12, 1994, Harwich, Massachusetts, U.S.) German-born
American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology,
individual identity, and the interactions of psychology with
history, politics, and culture the influenced professional
approaches to psychosocial problems and attracted much popular
interest.
There are some authors who gave theories of life span which are as-
Erik Erikson's Theory- This theory is called as Erik Erikson;s
stages of psychosocial development. There are eight different stages in
P1.2. Explain psychological theories.
Behavioural Theory- It is also known as behavioural psychology. According to
theory learning and experience is based on the ideas that all behaviours are
acquired through conditioning. This conditioning arises through interaction
with the environment. The entire development of personality of a person is
through the learning as well as experience of the person with the environment
or surroundings. The behaviours of the person can be studied in a proper as well
as observable way regardless of inner states of mind. It is also fact that anybody
can be trained to execute any work or task no matter of generic background,
traits, internal thoughts and personality. In order to have a good behaviour or
requires a right conditioning.
Cognitive Theory- This is another the most important theory of psychology.
According to this theory, thought is the fundamental or primary determinants of

this theory from infancy through late adulthood. According to Erikson, the
development of personality of the human takes place all through the
lifespan. He said that, a person interaction with others affects the life style
development of the person. He also proposed that human are motivated by
the requirement in order to achieve the competence in many filed of the
life. A person learn from the age of less than one year to the age of 65
years. During all the stages the person experience a crisis related to
psychology which would have both positive and negative effect on the
development of personality.
Sta
ge
Psychological
Crisis
Basic Virtue Age
emotions as well as behaviours. The processing of information is a common
description of the entire procedure of mind as well as ideologue compare the
ways the mind of a person or human functions to a computer. There are two
main division of this theory which are Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the
Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT). In social cognitive theory there are three
variables which are behaviour factors, environment facts and personal factors.
These three factors are inter-related with each others which result in learning.
Whereas, in Cognitive Behavioural theory there are three triads which are The
self, The environment and The future. These are somewhat negative thoughts.
Humanist Theory- This is also a psychological theory that emphasize
on looking at the entire person or human as well as concepts of stress such as
self-efficacy, self-actualization and free will instead of concentrating on
dysfunction and humanist psychology attempt in order to help the people that
fulfil there potential well-being. There are five level in this theory which are as
follows-
Level Name Components
1st Self-
actualizati
on
Morals, creativity, emotions, lack of justice as well as
acceptance.
2nd Esteem Confidence, self-esteem, respect and achievement.
3rd Belonging
and Love
Friendship, family and relations.

1st Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0 to 1 ½
2nd Autonomy vs.
Shame
Will 1 ½ to 3
3rd Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3 to 5
4th Industry vs.
Inferiority
Competency 5 to 12
5th Identity vs. Role
confusion
Fidelity 12 to 18
6th Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Love 18 to 40
7th Generality vs.
Stagnation
Care 40 to 65
8th Ego Integrity vs.
Despair
Wisdom 65 plus
Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory
which explains human behaviour.
Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our
adult lives, shaping our personality.
Sigmund Freud's Theory- This theory is called as psychosexual theory of
life span development. According to Freud the development of personality
of a person is the result of three element part of the mind which are id, ego
4th Safety Safety and security of health, body, proper sleep,
hygienic and homoeostasis.
5th Physiologi
cal
Breathing, basic health, food, sleep, hygiene and
homoeostasis
Psychodynamic Theory- This is also one of the best theory of psychology
where it holds the experience of childhood and entire shape of personality is
taken by the childhood experience. According to this, the personality of the
person is explained by the in terms of conscious as well as unconscious forces
like unconscious belief and desire. Theory is same as Freud's Theory of life
span management. The development of personality of a person is the result of
three element part of the mind which are id, ego and superego.

and superego. He proposed that the development of personality and
psychology takes place in childhood in a fixed series of psychosexual
stages which are oral, anal, latency, phallic and genital. According to
him, the development of personality is depended on the experience of
childhood. The entire shape of the personality take places by the oral
fixation. Here are the stages which are given by Freud's theory which are
as follows-
Stag
e
Psych
ologic
al
Crisis
Basic Virtue Age
1st Oral All things are fixed in oral. It is not
satisfactory met there is the likelihood of
developing negative oral behaviour or habits.
0 to 1.5
2nd Anal This stage indicates the primary development
of healthy training of toilets.
1.5 to 5
years
3rd Phallic Healthy substitutes are developed for the
sexual attraction of boys and girls have
towards a parent of the opposite gender.
3 to 5
years
4th latenc
y
Development of healthy sexual feelings for
the opposite sex.
5 to 12
years
5th Genita All the tasks from the preceding stages are 12 to

l integrated into the kind allowing for the onset
of healthy sexual behaviour.
adulthoo
d
Comparison of Erik Erikson's Theory and Sigmund Freud's Theory of
life span management- According to Erikson's development of
personality takes place during the each and every phases of life while
Freud's focus on development of personality develops during early
childhood. On the other hand, Freud's argues that behaviour of human is
the outcome of the interaction among three elements parts of the mind like
id, ego and superhero. In addition to this, Freud's called this oral stage
while Erikson called this the trust versus mistrust stage. Erikson names his
theory as psychosocial while Freud names his theory as psychosexual
theory.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research
methods. Sage.
Manners, R.A., 2017. Professional dominance: The social structure of medica
care. Routledge.
Mirowsky, J., 2017. Education, social status, and health. Routledge.
Ross, C.E., 2017. Social causes of psychological distress. Routledge.

LO.2
P2.1. Explain social and biological factors that influence human behaviour as linked to the
controversy.
The controversy is the human behaviour is affected by nature and nurture. The behaviour
that depends on generic factors that determined the entire behaviour of human whereas the
behaviour of human or person is depended on nurture as it determined by the environment and
surrounding and the entire experience of life (Smith, 2015). There are social as well as biological
factors that influence the behaviour of human.
Here the social factors that affect the behaviour of humans which are as follows-
Abilities- This is the factor that influence the behaviour of human and that include the
traits the individual that learns from the environment around as well as any god gifted attributes
or traits. There three main classification of these traits which are intellectual, physical and self-
awareness abilities. Therefore, these abilities and traits which are owned by the person or
individual defines the behaviour of human in social as well as personal life. This factor supports
both nature vs. nature controversy.
Gender- This is the factor that shows that man and woman both are equally stood in
terms of performance of job and mental abilities, It is fact that, as per the thinking of society
there two different genders and all have different rights. For example, in an organisation they
prefer to select and recruit men instead of woman because woman's ned more leaves as they are
considered as the primary care giver in the company, this affect the human behaviour negatively.
Thus, all companies should boost both genders to efficiently work in the company (Manners,
2017).
Culture and Race- Culture and race are also one of the most important factor that affects
the human behaviour. Race is a group or bunch of people that shares same physical features.
According to the detected attributes, it is used to defined the different types of people. Apart
from this, culture is also one of the most essential factor that influence the human behaviour as it
defined as the ideas, customs, traditions, traits followed by a person or a group of people. In
society as well as in working place, both culture and race influence the behaviour as sometimes
people does not accept the another race and culture (Mirowsky, 2017). But it is not good one

should respect and accept all the culture and race of people. This factor supports both nurture and
nature controversy.
Here is the biological factors that affect the human behaviour which are as follows-
Genetic Factors- This is also one of the most essential factors that affect the human
behaviours. If any family members is having any gene that disturbs the behaviour of the person
in next generation. For example- DISC1 gene that is connected with the mental disorder. It also
affects the behaviour of human.
Poor sleep- This is also one of the most essential factor that affects the human behaviour.
Poor sleep is also affects the behaviour at workplace and personal life. If person does not take
proper sleep, they will not behave in right manner at workplace and at home or any other
personal. This factor support the nature does not nurture because poor sleep can be arise by the
any issues or problems in personal or working life and it can illness of poor sleep.
Illness- This is also a biological factor that influenced the behaviour of person or human.
A person who is not fit and fine than he/she will not able to behave in a right manner both in
working place and personal life (Ross, 2017). This facto r also support nature vs. nurture
controversy as illness can be by birth or it can be because of infection from any members of
family or surrounding.
P2.2. Analyse the importance of social roles in health and social care.
Social roles are the set of rights, duties, norms, expectations as well as behaviour that an
individual face and fulfil. In health and social care, the roles played by social worker and its
importance which are as follows-
Helping people in order to maintain positive relationship with there family- This is the
role played by social worker in health and social care and it very important to maintain a health
and positive relationship with patients as well as there family members. Disable people, illness as
well as long term condition frequently experience social situation. It also happens that they face
poverty, unemployment, lack of resources, discrimination make them feel lonely as well as
isolated (Motz,2016). Thus, it is very essential to maintain a good and healthy relationship with
the family members.
Promoting education in the society- This is another most important role played by the
social workers and it is very essential for the person living in society so that they can educate and
grape the knowledge about there rights, norms. In health and social care it is very important to

know the rights so that the privacy can be maintained if patient wants (Corin, 2017). By the
promotion of education people can become literate and they will abide by the rights, duties,
norms, expectations as well as behaviour that an individual face and fulfil.
Assisting people feel socially included- This is also significant to understand the feeling
of the patients. They want that society should accept them in any manner. Thus, it is the duty of a
social worker that they should promote equality and respect as well as support people who are
facing any disease or illness in the society or family. Discrimination brings them more near to
death (Robinson and et.al., 2015). Thus, the roles played by the social workers are very effective
and efficient in health and social care because this is one of the most precious factors.
Social Role
Marxism View- Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations
and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a
dialectical view of social transformation.
Feminist View- Feminist sociology is a conflict theory and theoretical perspective which
observes gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction and
reflexivity within a social structure at large. Focuses include sexual orientation, race, economic
status, and nationality.
Social Role influenced mental health
Social relationships both quantity and quality affect mental health, health behaviour,
physical health, and mortality risk. Social isolation of otherwise healthy, well-functioning
individuals eventually results in psychological and physical disintegration, and even death.
A mental illness is a condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling or mood. Such
conditions may affect someone's ability to relate to others and function each day. Genetics,
environment and lifestyle influence whether someone develops a mental health condition.
LO.3

P3.1. D1. Application of psychological theories in relation to Sam case
study
There are various theories of psychology which can be applied for
the improvement of Sam behaviour which is not going good at workplace.
In order to help in improving the health as well as behaviour of Sam the
best theory is Humanist Theory. This is also a psychological theory that
emphasize on looking at the entire person or human as well as concepts of
stress such as self-efficacy, self-actualization and free will instead of
concentrating on dysfunction and humanist psychology attempt in order to
help the people that fulfil their potential well-being.
It is the responsibility of his colleagues that they should help Sam
in solving its issues of his work life. In addition to this, colleges should
motivate Sam that he should not feel depress from the appraisals. They
should also take him to Doctor and leave the habit of alcohol consumption
because it is spoiling the life of Sam. There are five levels in humanist
theory which can be fulfilled by organisation and it also decreases the
difficulties of people. These needs are the most important needs that each
and every employee or individualise need form he organisation.
Leve
l
Need Components
1st Self-actualization Morals, creativity, emotions, lack of justice
as well as acceptance.
2nd Esteem Confidence, self-esteem, respect and
achievement.
3rd Belonging and
Love
Friendship, family and relations.
4th Safety Safety and security of health, body, proper
sleep, hygienic and homoeostasis.
5th Physiological Breathing, basic health, food, sleep, hygiene
and homoeostasis
Stress and Stress Management.
Definition of stress- Stress is primarily a physical response. When
P3.3 Analyse the psychological theory that informs
understanding of mental disorder.
According to the case study, Sam's mental condition is
not good, he is facing serious anxiety and tension which
seriously damaging his mind, He is consuming alcohol and he
does not remain in conscious, if he come in conscious, he tries to
isolate himself and hide behind his tears. The best theory that
can applied and suits for the condition of Sam. The best theory is
developed by Freud is Psychodynamic Theory and it is also one
of the best theory of psychology where it holds the experience of
childhood and entire shape of personality is taken by the
childhood experience.
According to this, the personality of the person is
explained by the in terms of conscious as well as unconscious
forces like unconscious belief and desire. Theory is same as
Freud's Theory of life span management. He has understood that
human nature is very conscious about other behaviour himself
which creates utmost inner conflicts which might become the
prime source of mental illness. There are some elements which
are related to trauma which cause the disorder in personality of
human. In addition to this, alcohol consumption as it destroys the
entire nervous system such as Vitamin B and thiamine leads to
the permanent damage to brain. Recently Sam has been drinking
heavily. When he is not in the pub, he tries to isolate himself and
hide behind his tears.
Psychodynamic Theory – it is the best theory of psychology
where it holds the experience of childhood and entire shape of
personality is taken by the childhood experience.
Humanist Theory- Humanistic psychology Theory is a
perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and
stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-
actualization. Instead of concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfil their potential
and maximize their well-being.
P3.2.M3. Psychological theory relate to behaviour disturbance.
According to the case study, the attitude and behaviour of Sam is not
good because of last two appraisals of performance is not appropriate and his
is not able to cope up with the demands of his work life. His attitude to work
is being affected, as he tends to display aggressive tendencies in what
ordinarily should not provoke tension or anxiety. Colleagues whom Sam has
worked with over the years are concerned about the sudden change in his
behaviour. Thus, the best theory which is applied and suits in the situation and
condition of Sam is Behavioural Theory.
It is also known as behavioural psychology. According to theory, the
behaviour of person is based on the ideas that are acquired through
conditioning. This conditioning arises through interaction with the
environment. The entire development of personality of a Sam is through the
learning as well as experience of the other person with the environment or
surroundings. The behaviours of the person can be studied in a proper as well
as observable way regardless of inner states of mind of Sam. It is also fact
that Sam can be trained to execute any work or task no matter of generic
background, traits, internal thoughts and personality. In order to have a good
behaviour or requires a right conditioning which Sam is lacking but it is the
responsibility of their colleagues to provide them a good conditioning.
Mental Disorder- A mental disorder, also called a mental illness or
psychiatric disorder is a behavioural or mental pattern that causes significant
distress or impairment of personal functioning.
Types of phobias
Hemophobia
Hydrophobia
Zoophobioa.
Anxiety disorders- It is a disorder of fear or worry. This is caused by anxiety.
Neurosis- It is a mental illness which is caused by stress or depression
Schizophrenia- It is a disorder which impacts on person thinking and
behaviour.

stressed, the body thinks it is under attack and switches to 'fight or flight'
mode, releasing a complex mix of hormones and chemicals such as
adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine to prepare the body for physical
action. Stress is caused when unwanted things arrived in life.
 Types of stress
 Physical Stress
 Emotional Stress
 Traumatic Stress
Causes of stress in life are as follows-
 The death of loved one.
 Divorcé
 Loss of job\increase in financial obligations
 Getting married
 Chronic illness
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Anger
These are the causes of stress and Sam stress is because his job tension. He
is not getting good reviews or appraisals from the managers of his
company.
The best way to come up with stress is that company should use
Psychological theories. This is very important in health and social care. It
is the study of behaviour as well as mental process which help people
working in health and social care industry which fulfil the needs of all the
patients acquiring treatment under the segment of mental disorder
In this regard, few transactional and interactional theories such as Effort-
Reward Imbalance theory, Person-Environment Theory etc. help in
mitigating the side-effects of stress in an individual’s life. Such lays a
platform to deal with overall expectations and demands in a controlled
order and support in coping with any challenging situations and other
triggered factors. Additionally, these aid in understanding the sources of
stressors and foster to bring positive changes to manage the work-life
balance. here, the cognitive, socio-economic and emotional demands might
get better with proper implementation of strategic decision planning to
Behavioural Theory- Behaviourism, also known as behavioural
psychology, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all
behaviours are acquired through conditioning and it occurs
through interaction with the environment.
Cognitive Theory- It is an approach to psychology that attempts
to explain human behaviour by understanding processes of idea.
Conclusion
The above discussion concluded the psychological theory that
informs understanding of mental disorder. Further humanist,
cognitive and behaviourist theories of psychology were also
demonstrated in this assignment.
Recommendation – The professional should apply humanist
theory which will help in understating patient needs. It will assist
in enhancing health of an individual.
P3.4.D2.Application of psychological principles affecting the
behaviour change in health and social care.
As per case study, it has been observed that there is
sudden change in behaviour of Sam. this is because he is worried
about retirement and loss of money. due to this, his attitude is
changed towards work. There are some principles of psychology
that affect the behavioural change in health as well as social
care. William James in his study about the psychology principles
as well as that is the control as well as attention of the mind over
the body. These principles affect the behaviour change in the
health & social care which are as follows-
Education- The is the most important principle of
psychology that affects the human behaviour in positive manner
in health and social care industry. The main intention of
education is to organize as well as create a power of human
being in order to make them fine and fit in the physical as well
as social environment, It is truth that the city or area where the
literacy rate is high have less rate of crime. They do not disturb
any person and live the life happy and make them other live
happy.
There are five types of mental disorder which are as follows-
 Anxiety disorders
 Neurosis-.
 Mood disorders
 Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders-
 Dementia
 Eating Disorders
Causes of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is an illness of the brain that causes certain characteristics,
abnormal experiences, and behaviours. Most scientists believe that genes
don't cause schizophrenia directly, but do make a person vulnerable to
developing the disease. The exact causes of Schizophrenia are not yet known.
It is suggested by some research that combination of physical, genetic
psychological and environmental factors is major that can make a person
more likely to develop the condition. Sam is also prone to schizophrenia as
well as stressful life.
The impact of social and cultural factors a people life.
Social and cultural factors have a deep impact on the life of people because
everyone wants to live and enjoy the culture and society. It affects
perceptions of health, illness and death, beliefs about causes of disease,
approaches to health promotion, how illness and pain are experienced and
expressed, where patients seek help, and the types of treatment patients
prefer.
With reference to evaluation of theories in order to understand the mental
disturbances, there is a need to have an understanding on how the stressors
are developed. The response towards stress has drastic effects on the mind
and body of individuals. Moreover, there is an integrated framework that
help in connecting the various aspects that leads to onset of few symptoms in
context to mental disturbances. Primarily, studies from theories have shown
that endogenous depression and lack of support and care leads to such
conflicting behaviours. For instance, Bio-psychological model (BPS) is a
mixture of social, biological and psychological factors that affects the

cope with the stress and stress related predicted factors like high
expectations from employers and from family, own goals, surroundings
pressure etc.
Body reaction to stress using GAS
Alarm- It is a stage in which there occurs change in body nervous system.
Resistance- Here, the body starts resisting to perform functions effectively.
Exhaustion – It this stage body is exhausted and is vulnerable to death.
Ways to reduce stress psychologically-
Deep breathing
Relaxation exercise
Meditation
Conclusion- Yes, it helps in reducing stress and making it easy to do work
freely. besides this, a person is able to take effective decisions and easily
maintain work life balance.
P.3.5.D3. Analyse the psychological theories that enhance understanding of
relationship in health and social care.
In context of case study, it is analysed that Sam is worried about
future. He is not able to work effectively. Also, he has started drinking and
not being involved socially. This has impacted on his mental health in a
negative way. Psychological theories are very important in health and
social care. It is the study of behaviour as well as mental process which
help people working in health and social care industry which fulfil the
needs of all the patients acquiring treatment under the segment of mental
disorder. The patients who are suffering from some disease wants extra
attention and it can only be possible if the care takers are educates, a good
behaviour, and friendly with them. They use as well as applied
psychological theories to interact with patients in effective way. The care
givers in health and social care study the linear perspective of psychology
such as behavioural, cognitive, humanist and psychodynamic. With the
help of this study, they can easily understand the needs and requirements of
patients and provide them the best possible services or treatments.
Service user’s vs care workers- According to the humanist theory it is
very important to behave with people in best manner. This theory is
applied in health and social care in order to make best integration and
Association- This is also one of the most essential
principle of psychology as it is considered as the process of
recollecting the memories. This principle is accompanying to
each and everything that is occurring in the mental life which
made the association the central position of the entire
psychology. A person or individual is mentally fit or else he has
some mental disorder if the person can recollect as well as match
the thoughts and experience. Health and social care workers
study the capacity of association of the patient as well as provide
treatments as per the to the research.
Emotions- This is another principle that affects the
behaviour of human in health and social care. Emotion refers to
the body language of the person that is related to the emotional
status of human being. Any people who is suffering from any
disease or illness needs emotional attachment with people which
directly and indirectly affects the behaviour of human.
The two theories of health promotion are :-
Social cognitive theory –.It describe the environmental factors
that influences on individual health and their behaviour. It helps
in providing social support through self efficacy.
The health belief model - It is a model which supports in
promoting health campaigns and disease prevention programs. it
focuses on individual beliefs and their health conditions.
5 Stage model by Prochaska and DiClemente
Precontemplation- In this people do not find any problem due
to change in their behaviour thus, do not tries to change it. This
is knowns as ignorance.
Contemplation- In this stage people recognise behaviour as
problem and tries to change it. But they are not fully committed
towards it.
Preparation- Here, people make huge efforts to change their
dysfunctional behaviour in particular time period. The efforts
made by them might have often not given specified outputs.
Action – In this people have changed their behaviour to
behavioural changes in an individual. As per study, Sam showed similar
disorders that ensured difficulties in distinguishing the conflicts, tendencies,
reactions etc.
Conclusion
The above discussion summarized that psychological theory relate to
behaviour disturbance. Mental disorder and its caused were also illustrated in
this section. A cause of Schizophrenia was also understood as well as social
and cultural impact on people life was also included in above discussion.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Corin, E., 2017. The social and cultural matrix of health and disease. In Why
are some people healthy and others not? (pp. 93-132). Routledge.
Robinson, L.E and et.al., 2015. Motor competence and its effect on positive
developmental trajectories of health. Sports medicine, 45(9), pp.1273-
1284.
Kosciw, J.G., Palmer, N.A. and Kull, R.M., 2015. Reflecting resiliency:
Openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its
relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT
students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), pp.167-
178.
Milligan, C., 2017. Geographies of Care: Space, Place and the Voluntary

communication between service users and care workers. If service users
behave in right manner than care workers will provide best treatment and if
care workers behave in a good way than it becomes easy for service users
in recovery.
Service users vs Family- Psychodynamic theory is also very useful in
service users and family members. The behaviour of family and service
users are also interlinked as if both behave in good way it becomes a good
relationship whereas if they behave in negative manner than there will be a
bad relationship.
Care Workers vs Care Workers- according to cognitive theory, it is very
important for caseworkers to behave in a good manner and provide
effective treatment by using the mind, knowledge and skills and should
improve the level of professionalism.
Service user vs service user – According to behaviour theory, it is
necessary for service user to behave properly with patient. It will help in
understanding their needs and providing effective care.
This part highlighted the imperative role of adopting the principles which
are stated in these psychological theories. It shed light on the establishment
of foundation of dynamic environment which is based on effective
communication channels and helping in creating healthy relationships to
sustain the optimism and care needed while treating the service users in
healthcare sector. Moreover, the professionals and adults together try to
provide a preventative and coherent environment to work in a constructive
ambience and help in improving the productivity and profitability as well.
Care-workers and professionals like GP, counsellors etc. have different
outlooks while dealing with different patients, however, the necessary
component is to acquire knowledge and skills to enhance the time
efficiency of the recovery of patients with support and proper care. One
must adopt the therapeutic methodology to overcome the challenges that
sometimes lead to bitter relations between service users and professionals.
somewhat extent. through this, they are able to learn and develop
new skills.
Maintenance – At last stage people have changed their
behaviour and are engaged in it. They try to maintain it by
developing plans and strategies.
The models of behavioural changes are useful in maintaining the
sustainability and aid in explaining the changes that occur in
individual’s behaviour due to multiple factors that impacts the
planning, delivery etc. Along with, behaviour can be modified
by incorporating programs and interventions to cure any
triggering points while conducting any task or job.
Health Promotion Strategy
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Strategy- This is one of the
best health promotion strategy that improve the protection of
women and girls FGM.
Change 4 Life- This is also a strategy of health promotion
organised in England and it provide information, products as
well as tools for person or families who are seeking in order to
develop their living standard.
Drink awareness- This is also one of the best health promotion
strategy which promote better health in UK. The Drinkaware
Trust is an independent UK-wide alcohol education charity,
funded largely by voluntary and unrestricted donations from UK
alcohol producers, retailers and supermarkets.
Here, the assessment about behavioural changes that might take
place due to interventions with respect to this health promotion
program reflected that by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and
appropriate eating patterns minimise the side-effects on the
overall mental state and well-being of individuals. Additionally,
it helps in building patience, stress-free and determination to
lead a happy and fulfilling standards of living. Change4life
helped in preventing an individual to adopt any unwarranted
habit or behavioural approaches and successfully attained its
Sector: Space, Place and the Voluntary Sector. Routledge.

aim.

CONCLUSION
The above report has concluded the study of health psychology as well as behavioural
processes in health, illness and healthcare. This report also makes understood the actual meaning
and importance of nature vs. nurture controversy in health and social care. Moreover, this report
also make understood the theories of lifespan development. Furthermore, this assignment also
include social and biological determinants of human behaviour displayed in health and social
care. Al last, the meaning and detail concept of psychological theories are applied to health and
social care practice in this assignment.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
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Ross, C.E., 2017. Social causes of psychological distress. Routledge.
Motz, A., 2016. The psychology of female violence: Crimes against the body. Routledge.
Corin, E., 2017. The social and cultural matrix of health and disease. In Why are some people
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Robinson, L.E and et.al., 2015. Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental
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outcomes for LGBT students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2),
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Milligan, C., 2017. Geographies of Care: Space, Place and the Voluntary Sector: Space, Place
and the Voluntary Sector. Routledge.