Literature Review: Applications of Room Temperature

This assignment requires a thorough literature review examining the diverse applications of room temperature phenomena across different scientific disciplines. The focus should be on how phenomena occurring at standard room temperature are leveraged in fields like physics (e.g., X-ray spectroscopy, magnetoelectric effects), chemistry (e.g., molecule segregation during cell division), and material science (e.g., giant tunneling magnetoresistance). The review should draw upon provided scholarly articles spanning various scientific journals and books, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of these applications.

ROOM DIVISION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Accommodation and front services for organizations..........................................................3
1.2 Role and responsibility of accommodation and service staff................................................4
1.3 Legal and regulatory requirements that applied in room division operations.......................5
1.4 Evaluation of services provided by the room division..........................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Importance of front house area in effective management ....................................................6
2.2 Key aspects of planning and management of front house area.............................................6
2.3 Operational issues that affect effective management and business performance of front
office...........................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Importance of property interiors and design to effective management.................................8
3.2 Critical aspects of planning and management of accommodation service ...........................8
3.3 Operational issues affecting effective management and business performance of the
accommodation service...............................................................................................................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Yield management techniques............................................................................................10
4.2 Sales techniques that can be used by the Hilton hotel .......................................................10
4.3 Purpose and use of forecasting in the hotel business..........................................................11
4.4 Performance indicators........................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Income of Hilton hotel.....................................................................................................12
Table 2: Room occupancy rate of Hilton hotel..............................................................................12
Table 3: Single occupancy rate of Hilton hotel.............................................................................12
Table 4: Double occupancy rate of Hilton hotel............................................................................13
Table 5: REVPAR of Hilton hotel.................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
This report is prepared on the room division and in the research report Hilton hotel is
taken. Mentioned hotel is the one of the world largest hotel chain with presence in every
continent of the world. In the report, accommodation and front end services are discussed in
detail. In this report some of the issues that are related to the accommodation and front end
services are also discussed in detail. At the end of the report, some of the ratios are computed and
on the basis performance of the firm is evaluated.
TASK 1
1.1 Accommodation and front services for organizations
Hilton hotel is providing following accommodation and front office services at its place.
Some of these services are as follows. Night auditor- It is a personnel in the hotel who do accounting of transactions on per day
basis. He prepare a statements guest wise in which he compute an amount that guest
needs to pay for the services taken by him from the hotel. At the end of the day, work of
night auditor gets started and he prepares a report in which every day revenue is
computed (McLean and Elkind, 2013). From such kind of statements hotel owner comes
to know about the amount that he earns on the specific day.
 Guest service personnel- He is a person who welcome guests when they enter in the
hotel for the first time. After guest arrival guest service personnel take guest to the
manager and same gives key to the guest. After this guest service personnel take guests
towards their room. In this way guest service personnel provide service to the guests. Front office manager- It is a person that look after services that are provided to the
guests. Front office manager makes sure that all service in proper manner is provided to
the guests (Levy and Murnane, 2012). He also ensures that no delay is caused in
providing services to the guests. He performs all functions of the management like
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling in order manage hotel in proper
manner. Hence, front office manager play crucial role in creating a good image of the
hotel among the guests.

 Cleaning rooms- Hilton hotel provide a cleaning room service to the guests. Under this,
when any guest check out from the hotel immediately sweepers clean the hotel room. So
that whenever, other person arrives in the hotel get a clean room. Changing bed sheets – As a per of service to the guests bed sheets are changed time to
time in the hotel rooms. This is done in order to make sure that every time when guest
comes in the hotel room after visiting a place he finds out good environment in the room.
 Food and drink- Hilton hotel also provide food and drink facility to its guests. Different
variety of food items are cooked in order to serve different type of people (Haynes,
2014). Food and drink are provided time to time in the hotel. Hence, it can be said Hilton
hotel is providing good accommodation a front service to the people.
1.2 Role and responsibility of accommodation and service staff
It is the main responsibility of the hotel personnel to make sure that rooms are kept neat
and clean. If rooms will be neat and clean and all items will be kept at right place then guests
will feel good while entering and staying in the room. This also creates good image of the hotel
among the people. Hence it can be said that keeping rooms neat and clean is the main
responsibility of the accommodation and service staff. When guests stay in the room many times
rooms become in poor condition. In such a situation it is the responsibility of the hotel personnel
to make sure that when guests check out from the room, cleaners immediately reach the room
and clean same (Calladine, 2013). They can wash room and can keep things at right place. By
doing same thing room are bringing in good condition. Hence, it is the responsibility of the
Hilton hotel cleaners to make sure that rooms are kept neat and clean before any new guest arrive
on same. In the Hilton hotel, companies organize their meetings and in same many services are
provided like providing water, machines like printer fax machines and laptop etc. It is the
responsibility of hotel personnel's to make sure that such things are made available on time.
Sometimes many guests come in the hotel and it become difficult to serve all these guests in the
dining hall in single time. Hence, it is the responsibility of the hotel manager to schedule dinner
of the guests in different time. By doing this they can make sure that guests will be served in
proper manner.
1.3 Legal and regulatory requirements that applied in room division operations
Legal and regulatory requirements that applied in the room division operations are as
followed.

 Health and safety at work- It is the responsibility of the hotel management to make sure
that proper safety equipment are made available in the hotel especially in the kitchen. If
any unfortunate event takes place in the hotel then by using such equipment life of the
people can be saved in the hotel (Eckstein, 2015). Hence, it is mandatory for the hotels to
make sure that they sufficient number of safety equipment's in the premises. Data protection act – As per this act it is the responsibility of the hotel management to
make sure that they have adopted abundant measures to protect information provided by
the guests to the hotel management. In this regard Hilton hotel take many steps time to
time. Hence, it can be said that Hilton hotel is following ethical practices in the business.
 Risk assessment- As per laws it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to make sure that
equipment's that currently they have are in better condition. Many times equipment is
available but they are not in good condition. In case of any mishap takes place such
things which are in bad condition cannot protect human lives (Pai and et.al, 2013).
Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to make sure that equipment's that it have are in
good condition.
1.4 Evaluation of services provided by the room division
Services that are provided under room division are as follows.
1. Maintenance- The main function of the room division employees is to keep guest room
neat and clean. Under this, when guest leave the room workers enter in the same and
wash the floor and keep all things on correct place. As a result, every time when guest
visit in the room they find room neat and clean and feel good in the room. This ultimately
create good image of the hotel among the guests.
2. Doorman- It is a person that opens and closes the main door of the hotel and welcomes
the guests in the hotel (Kitagawa and et.al, 2010). Apart from this he also handle guests
luggage when they arrive in the hotel. He shows them their room and keep luggage in the
room. In this way doorman provide service to the guests in the hotel.
3. Concierge- Concierge is a person who take care of the guests requirements and provide
them service time to time. Apart from this he also provides extra services like booking of
tickets etc to the guests. Hence, concierge plays a prime role in creating good image of
the hotel among the people.

TASK 2
2.1 Importance of front house area in effective management
These are those people in the hotel with whom guests interact for the first time when they
arrive at the hotel. The main responsibility of the front house employee’s is to provide detail
information about the hotel to the prospective guests. Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel
to make sure that it has employees in the front house that have good communication skills. If
their communication skills will be good then they will be able to provide information about the
product in the proper manner. Many times there are guests who are not able to understand
message of front office employee’s due to weak listening power. Sometimes such kind of guests
gets angry which results in conflict (Huang and et.al, 2015). In such a situation it becomes
necessary for the front house employee’s to remain calm and listen guest very carefully. Hence,
it can be said that success and failure as well as creation of the Hilton hotel image among the
guests to large extent depends on the front house employee’s. Hence, it is necessary for the
Hilton hotel to make sure that its front house employee’s are using courteous language in order
to communicate with guests. If there will be courteous language then guests’ resistance will be
low and large problems will be solved easily.
2.2 Key aspects of planning and management of front house area
In order to manage front house office operations in proper manner employees needs to do
lots of things. Some of the key aspects related to front hose area on which Hilton hotel needs to
focus are as follows. Communication- This is the most important aspect on which Hilton hotel needs to focus.
If there will not be good communication then hotel will not be able to convince guests in
proper manner (TianRong, MingHong. and DiRong, 2010). Moreover, if there will be
poor communication then guests will not get entire information about the services
provided by the hotel. Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to make sure that its
front office employee’s have good communication skills.
 Space- The place where front office works there must be huge space. This will make
place attractive and front office employees will also feel good while working in the hotel.
Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to create large space for the front office
employee’s.

 Training- Hilton hotel can give training to its front office employees in order to manage
its front hose services in proper manner. If training will be given to them then their skills
will get developed and they will be able to provide good services to the guests (Dekay,
2002. This will ultimately benefit an organization.
2.3 Operational issues that affect effective management and business performance of front office
There are lots of operational issues that affect effective management in the Hilton hotel.
These are the issues that adversely affect performance of front office. Some of these issues are as
follows. Communication- This is the main issue that is affecting business performance and some
of the front office employee’s. If communication will not be good then guests will feel
that they are not treated in proper manner by the front end employee’s. Hilton hotel needs
to improve communication skill of the employee’s and it also needs to develop good
communication system among the employee’s. In this regard, Hilton hotel will determine
who will communicate to whom (Dredge and Whitford, 2011). If this will be determined
then there will good communication among the employees and services will be delivered
in short time period. Coordination- Coordination is another factor that to large extent affects employee’s
performance in the hotel in the front office. If there will not good coordination among the
employee’s then services will be available to the guests very late. Ultimately, customers
will get dissatisfied from the hotel services. Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to
take some of the steps to promote coordination in the hotel. In this regard Hilton hotel
can design an organization structure which will be strictly followed by the employees
(Guilding, 2012). By doing same coordination will be improved and efficiency of the
employee’s will get increased.
 Human resources- Hilton hotel can also provide training to its employee’s in order to
develop their skills. If their skills will be improved then services will be delivered in
proper manner. This will ultimately benefit an organization.

TASK 3
3.1 Importance of property interiors and design to effective management
Property interiors have a great importance for the Hilton hotel because guests do not
know the quality and type of service provided by the firm. It is the look of the hotel and its
interiors by looking at which guests makes a perception about the hotel service quality. The
second main importance of the hotel interiors is that it creates a positive image of the hotel
among the guests. If interior of the hotel is good then guests feel pleasure in the room. In other
words, it can be said that good interiors in the room create good environment in same. Hence, it
can be said that property interiors play a significant role in growth of the hotel. This is the reason
due to which many hotels architecture is historical in nature. Design of the hotel also plays a
great role in the effective management of the hotel (Hassanain, 2009). If hotel is designed in
proper manner then in shorter time period services can be provided to the guests. If there is a
kitchen in the center of the hotel then it will be easy to provide food in the room in minimum
time period. If scene get inverse and kitchen is in one side of the hotel then it will take much
time to supply food in the room in the hotel. Thus, hotel design also affects its service providing
capability. These are the reasons due to which interiors and hotel design play a crucial role in
growth of a hotel business.
3.2 Critical aspects of planning and management of accommodation service
Following are the key aspects of the planning and management of the accommodation
service. Food facility- Hilton hotel must makes sure that food is provided to the guests on time. In
this regard it can divide its workforce in different groups and to each group its can allot
some rooms for food services (Ingram, 2004). Individually one person will fetch food for
multiple rooms. In this food delivery service will be improved and will be managed in
proper manner in the Hilton hotel. Cleaning service- Managers needs to make sure that rooms are cleaned time to time. In
respect to this those employee’s that providing food service in the specific room will
provide cleaning service in the same room. When guest will leave a room individual will
clean same. In this cleaning service will be managed in proper manner in the Hilton hotel.

 Facility to guest- There are many other services that can be provided to the guests like
reservation of seats in buses and trains or for any concert. Hilton hotel can employee
specific employee's in this regard and can provide service to the guests as per their
requirements. This will create good image of the hotel among the guests.
 Controlling function of management- Top manager of the hotel will do performance
appraisal of all employees time to time and will make sure that all of them are providing
excellent service to the guests. In this regard it can use 360 degree feedback method
(Maksimov and et. al., 2008). By using this method it can judge each and every employee
in proper manner.
3.3 Operational issues affecting effective management and business performance of the
accommodation service
Operational issues that are affecting effective management and business performance in
respect to accommodation service are as follows. Finance- Some times cash flow is low in the business and there is a lack of finance. Due
to this reason hotels failed to provide various types of accommodation service in the
business. This also affects business performance. Even an organization is large in size it
needs finance to grow business. Lack of funds results in to slow growth of the business.
Hence, finance is one of the operational issues that affect business performance and
effective management. Human resources – Employees are the important stakeholders of the hotels and without
their support it cannot grow its business. Sometimes due to lack of understanding and
weak communication skills employee's comes in front of each other (Parkin and et. al.,
2004). This leads to lack of coordination and support to each other. Thus, it can be said
that human resources affects effective management of hotels.
 Customer issues- many times customers try to register their grievance related to the
accommodation service but employees of the hotel does not treat them properly. Hence, it
is necessary for the Hilton hotel to make sure that guests are treated in proper manner.

TASK 4
4.1 Yield management techniques
1. REVAPR- The full form of REVPAR is Revenue per available room. This is the ratio
which indicates the revenue amount that firm is earning on each and every room that is
available in the hotel. Hilton hotel can use this ratio to measure its profitability per room.
2. ADR- The full form of ADR is Average daily rate. This is the ratio that reflects the daily
rate that on average basis Hilton hotel charged on the guests for a specific duration
(Landgraf and et.al, 2012). Hence, Hilton hotel can use ADR with REVPAR for
evaluation of its business performance.
3. Room occupancy percentage- This ratio reflects the number of rooms that are occupied
for specific duration. With change in room occupancy percentage in different time period
Hilton hotel can evaluate its business performance.
In order to increase room occupancy rate two business sessions are identified one is on season
and other is off season. In case of one season price of the rooms will be increased because at that
time large number of people come to stay in hotel and number of rooms are less to serve that
people (Finn, 2014). Hence, in one season people are ready to pay high price to the hotel. In case
of off season price will be reduced because at that time there are few number of people who
intends to stay in hotel and number of availability of rooms is high. Hence, this is the reason due
to which in case of off season low price will be charged on the guests for increasing occupancy
rate. In this way, in case of both seasons rate of room occupancy will be kept high.
4.2 Sales techniques that can be used by the Hilton hotel
Some of the sales techniques that can be used by the Hilton hotel are as follows. Social media- Hilton hotel can use social media in order to increase its popularity. On
Facebook page it will post images which will show its internal architecture (Kern and
et.al, 2013). This will promote word of mouth marketing for the firm. Sales promotion- In sales promotion firm can organize some campaigns like singing etc.
This will promote firm brand name in the general public. Hence, it will prove effective
tool of marketing for the firm.

 Television- Hilton hotel can advertise itself on T.V and by doing this it can reach to
general public at large scale. Mentioned hotel needs to use these three channels of
communication together in order to do effective marketing of its brand name.
4.3 Purpose and use of forecasting in the hotel business
Hilton hotel by using forecasting methods can predict future scenario of room occupies in
its hotel. On the basis of identification of change in trend of tourism firm can bring changes in its
price strategy. By doing so firm will be in position of win-win even tourism is increased or
decreased in the UK. If firm will be in position to predict fall in tourism then it can reduce price
of rooms and can enhance room occupancy rate (Woolf, 2015). On other hand, in case of
increase in tourism it can charge high price in order to elevate revenue level. This change in
strategy is possible at earlier stage only when firm is in position to predict changes in tourism in
the UK. Hence, it is necessary for the Hilton hotel to make accurate predictions.
4.4 Performance indicators
Table 1: Income of Hilton hotel
Total rooms
Occupied
rooms Rate
Single 90 60 500 30000
Double 50 40 430 17200
Total 140 100 47200
472
Room occupancy rate
Table 2: Room occupancy rate of Hilton hotel
Room occupancy rate 100/140*100 71.43
Room occupancy rate of Hilton hotel is 71.43% which means that mentioned percentage of the
rooms always remain occupied by the guests. Hence, it can be said that firm gives a good
performance.
Single occupancy rate
Table 3: Single occupancy rate of Hilton hotel
Single occupancy rate 60/90*100 66.67

Figures show that occupancy rate of single hotel is 66.67% and it means that in range of
60-70% mostly single rooms remain occupied. On this basis it can be said that firm is giving
good performance.
Double occupancy rate
Table 4: Double occupancy rate of Hilton hotel
Double occupancy 40/50*100 80
It is clear from the figures that 80% of the double rooms of the Hilton hotel always
remain occupied. Comparison of this figure with earlier clearly reflects that mostly people
prefers to take double bed rooms in the Hilton hotel.
REVPAR
Table 5: REVPAR of Hilton hotel
REVPAR 71/50*100 142
Value of REVPAR is high for the Hilton hotel and this reflects that it is performing well
in the industry.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion it is concluded that it is very difficult task to manage the
hotel. In the hotel lots of services are provided by the different employees and their skill level is
also different from each other. Hence, on some services firm perform well and on some its gives
worst performance. Thus, it is necessary for the hotels to make sure that its entire employee’s are
trained and their skill level is high. In order to ensure this firm can conduct time to time
performance appraisal. On the basis of appraisal hotels can identify those employee’s that
requires training in the hotel. Hotels must time to time conduct ratio analysis in order to measure
its performance. By doing same they can draft business strategy on time.

REFERENCES
Books & journals
Calladine, C.R., 2013. Engineering Plasticity: The Commonwealth and International Library:
Structures and Solid Body Mechanics Division. Elsevier.
Dekay, F. 2002. Hotel room-inventory management: an overbooking model. The Cornell Hotel
and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 43(4). pp.79-90.
Dredge, D. and Whitford, M., 2011. Event tourism governance and the public sphere. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism. 19(4-5). pp. 479-499.
Eckstein, H., 2015. Division and cohesion in democracy: A study of Norway. Princeton
University Press.
Guilding, C., 2012. Financial Management for Hospitality Decision Makers. Routledge.
Hassanain, A. M., 2009. Approaches to qualitative fire safety risk assessment in hotel facilities.
Structural Survey. 27(4). Pp.287–300.
Haynes, W.M. ed., 2014. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC press.
Huang, Z and et.al., 2015. Efficient Cross-Room Switch Mechanism for Indoor Room-Division-
Multiplexing Based Visible Light Communication Network. Journal of the Optical Society
of Korea. 19(4). pp.351-356.
Ingram, H., 2004. Developing Hospitality Properties and Facilities Hospitality management.
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Kern, J and et.al., 2013. Simultaneous femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction of
photosystem II at room temperature. Science. 340(6131). pp.491-495.
Kitagawa, Y and et.al., 2010. Low-field magnetoelectric effect at room temperature. Nature
materials. 9(10). pp.797-802.
Landgraf, D et.al., 2012. Segregation of molecules at cell division reveals native protein
localization. Nature methods, 9(5). pp.480-482.
Levy, F. and Murnane, R.J., 2012. The new division of labor: How computers are creating the
next job market. Princeton University Press.
Maksimov, E. G. E. and et. al., 2008. Scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the
Russian Academy of Sciences" Room temperature superconductivity"(4 October 2007).
Physics-Uspekhi. 51(2). pp.167-198.
McLean, B. and Elkind, P., 2013. The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and
scandalous fall of Enron. Penguin.

Pai, J.H and et.al., 2013. Efficient division and sampling of cell colonies using microcup arrays.
Analyst. 138(1). pp.220-228.
Parkin, S. S. and et. al., 2004. Giant tunnelling magnetoresistance at room temperature with
MgO (100) tunnel barriers. Nature materials. 3(12). pp.862-867.
TianRong, L., MingHong, Z. and DiRong, X., 2010. Analysis on monitoring the quality of
hospital disinfection effectiveness in the administrative division directly subordinate to
Nanchong from 2006 to 2008. Modern Preventive Medicine. 37(17). pp.3359-3360.
Woolf, V., 2015. A Room of Ones Own and Three Guineas. OUP Oxford.
Online
Finn, A., 2014. Ideas for Hotel Revenue Management. [Online]. Available through:
<http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ideas-hotel-revenue-management-14431.html>.
[Accessed on 18th February 2016].